基于逆时偏移的井间地震角道集提取方法

井间地震角道集是地震资料偏移成像和地震资料解释的重要资料,在井间地震成像速度建模中有重要用途.针对井间地震观测系统的特殊性,研究了井间地震角道集提取方法.考虑到井间地震记录中包含上行反射波和下行反射波,从逆时偏移方程出发,推导了井间地震观测系统下的局部偏移距成像点道集提取公式,进而给出了角度计算公式和角道集提取流程.基于模型数据测试在速度正确时得到了拉平的共成像点道集,测试了速度误差对井间共成像点道集的影响,实际资料试处理也得到了较好的效果,表明本方法是合理可行的,为后续的速度分析等地震数据处理与解释工作奠定了基础.     

低信噪比海底多分量地震数据波场分离方法

以多分量地震观测为基础,联合纵波和转换横波数据能更有效地估计地下介质的弹性和物性参数,提升地质构造成像与油气储层描述的精度.在海底多分量地震数据处理过程中,观测记录的上-下行波分解和P/S波分离可压制水层鸣震以及P与S波之间的串扰,对偏移成像和纵横波速度建模至关重要.但受海底环境、仪器与观测因素共同影响,许多海底多分量地震资料都无法基于现有的海底波场分离方法与流程取得合理的结果.本文以海底声波场与弹性波场分离基本原理为基础,通过对方法流程的修正,摆脱常规流程对中小偏移距直达波信号的依赖性.借助模拟数据实验讨论了波场分离对海底介质参数、噪声的敏感性.结合东海YQ探区海底多分量地震资料上-下行P/S波分离及其叠前深度偏移处理,验证了本文方法流程的可行性.     

基于两步SVD变换的零偏VSP资料上下行波场分离方法

垂直地震剖面(Vertical Seismic Profiling,VSP)资料处理中波场分离是关键问题之一.随着属性提取技术的发展,新的属性参数(例如Q值)提取技术对波场分离的保真性要求越来越高.本文改进了传统奇异值分解(Singular Value Decomposition,SVD)法,给出了一种对波场的动力学特征具有更好的保真性,可以作为Q值提取的预处理步骤的零偏VSP资料上下行波场分离方法.该方法通过两步奇异值分解变换实现:第一步,排齐下行波同相轴,利用SVD变换压制部分下行波能量;第二步,在剩余波场中排齐上行波同相轴,使用SVD变换提取上行波场.在该方法的实现过程中,压制部分下行波能量后的剩余波场中仍然存在较强的下行波干扰,使得上行波同相轴的排齐比较困难.本文给出了一种通过极大化多道数据线性相关程度(Maximize Coherence,MC)排齐同相轴的算法,在一定程度上解决了低信噪比下排齐同相轴的问题.将本文提出的方法用于合成数据和实际资料的处理,并与传统SVD法的处理结果进行对比,结果表明本文提出的波场分离方法具有良好的保真性,得到波场的质量明显优于传统SVD法.通过对本文方法和传统SVD法处理合成数据得到的下行波场提取Q值,然后进行对比可知,本文方法可以有效提高所提取Q值的准确性,适合作为Q值提取的预处理步骤.     

层状各向异性介质转换波克希霍夫叠前时间偏移

在克希霍夫叠前时间偏移处理中,地震波走时的计算方法是决定大偏移距地震资料成像品质的重要因素.在常规的三维转换波各向异性叠前时间偏移公式中,走时的计算是基于等效单层各向异性介质的非双曲线方法.用这种方法处理的成像道集,在偏移/深度比超过一定阈值后,成像道集中的反射同相轴将出现过偏现象,这种偏移不平的同相轴将影响偏移叠加的最佳响应,使得偏移成像波组呈低频化特征,最终降低三维转换波偏移成像质量.我们采用层状介质的走时计算方法代替常规算法,并且利用了常规方法的转换波各向异性偏移速度模型.基于层状介质的算法能够提高大偏移距转换波走时计算精度,克服中浅地层大偏移距远道成像道集中反射同相轴逐渐上翘的问题.两个地区的三维转换波资料处理结果证实,基于层状各向异性介质的转换波克希霍夫叠前时间偏移方法,明显改善了反射成像剖面的连续性和分辨率,提高成像剖面构造的可解释性.     

高分辨率Radon变换及其在声反射成像测井中的应用

声波反射成像测井是利用阵列声波测井的反射波进行井旁构造成像的测井新方法,由于是从滑行波能量较强的阵列声波信号中来获得反射波,因此反射波的提取问题尤为重要,文中采用能使波场更加聚焦的高分辨率Radon变换来提取反射波.分析得出滑行波和反射波到时在阵列数据道情况下表现为线性或近似线性特征,因而采用线性Radon变换方法.首先分析了声反射成像测井不同数据道集的波场几何特征,得出滑行波和反射波在不同道集都表现有不同程度的视速度差异,为反射波提取提供了依据.传统的Radon变换采用的最小二乘法不能使同相轴在Radon域足够聚焦,结合最大熵原理和贝叶斯原理实现了线性高分辨率Radon变换,模型数据处理结果表明后者可以在较复杂条件下提取出期望的波场.采用高阶交错网格有限差分模拟得到软、硬地层声反射成像测井波场,处理结果表明,相对于最小二乘Radon变换,采用高分辨率Radon变换后可以使波场更加聚焦,能提取出高质量的反射波,并能适应不同性质地层,相比于目前应用较多的反射波提取方法,其结果更接近于理论波形.实际数据处理也表明了该方法的有效性和准确性.该方法在声反射成像测井的速度分析、数据道插值以及偶极反射波提取方面有一定潜力,需要进一步研究.     

VSP上下行反射波联合成像方法研究

VSP资料上下行波场发育丰富.本文在分析VSP直达波、上行反射波、下行反射波传播路径及其照明范围的基础上,指出了常规VSP波动方程偏移方法缺陷,进而通过修改波场延拓方式,提出了上下行反射波联合成像方法,并在高频近似下分析了该方法的成像原理.该方法不需要进行VSP上下行反射波场分离,能够同时对VSP资料中的一次反射波、自由表面多次波、层间多次波进行成像,比常规成像剖面具有更宽的成像范围和更好的成像效果.该方法能够对下行一次反射波进行成像,从而可以实现常规偏移方法难以处理的高陡倾角构造成像.模拟资料和实际资料处理证明了本文方法的正确性.     

基于小振幅波方程的起伏海面构建及其对地震波场传播特性的影响

海面起伏状态对波场传播以及模型空间成像有着非常重要的影响,在常规海洋地震数据采集和处理中,都是将海面作为水平界面处理,实际海洋地震数据采集中,由于海水受风浪、洋流等的影响,海面呈现高低起伏状态,这样来自底层反射界面的反射波经过海水起伏界面反射后会引起波场的强烈散射,从而造成地震记录反射波同相轴抖动和畸变,最终影响成像效果.为了更加深入了解起伏海面存在对波场传播以及偏移成像的影响,本文首先基于流体力学小振幅波方程,从边界条件出发,给出包含海浪谱信息的动态边界条件,并在此基础上构建起伏海面速度模型;然后在构建的起伏海面速度模型上通过冻结不同时刻海面开展波场传播特征分析,研究起伏海面在不同冻结时刻下波场传播规律以及对反射地震记录和偏移成像的影响.研究结果表明,不管是对于简单的层状介质模型还是海底较为复杂的大水深模型,海面不同形态的起伏变化直接影响着波场记录以及波场快照形态,同时会对偏移成像结果造成较大影响,随着海水深度的增加,该影响对于简单模型影响逐渐变小,但对于复杂模型,影响依然很严重.     

基于斜率分析的倾角域绕射波分离及成像研究（英文）

碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层所含缝、洞尺度差异大、岩性和速度变化剧烈,造成复杂的绕射响应特征。部分缝洞体尺度小产生的绕射能量较弱,在成像剖面上被连续反射层掩盖,而难以识别。基于此,本文发展了一种倾角域道集的绕射波成像方法,提高对成像剖面上小尺度绕射构造的分辨能力。借助高斯束偏移技术抽取倾角域成像点道集,根据在倾角域道集上绕射同相轴拟线性、反射能量拟抛物的几何形态差异,基于斜率分析方法实现波场分离,并采用汉宁窗函数提高绕射波分离效果,将分离后的绕射波倾角域道集水平叠加得到绕射波成像结果。理论分析和数值模型测试结果表明:在窗函数的基础上,应用基于斜率分析的波场分离方法得到的绕射波倾角域道集能够更好的压制噪声,叠加后的绕射波成像剖面中绕射构造更加清晰。     

VSP地震干涉成像及应用研究

受井中检波器串级数局限,垂直地震剖面(VSP)反射波成像范围窄,且不能对井中最浅接收点上方区域有效成像.虽然多次波成像能扩大成像范围,但在实际应用中尚有诸多困难和挑战.本文根据Wapenaar的地震干涉理论,基于上下行波场分离技术,研发了VSP地震干涉成像方法.该方法将VSP自由表面多次波重建为在地表震源位置激发(虚震源)接收的拟地面地震反射波,然后偏移成像,以达到对多次波间接成像的目的.通过数值模型实验,测试了VSP干涉成像的极限分辨率,并讨论了主要采集参数的影响,结果表明:该方法的垂向和水平极限分辨率分别达约10m和20m,且能分辨深度达6500m处的50m×100m溶洞;采用12至24道井中检波器串采集的VSP资料,其干涉成像结果显著优于VSP反射波成像,与相应的地面地震成像效果相当.将本文方法应用于新疆地区采集的VSP资料,结果表明:与VSP反射波成像相比,成像同相轴更加连续,成像范围显著扩大;与地面地震成像相比,成像结果相当,尤其在浅中部甚至更好.新方法不仅无需进行井中接收点静校正,且能显著增大成像范围,有利于成像同相轴的追踪对比、地震属性提取和地质解释,尤其对中国新疆地区深部缝洞型储层的成像,具有广泛的实际应用前景.     

再论地震数据偏移成像

利用地震波正向传播方程对属于波形线性反演问题近似求解方法的地震数据偏移成像进行重新推导,得到了适合散射地震数据的散射偏移成像方法和适合反射地震数据的反射偏移成像方法.以地震波传播的散射理论为出发点,首先根据描述一次散射波正向传播的线性方程研究建立散射地震数据的偏移成像方法理论;利用高频近似对产生散射波场的地下速度扰动函数的空间变化进行近似,推导出地下反射率函数,再由散射波传播方程推导出基于反射率函数的反射波传播方程,然后根据描述一次反射波正向传播的线性方程研究建立反射地震数据的偏移成像方法理论.本文指出和修正了Claerbout偏移成像方法中的不足,提出的地震数据偏移成像方法是对当前偏移成像方法理论的完善,使反射地震数据偏移成像具有了更坚实的数学物理理论基础,得到的偏移成像结果相位正确、位置准确、分辨率提高.     

Boundary-reflected waves and ultrasonic coda waves in rock physics experiments

Ultrasonic coda waves are widely used to study high-frequency scattering. However, ultrasonic coda waves are strongly affected by interference from by boundary-reflected waves. To understand the effect of boundary-reflected waves, we performed ultrasonic experiments using aluminum and shale samples, and the rotating staggered-mesh finite-difference method to simulate the wavefield. We analyzed the wavefield characteristics at the different receiving points and the interference characteristics of the boundary-reflected waves with the ultrasonic coda wave, and the effect of sample geometry on the ultrasonic coda waves. The increase in the aspect ratio of the samples delays the interference effect of the laterally reflected waves and reduces the effect on the ultrasonic coda waves. The main waves interfering with the ultrasonic coda waves are laterally reflected PP-, PS-, PPP-, and PPS-waves. The scattering and attenuation of the high-frequency energy in actual rocks can weaken the interference of laterally reflected waves with the ultrasonic coda waves.     

Response of pile foundations to rayleigh waves and obliquely incident body waves

The paper presents results of a study on the harmonic response of piles and pile groups embedded in a halfspace to various forms of seismic waves. These include the Rayleigh wave as well as obliquely incident P, SV and SH waves. The pertinent mixed boundary value problems of pile-soil-pile interaction are solved by a numerical model of the boundary integral nature. All modes of foundation vibrations, i.e. translational, rocking and torsional, are included in the model. The results presented are used to highlight the salient features of the seismic response of piles. In addition, the influence of certain pile-soil parameters, such as pile rigidity and pile spacing, on the seismic behaviour of pile foundations is investigated.     

Rossby waves and cascade phenomena

Nonlinear triad interactions in the Navier-Stokes equation describing quasi-geostrophic thermal convection in a spherical layer are considered. The analysis provides an insight into the nature of kinetic energy transfer across the spectrum and allows us to assess the degree of nonlocality in the energy transfer. The distinguishing feature of the spherical problem is the emergence of the Rossby waves, which cause nonlocal redistribution of energy in the system. The results of this study are compared with their counterparts for the plane model.     

Solitary and cnoidal planetary waves

Abstract

A class of long planetary waves in a zonal channel analogous to the solitary and cnoidal waves of surface and internal gravity wave theory is discussed. On a mid-latitude β-plane, such waves exist as the result of divergence, non-uniform zonal velocity fields or bottom topography. In all cases studied the wave profile along the channel was found to satisfy the Korteweg-de Vries equation.     

Nonlinear wave propagation on a sphere: Interaction between Rossby waves and gravity waves; stability of the Rossby waves

Abstract

An analytical spectral model of the barotropic divergent equations on a sphere is developed using the potential-stream function formulation and the normal modes as basic functions. Explicit expressions of the coefficients of nonlinear interaction are obtained in the asymptotic case of a slowly rotating sphere, i.e. when the normal modes can be expressed as single spherical harmonics.     

ELF and VLF radio waves

This review covers developments in ELF and VLF radio-wave propagation research over the last 50 years of the Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. A review of such a large field, over such a long period, cannot be fully comprehensive and the authors have therefore covered important areas which have they themselves have found interesting. The survey begins with a review of work on natural and man made sources of ELF and VLF radiation. This is followed by sections on experimental and theoretical studies of unperturbed (ambient) ELF and VLF radio propagation. Schumann resonance research, which is currently undergoing a renaissance, is then reviewed. A review of research into transient perturbations of ELF and VLF propagation follows, extending from the early work on nuclear explosions up to the current work on sprites. The review concludes with a brief summary of the VLF navigation systems of the USSR and USA, (Alpha and Omega) whose development and life-span covered most of the last 50 years.     

Periodic and aperiodic dynamo waves

Abstract

In order to show that aperiodic magnetic cycles, with Maunder minima, can occur naturally in nonlinear hydromagnetic dynamos, we have investigated a simple nonlinear model of an oscillatory stellar dynamo. The parametrized mean field equations in plane geometry have a Hopf bifurcation when the dynamo number D=1, leading to Parker's dynamo waves. Including the nonlinear interaction between the magnetic field and the velocity shear results in a system of seven coupled nonlinear differential equations. For D>1 there is an exact nonlinear solution, corresponding to periodic dynamo waves. In the regime described by a fifth order system of equations this solution remains stable for all D and the velocity shear is progressively reduced by the Lorentz force. In a regime described by a sixth order system, the solution becomes unstable and successive transitions lead to chaotic behaviour. Oscillations are aperiodic and modulated to give episodes of reduced activity.     

Multiple scattering of seismic waves in fractured media: Velocity and effective attenuation of the coherent components ofP waves andS waves

We show that the multiple scattering by small fractures of seismic waves with wavelengths long compared to the fracture size and fracture spacing is indistinguishable from multiple-scattering effects produced by regular porosity, except for an orientation factor due to fracture alignment. The fractures reduce theP-wave andS-wave velocities and produce an effective attenuation of the coherent component of the seismic waves. The attenuation corresponds to 1000/Q of about unity for a Gaussian spectrum of fractures, and it varies with frequencyf asf ³. For a Kolmogorov spectrum of fractures of spectral index the attenuation is an order of magnitude or so larger and varies with frequency asf ^3-v The precise degree of attenuation depends upon the matrix properties, the fracture porosity, the degree of fracture anisotropy, the type of fluid filling the fractures, and the incidence angle of the wave.For fracture porosities less than about 15% theP-wave andS-wave velocities are decreased by the order of 5–10% with a lesser dependence on the type of fluid filling the fractures (gas, oil, or brine) and with a dependence on both the degree of anisotropy and the incident angle made by the wave. The tendency of fractures to occur perpendicularly to bedding suggests that the best way to measure seismically fractured rock behavior in situ is by using the travel-time delay and reflection amplitude. As both the offset and the azimuth of receivers vary from a shot, the travel-time delay and reflection amplitude should both show an elliptical pattern of behavior—the travel-time delay in response to the varying seismic speed, and the reflection amplitude in response to angular variations in the multiple scattering. Observations of attenuation at several frequencies should permit (a) determination of the spectrum of fractures (Gaussian versus Kolmogorovian) and (b) determination of the contribution of viscous damping to the effective attenuation.     

基于交叉梯度约束的地震初至纵波与瑞雷面波联合反演

本文提出了一种初至纵波(P波)与瑞雷面波的交叉梯度联合反演策略.通过对初至P波进行全波形反演可以获得近地表P波速度结构;通过对仅含瑞雷面波信息的地震数据转换到频率-波数域进行加窗振幅波形反演(Windowed-Amplitude Waveform Inversion,w-AWI)可获得近地表横波(S波)速度结构.在二者反演的目标函数中均加入P波速度和S波速度的交叉梯度作为正则化约束项,使得在反演过程中P波速度和S波速度相互制约,相互约束,从而实现对地震初至P波与瑞雷面波的联合反演.数值模拟结果表明交叉梯度联合反演可以提高S波速度反演分辨率,而P波速度反演结果并没有得到提高.实际资料的反演结果表明,交叉梯度联合反演能够获得更加可信的近地表速度结构.     

Analytical expressions for Fresnel volumes and interface fresnel zones of seismic body waves. Part 2: Transmitted and converted waves. Head waves

Summary Fresnel volumes and interface Fresnel zones of transmitted and head waves are studied. The relation derived for transmitted waves may also be used for converted reflected waves. Considerable attention is devoted to the penetration of Fresnel volumes across structural interfaces, particularly for head waves.