重震反演中国东北地壳上地幔三维密度结构

本文利用重力和地震P波到时数据反演得到了中国东北地区地壳上地幔三维密度结构.与单一的重力或地震反演相比,重震反演一方面有效地克服了重力反演结果垂向分辨率低的问题,另一方面也提高了地震反演结果的可靠性.结果显示:中国东北地区的地壳及上地幔剩余密度异常分布与构造单元具有明显的相关性,造山带对应低密度异常,盆地对应高密度异常;区域内火山下方有明显的低密度体存在,可能是由于太平洋板块俯冲进入上地幔并部分滞留,在滞留板块深部脱水和软流圈热物质共同作用下产生了上涌岩浆,喷发后形成了火山.     

青藏高原东南缘多尺度重力场及构造含义

本文基于EGM2008重力场模型研究了青藏高原东南缘均衡重力异常和多尺度的布格重力异常特征, 以鲁甸和景谷地震为例, 认识其深部构造环境和动力学过程, 为该区域的构造运动和地震孕育环境研究提供依据。 结果表明, 研究区布格重力异常和均衡重力异常与地质构造格局相关性较好, 川滇地块剧烈的区域布格重力异常和非均衡状态与其强烈的地壳变形、 断裂及地震活动密切相关。 强震多分布在断裂带两侧重力异常的过渡地带和高梯度带, 断裂带两侧横向和垂向的显著介质密度差异是强震孕育的深部构造背景。 布格重力异常和均衡重力异常揭示的鲁甸、 景谷震源区深浅差异性的重力异常特征, 暗示鲁甸和景谷地震孕震环境的不同。     

重力与地形数据揭示的巴颜喀拉块体东缘垂向构造应力场

利用基于消去-恢复原理的最小二乘配置方法,对2009-2013年相对重力/GPS联合观测数据与EGM2008模型数据进行融合,更新了巴颜喀拉块体东缘地区的自由空气与布格重力异常场.基于该布格重力异常数据,以CRUST1.0地壳密度模型为初始条件,使用二维多边形棱柱体正演与非线性最小二乘反演方法,获取了巴颜喀拉块体东缘地壳分层密度结构.基于地壳不可压缩和均衡调整原理提出了计算垂向构造应力新方法,并结合上述地壳分层密度结构和地形数据计算了巴颜喀拉块体东缘垂向构造应力分布.结果表明,龙门山断裂带中南段蓄积了较高的正向构造应力(约40 MPa),马尔康周边地区蓄积了较高的负向构造应力(约—30 MPa).对研究区域1970年以来5级(Ms)以上地震进行统计发现,地震多发生在垂向构造应力梯度带上,垂向构造应力为正的地区易触发浅源地震,为负的地区易触发深源地震.在地壳横向变形强烈的区域,垂向构造应力与地震深度的对应关系减弱.     

南北地震带南段地壳厚度重震联合最优化反演

重力反演方法是研究地壳结构和物性界面起伏的有效地球物理手段之一.本文收集了南北地震带南段67个已有的固定台站接收函数反演的Moho面深度结果,并使用基于EGM2008重力异常模型计算的布格重力异常,验证了本文提出的重震联合密度界面反演方法的有效性.利用接收函数对台站下方Moho面深度估计作为先验约束,定义了一类评价函数,通过对重力反演算法中尺度因子,平移因子和稳定性因子的最优选择,最小化重力反演结果与接收函数模型之间的差异.结果表明,本文提出的方法,可以有效地同化不同地球物理方法获得的反演模型,且通过重震联合反演可以改进由于对空间分布不均匀的接收函数结果插值可能而引起的误差.本文还通过引入Crust1.0的Moho面深度为初值,同时考虑地壳密度的横向不均匀分布,通过模型之间的联合反演有效改善了地球物理反演模型间的不一致性问题.本文反演得到的最优化Moho面深度模型与已知67个台站位置接收函数模型之间的标准差约1.9km,小于Crust1.0与接收函数结果模型之间标准差为3.73km的统计结果.本文研究结果对于同化重震反演结果、精化地壳密度界面模型,都具有十分重要的参考意义.     

川滇地区地壳密度变化与强震孕育关系

为研究川滇地区地壳密度的时空演化特征与强震孕育的关系,本文基于2011—2014年川滇地区的重力复测资料,利用阻尼最小二乘反演算法,获得了川滇地区0—50 km深度范围内分辨率为55 km×55 km×10 km （长×宽×高）的三维动态密度变化模型。以所获取的动态密度变化为依据,分析了川滇地区三维密度变化特征与2013年四川芦山M_S7.0、2014年云南鲁甸M_S6.5和四川康定M_S6.3地震的关系,并由此对强震重点构造部位的深部地壳结构特征、孕震背景及区域动力学过程进行了深入分析。结果显示:川滇地区出现多个与主要活动断裂带展布方向基本一致的密度变化高梯度带,在三次地震的震中区及其附近观测到明显的区域性密度变化异常。15—35 km深度范围内的密度变化水平剖面显示:强震容易发生在上地壳密度变化正、负异常过渡的高梯度带和密度变化四象限分布的中心;中地壳深度密度变化低异常是强震孕育的主要介质条件;下地壳深度密度变化低异常或密度变化高梯度带均有可能是孕育地震的主要介质结构。0—50 km深度的垂直剖面上的密度变化结果显示,地震震中区及附近浅部、深部地壳呈现解耦变化。壳内垂向正负密度变化过渡带可能是强震孕育的又一个主要特征构造。      

青藏高原东北缘岩石圈三维密度结构

综合重力观测资料和地震波走时资料反演了青藏高原东北缘岩石圈三维密度结构,并对该区岩石圈结构及动力学特征进行了讨论.首先利用收集到的P波近震和远震走时数据进行地震层析成像,得到研究区岩石圈三维P波速度结构.然后利用速度-密度经验关系式,将速度扰动转化为密度扰动建立研究区三维初始密度模型.最后利用分离的布格重力异常反演得到了岩石圈三维密度结构.反演结果表明:青藏高原东北缘地壳密度结构特征有利于地震孕育发生和地壳物质侧向流动;地壳内,密度异常等值线走向与地表断裂走向基本一致,进入地幔后,密度异常等值线走向发生了顺时针旋转,这表明青藏高原东北缘地壳和地幔具有不同的构造运动模式,暗示该区可能发生了壳幔解耦;80~100 km深度上,P波速度异常较密度异常明显偏低,推测该区可能发生了部分熔融或者岩石含水量的增加;印度板块俯冲和周围坚硬块体阻挡联合作用,使得青藏高原东北缘形成了强大的区域构造应力场,并导致深部软流圈热物质上涌,为该区壳幔解耦、部分熔融和P波速度降低创造了条件.     

贺兰山—银川地堑及邻区重力异常特征及构造意义

贺兰山—银川地堑及邻区地质结构复杂,对该区域深浅结构特征的研究具有重要意义.本文采用重力归一化总梯度成像和二维小波多尺度分解方法对研究区内重力异常进行了垂向和横向构造分析.重力归一化总梯度成像结果显示高低转换带的倾角、倾向与地质上的贺兰山东麓断裂、银川断裂和黄河断裂分布吻合较好,贺兰山西麓断裂与贺兰山东麓断裂汇交深度约18 km,银川断裂与黄河断裂汇交深度约25 km;二维小波多尺度分解成像结果表明正谊关断裂、贺兰山西麓断裂、芦花台断裂和银川断裂为上地壳断裂,贺兰山东麓断裂、青铜峡—固原断裂以及黄河断裂为下地壳断裂,且这三大断裂可能分别是阿拉善地块东南边界和鄂尔多斯地块西南边界;1739年平罗M 8.0古地震震中与银川断裂在重力剖面深度约15 km汇交,其垂向高低梯度为强变形带,同时古地震震中位于重力正负异常转换部位的低值区,据此可推断此次古地震的发震构造是银川断裂.这些结论可提高对贺兰山—银川地堑及邻区地质结构的认识,为该区地壳动力学过程及强震的孕震机理研究提供一定的科学依据.     

青藏高原及周边地壳均衡模式与强震活动

青藏高原作为中国大陆强震活动的主体区,不但构造变形历史复杂,而且高原内部与周边块体之间的重力异常差异也十分显著。本文基于EGM2008重力模型,计算得到了青藏高原及周边地区的区域布格重力异常和艾里均衡重力异常;并依据复合均衡模型原理,以Crust1.0地壳模型中莫霍面的深度为参考,反演得到了地壳剩余密度的分布,该结果适用于研究地壳横向密度的差异;最后,将反演结果与弹性板均衡理论模型反演得到的岩石层有效弹性厚度进行对比,结果表明,青藏高原与周边地块之间的地壳力学特性和平均密度存在显著差异,为强震孕育提供了动力学背景。以此为依据,可为潜在强震危险区位置的判断提供参考。      

基于GPS和强震资料反演汶川8.0级地震的同震滑动模型

通过震中附近GPS同震位移资料,采用SDM反演法,应用均匀介质模型和分层地壳结构模型分别反演汶川8.0级地震的同震滑动,并加入强震资料进行反演对比分析,结果表明:两种模型反演的同震滑动分布与发震断层的科考结果吻合,分层地壳结构模型的反演结果整体上要优于均匀地壳结构模型的反演结果;GPS与强震数据分别反演得到的同震位移方向、幅度和断层错动方式基本一致,GPS、强震单一数据反演和联合反演结果得到的矩震级、平均滑动量具有很好的一致性。总体而言,强震模型的最大滑动量和最大应力降较GPS模型的结果更为显著,可能与强震数据中出现较大水平位移的站点与断层更为接近有关。     

长乐—南澳断裂带两侧地壳结构差异的地震-重力联合反演

长乐一南澳断裂带出露于福建沿海地区,由于海陆过渡带的特殊性,地球物理探测受到许多限制,难以获得由陆到海的清晰而准确的深部构造形态.2014年福建省地震局采集了横跨长乐一南澳断裂带的广角反射/折射剖面(HX-6),由于观测系统的缺陷和原始资料信噪比等问题,单纯使用地震数据反演长乐一南澳断裂带的深部地壳结构有很强的不确定性,无法解答断裂带两侧地壳结构存在何种差异,影响了对断裂带构造属性和区域构造演化的正确认识.基于岩石波速和密度有良好的对应关系,地震-重力联合反演可以有效降低多解性.本文采用地震走时拟合和重力异常拟合同步进行的方法,利用最新采集的高质量P波地震走时数据与高精度实测重力数据,反演得到了连城一厦门一金门外海剖面的二维地壳波速-密度结构模型.联合反演结果显示:长乐一南澳断裂带两侧地壳厚度差约3 km,壳内分层结构和上地幔顶部波速-密度无显著变化,推断长乐一南澳断裂带是华南地块正常陆壳和台湾海峡减薄陆壳的分界,本研究结果为进一步研究该区深部构造环境和长乐一南澳断裂带的地球动力学意义提供了新的地球物理学证据.     

龙门山断裂带地壳密度结构

研究龙门山及邻区地壳密度结构对于认识该地区地震活动性具有重要意义.根据龙门山及邻区( 100°～105°E,28°～33°N)的布格重力异常资料,选取了跨越龙门山断裂带的6条重力测线,在深地震测深资料约束下,使用Geosoft软件分别反演出了龙门山地区地下的沉积层、康拉德界面和莫霍面的深度分布.研究结果表明:龙门山断裂带两侧的地壳结构明显不同,西面高原地区沉积层较薄,大部分为基岩出露;而东边盆地沉积层明显较厚,多在6km以上.莫霍面和康拉德面在两侧均相对平缓,康拉德面从东部的大约24km增加到青藏高原山区的35km左右;莫霍面深度从东部盆地的大约42km增加到西部青藏高原的67km左右.龙门山断裂带整体表现为一条近SN向的陡变重力梯度带,并在其地壳内各界面均发生错断,莫霍面和康拉德面错断距离分别达6 ～ 7km和3～ 5km.该区地壳的这种陡变和不均匀性是导致地震活动性强烈的主要原因之一.     

THE THREE DIMENSIONAL DENSITY STRUCTURE OF CRUST AND UPPER MANTLE IN THE CENTRAL-SOUTHERN PART OF LONGMENSHAN

In recent years, strong earthquakes of M_S8.0 Wenchuan and M_S7.0 Lushan occurred in the central-southern part of Longmenshan fault zone. The distance between the two earthquakes is less than 80 kilometers. So if we can obtain the inner structure of the crust and upper mantle, it will benefit us to understand the mechanism of the two earthquakes. Based on the high resolution dataset of Bouguer gravity anomaly data and the initial model constrained by three-dimensional tomography results of P-wave velocity in Sichuan-Yunnan region, with the help of the preconditioned conjugate gradient(PCG)inversion method, we established the three dimensional density structure model of the crust and upper mantle of the central-southern segment of Longmenshan, the spatial interval of which is 10 kilometers along the horizontal direction and 5 kilometers along the depth which is limited to 0~65km, respectively. This model also provides a new geophysical model for studying the crustal structure of western Sichuan plateau and Sichuan Basin. The results show obvious differences in the crustal density structure on both sides(Songpan-Ganzê block and Sichuan Basin)of Longmenshan fault zone which is a boundary fault and controls the inner crustal structure. In Sichuan Basin, the sedimentary layer is represented as low density structure which is about 10km thick. In contrast, the upper crust of Songpan-Ganzê block shows a thinner sedimentary layer and higher density structure where bedrock is exposed. Furthermore, there is a wide scale low density layer in the middle crust of the Songpan-Ganzê block. Based on this, we inferred that the medium intensity of the Songpan-Ganzê block is significantly lower than that of Sichuan Basin. As a result, the eastward movement of material of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, blocked by the Sichuan Basin, is inevitably impacted, resulting in compressional deformation and uplift, forming the Longmenshan thrust-nappe tectonic belt at the same time. The result also presents that the crustal structure has a distinct segmental feature along the Longmenshan fault zone, which is characterized by obviously discontinuous changes in crustal density. Moreover, a lot of high- and low-density structures appear around the epicenters of Wenchuan and Lushan earthquakes. Combining with the projection of the precise locating earthquake results, it is found that Longmenshan fault zone in the upper crust shows obvious segmentation, both Wenchuan and Lushan earthquake occurred in the high density side of the density gradient zone. Wenchuan earthquake and its aftershocks are mainly distributed in the west of central Longmenshan fault zone. In the south of Maoxian-Beichuan, its aftershocks occurred in high density area and the majority of them are thrust earthquake. In the north of Maoxian-Beichuan, its aftershocks occurred in the low density area and the majority of them are strike-slip earthquake. The Lushan earthquake and its aftershocks are concentrated near the gradient zone of crustal density and tend to the side of the high density zone. The aftershocks of Lushan earthquake ended at the edge of low-density zone which is in EW direction in the north Baoxing. The leading edge of Sichuan Basin, which has high density in the lower crust, expands toward the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with the increase of depth, and is close to the west of the Longmenshan fault zone at the top of upper mantle. Our results show that there are a lot of low density bodies in the middle and lower crust of Songpan-Ganzê Block. With the increase of the depth, the low density bodies are moving to the south and its direction changed. This phenomenon shows that the depth and surface structure of Songpan-Ganzê Block are not consistent, suggesting that the crust and upper mantle are decoupled. Although a certain scale of low-density bodies are distributed in the middle and lower crust of Songpan-Ganzê, their connectivity is poor. There are some low-density anomalies in the floor plan. It is hard to give clear evidence to prove whether the lower crust flow exists.     

汶川MS8.0地震震前近震源区地壳形变机制探究

多种形变资料表明, 汶川地震震前越靠近震源区, 其形变特征越不明显, 且在近震源区震前呈现短期平静状态． 为研究这种小变形现象的深部动力学因素及形变机制, 本文基于成都地区1996—2007年13期重复重力观测数据, 经平差处理后进行密度的三维反演, 得到了汶川地震近震源区震前10年的地壳深部密度变化水平向和垂直向的时空分布特征． 结果表明: 密度变化在空间上呈有序分布, 主要集中在龙门山断裂带及其附近区域, 且深部变化幅度显著大于浅部, 表明近震源区断裂带深部活动较为显著; 从时间上来看, 密度变化速率并不均衡, 在震前3—8年介质密度变化剧烈, 而在震前短期变化却不明显． 根据震前形变特征和不同深度密度变化的动态演化过程, 本文认为龙门山断裂带的地壳分层运动, 导致了浅层地壳的小形变和深部显著的密度变化． 此外, 根据该断裂带及其附近地区的密度变化特征, 本文选取和改进了适合汶川地震的孕震模型, 即改进的组合-硬化模型, 将动力学过程与孕育机制结合起来, 以期对汶川地震震前近震源区的形变机制作出合理解释．      

联合利用走时与波形反演技术研究地壳三维速度结构(Ⅱ)——应用

使用阻尼最小二乘法进行震源参数和地壳三维速度结构的走时联合反演．所用资料为Ｓ波和Ｐ波到时差,并用人工地震资料的二维解释结果作为三维速度模型的特定约束条件．为建立初始模型,又利用天然地震构成了准二维剖面．在走时反演基础上,利用遗传算法进行了几个地震事件的波形反演尝试,并对走时反演获得的地壳速度结构模型的局部进行了修正．以３４°～４２°Ｎ,９４°～１１２°Ｅ作为研究区域,在该区域中收集了１９８６年以来大量地震的Ｓ波和Ｐ波到时差资料,７条人工地震二维速度剖面资料和２个数字化地震台的几个地震的三分向记录资料．对这些资料进行了处理,最后得出了０～２５ｋｍ深度不同截面的速度分布,并对所得结果进行了分析．     

DEEP STRUCTURE OF NORTHERN HENAN PROVINCE AND ADJACENT AREAS DERIVED FROM GRAVITY AND SEISMIC SOUNDING DATA IN RELATION TO DISTRIBUTION OF EARTHQUAKES

We conduct the wave field separation of the gravity field for northern Henan Province and adjacent areas by the wavelet multi-scale decomposition method, and obtain multi-order gravity wavelet details and regional gravity field information. Then the Parker density surface inversion is used to invert the Moho interface. Based on the analysis of wavelet details in different orders and results of three seismic sounding profiles available in this area, we attempt to reveal the deep crustal structure of the study area. Research results show that the crustal structure is dominated by uneven density distribution accompanied by uplifts and depressions in the region with obvious heterogeneities of the density in horizontal and vertical directions. The gravity field characteristics in the middle-upper crust correspond to the surface topography, the lower crust is dominated by the large-scale high-low gravity anomalies, and several major depression basins show the characteristics of low velocity and low density. At the same time, the depth of the Moho interface changes greatly, which forms the block structure pattern of the regional crustal thickness. Among these features, the area with relatively large variations of the Moho is located in the transition zone of the basin to the Taihang Mountains, or exactly the Moho mutation belt. The Moho interface of the basin area as a whole is dominated by the uplift intertwined with local variations, of which the least and largest depths are 31km and 37km, respectively. Due to the gravity isostasy, the crustal thickness is larger(about 41km)in the northwest of the Taihang Mountains, with less average crustal density. In the study area, earthquakes tend to occur around the transition zone with density changes where the Moho is locally convex. The seismogenic mechanism may be associated with upwelling of upper mantle materials, low-velocity and low-density structures in the middle-lower crust and connection of deep large faults. Moreover, the deep large faults play a controlling role in the distribution of regional earthquakes.     

汶川MW7.9地震周边地区布格重力异常与岩石圈垂向构造应力场

前人研究给出, 龙门山断裂带中南段地壳均衡异常显著, 具有发生7级以上大地震的深部动力背景。 2016年6月, 我们围绕该均衡异常显著区域开展重力/GNSS加密观测, 提高了该地区布格重力异常和地壳均衡异常场的空间分辨率。 依据上述观测结果与前期同类观测数据, 反演了汶川M_W7.9地震周边地区地壳密度构造。 结果显示, 龙门山断裂带是地壳密度变化的高梯度带, 其东侧地壳较薄, 但其西部明显变厚, 上、 中、 下地壳变化趋势均呈现上述特征; 研究区东侧的莫霍面深度为35~40 km, 西侧为60~65 km。 此外, 利用重力/GNSS联合观测数据计算了汶川M_W7.9地震震中区周边地区岩石圈承载的垂向构造应力场, 结果表明, 汶川M_W7.9地震震中区北部、 宁强、 峨眉山周边地区蓄积了-30 MPa至-40 MPa的负向构造应力, 龙门山断裂带中南段蓄积了约40 MPa的正向构造应力, 区域最大垂向构造应力分布在龙门山断裂带中南段, 临近芦山M_W6.6地震。 统计结果表明, 地震多发生在垂向构造应力高梯度带附近, 或垂向构造应力的高值区域。     

THE DEPTH OF MOHO INTERFACE AND CRUSTAL THICKNESS IN SICHUAN-YUNNAN REGION,CHINA

By using moving average method to separate Bouguer gravity anomaly field in Sichuan-Yunnan region, we got the low-frequency Bouguer gravity anomaly field which reflects the undulating of Moho interface. The initial model is obtained after seismic model transformation and elevation correction. Then, we used Parker method to invert the low-frequency Bouguer gravity anomaly field to obtain the depth of Moho interface and crustal thickness in the area. The results show that the Qinghai-Tibet block in the northwest of the study area deepens and thickens from the edge to the interior, with the depth of Moho interface and the crust thickness of about 52~62km and 54~66km, respectively. The depth of Moho interface in Sichuan Basin is about 38~42km. In Sichuan-Yunnan block, the depth of Moho interface is about 42~62km from southeast to northwest. Beneath the West Yunnan block, west of the Red River fault zone, the Moho depth is about 34~52km from south to north. The Longmen Mountains and Red River fault zone are the gradient zone of the Moho depth change. Along the Red River fault zone, the depth difference of Moho interface is increasing gradually from north to south. No obvious uplift is found on the Moho interface of Panzhihua rift valley. The depth of Moho interface distribution in Sichuan and Yunnan is obviously restricted by the collision between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate and the lateral subduction of the Indo-China peninsula. The mean square error of the depth of Moho interface is less than 1.7km between the result of divisional density interface inversion and artificial seismic exploration. At the same time, we compared the integral with divisional inversion result. It shows that:in areas where there is obvious difference between the crust velocity and density structure in different tectonic blocks, the use of high resolution seismic exploration data as the constraints to the divisional density interface inversion can effectively improve the reliability of inversion results.