青海省区域地壳稳定性初探

本文主要应用地球物理指标B(布格重力异常梯度值,单位毫伽/公里)值,结合深断裂、地壳结构、布格重力异常特征、莫霍面形态和历史地震分布,对省内区域地壳划分了四个不稳定区;两个次不稳定区;三个基本稳定区和一个稳定区。     

高精度重、磁测量在大兴安岭找矿工作中的应用

根据以往的经验,在找矿勘查中,通常应用高精度磁法和电法,很少应用重力方法.本文通过小面积的大比例尺高精度重力工作,展示了重力工作在找矿勘查中所起的作用.尤其是在高纬度覆盖区,地表地质不甚明了、电法工作比较困难的情况下,可以发挥重力工作受环境干扰小的优势,寻找高密度地质体.在本矿区中,重力工作作为高精度磁测工作的重要补充,有利于更准确地确定矿体的位置和平面形态特征.由于高精度磁测方法寻找的是有磁性矿物,当矿体无磁性时,磁异常不能反映矿体的位置和形态.本文根据重力方法和磁测方法的原理,对矿区的地球物理场进行研究,给出本矿区识别矿体异常的原则,根据磁性矿物与铅锌矿伴生的特点,结合磁异常,如果重磁异常中心吻合较好,重磁异常幅值和梯度也较大,表明矿体异常的可靠性很大;当然,对磁异常表现为负磁异常的高频重力高异常也不能忽视,有可能是埋藏浅的无磁性金属矿的反映.所以,需要密切关注幅值大、梯度大的高频重力高异常.     

给定观测精度下的点(线)源模型重力与磁力垂向识别能力研究

重、磁勘探具有效率高、成本低、工作范围广等优点,已在地球物理勘探中得到了广泛应用.前人大多在不考虑重、磁勘探观测精度的条件下进行了垂向识别能力的研究,但在考虑重、磁观测精度条件下,重力（重力异常、重力张量）与磁力（磁力异常、磁力三分量、磁力张量）对孤立异常的垂向识别能力如何则需要进行深入的理论研究.本文从重、磁场正演理论出发,以球体（点源模型）和无限延伸水平圆柱体（线源模型）为例,考虑给定观测精度条件下,以重力和磁力幅值大小与观测精度的关系来研究垂向识别能力,从而消除了背景场的影响,提高了研究结果的可靠度.通过研究表明,对于孤立异常,重力张量在浅部一定深度内比重力异常的垂向识别能力强,该深度与重力异常和重力张量观测精度的比值成正比;垂直磁化磁力张量在浅部一定深度内比化极磁力异常的垂向识别能力强,该深度与磁力异常与磁力张量观测精度的比值成正比;磁力在浅部一定深度内比重力的垂向识别能力强,该深度与地质体的磁化强度和剩余密度比值、重力观测精度和磁力观测精度比值成正比.通过重力和磁力垂向识别能力的研究将为重、磁勘探的实际应用起到指导作用.     

分层重力图像方法及其应用

分层重力图像方法是依据三维地震波速的层析成像结果，通过速度与密度相关关系，转换得到分层的密度结构模型，计算并给出各分层在地表的重力异常分布图像．以中国大陆为例，给出其不同深度的7个分层的重力异常图像和不同分层叠加的综合（或总合）重力异常分布图像．经过与实测的中国布格重力异常资料对比分析，结果表明两者的重力场特征相当一致；分层重力图像的结果能较好地反映地下不同深度的物质分布．     

重力潮汐改正

高精度重力测量迫切要求提高重力潮汐改正的精度,本文应用现有的我国重力潮汐观测成果和海潮重力负荷改正计算结果,提出一组重力潮汐改正的实用计算公式。并且根据计算误差要求小于±1μGal的条件下,将我国划分为四个区,与合适的计算式相对应。此外,对近年来国外学者所提出的理论重力潮汐改正计算公式进行了评述,尤其对过去不曾注意的潮汐永久项（M₀S₀波）在潮汐改正中的影响进行了较详细的讨论。最后还对目前海潮负荷改正的精度提出了一些看法。     

普光气田重力异常的视密度反演

普光气田是我国近年发现的最大气田．根据气田储层和盖层的岩石密度,估算普光气田上约有零点几毫伽量级的重力异常．但由于区域场和其他岩石的影响,气田的负异常受到严重的干扰．我们使用基于位场切割分离和位场大深度向下延拓的视密度反演新方法,在普光气田上得到明显的负密度异常．在川东北其他一些气田上,也得到负密度异常．根据视密度反演结果,对川东北的含气远景区做了预测．     

滇-黔地球化学边界似基韦诺(Keweenaw)型铜矿床的发现

在滇-黔边界北西向地球化学急变带的北东侧存在很强的铜异常,野外观察发现了富的自然铜-氧化铜工业矿体和广泛的矿化点,矿化受二叠纪玄武岩最上部古火山口环境和上覆宣威组炭泥质层控制,产于火山角砾岩、凝灰岩、含炭硅质岩、硅质沥青岩和气孔状熔岩中,矿层厚度变化在15～80 m,矿石矿物主要为自然铜、氧化铜矿和辉铜矿,其中鲁甸沿河铜矿铜含量变化在0.5%～20%左右(在一个剖面上平均为4%).自然铜呈板片状、网脉状、浸染状产出.氧化铜、辉铜矿和硅铜矿类呈浸染状、团块状产出,矿化与阳起石化、沥青化、沸石化和硅化密切相联系,表明成矿涉及在强壳幔相互作用、有机-无机相互作用下的还原环境,成矿温度变化在400～100℃,从成矿地质背景、矿石类型和蚀变现象看,与美国苏必利湖的Keweenaw自然铜矿床较为相似.     

格莱尼改正及其在地球物理数据处理中的意义

格莱尼改正是重力改正的一种,是对球面半径约166.7 km以外地形和均衡造成的重力综合效应的改正,改正后所得格莱尼异常可对应研究区范围内地壳结构特征,具有重要的研究意义.但近年来国内的重力研究中,对格莱尼改正的认识和重要性还不是十分透彻,特别是在大区域研究中,忽略这一远区重力效应可能会对研究结果的解释造成误导.针对这一问题,本文介绍了格莱尼改正的含义、由来与研究历史,指出了在大区域研究中需要考虑格莱尼效应的重要性,以“扇形球壳块”法为例给出了格莱尼改正的计算原理,列举了格莱尼异常在地球物理中的常见应用,并通过重力改正与莫霍面深度反演实例,通过对反演结果的控制点检测与精度评价,指出格莱尼异常反演所得莫霍面埋深更接近地震方法结果,从而表明了格莱尼改正在地球物理研究中的不可忽视性,并指出完全布格改正与格莱尼改正在计算方法上可实现统一.     

利用重力资料反演三维密度界面的质面系数法

文中给出一深度为h的水平矩形质面在地面产生的重力公式,对比了此公式算出的重力异常与三维长方体公式算出的重力异常,得出:当三维地质体的厚度与其埋深之比小于0.2-0.4时,二者的重力效应几乎相等,它们之间最大偏差在1-3％以内。用给出的重力公式进一步导出了重力反演三维密度界面的质面系数法。用理想模式检验,结果表明,本文给出的方法收敛快,反演误差较小,计算效果较好。最后用一实例,验证了方法的适用性。     

白鹤滩水电站蓄水引起重力与库仑应力变化的模拟研究

白鹤滩水电站为中国第二大在建水电站,蓄水过程引起的重力和库仑应力变化对于该地区的水储量变化和触发地震研究具有重要参考价值.首先,本文给出了水电站库区临近区域均衡重力异常场,结果表明该地区基本处于均衡状态,较为稳定.其次,利用白鹤滩水电站库区地形数据,模拟计算了蓄水过程引起的地表和GRACE-FO(Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-on)卫星观测的重力变化,并与GRACE FO实际观测数据进行了对比分析.模拟计算的重力变化表明,蓄水引起的重力变化为毫伽量级,万有引力作用为库区重力变化的主因,该重力变化比弹性形变的结果大两个量级.模拟GRACE-FO重力变化表明,白鹤滩地区蓄水引起的卫星观测重力变化为微伽量级,GRACE FO有可能观测到白鹤滩水电站蓄水的重力变化.最后,计算了蓄水引起的地壳内部应力变化,并给出了小江断裂带北段断层的库仑应力变化,该结果表明库仑应力变化在巧家以南和以北的两个区域大于0.01 MPa,该地区触发地震的可能性需密切关注.     

基于MPICH环境下的复杂重力异常体并行正演模拟

任意多面体重力异常正演公式常用于解决复杂几何形态地质体的正演问题。 本文以均匀物性多面体重力异常正演公式为基础, 应用有限元技术中的网格离散化思想, 以任意四面体为基本单元, 通过并行计算技术在MPICH环境下实现了任意连续空间物性分布复杂异常体网格模型的重力异常正演模拟, 通过并行处理可以有效加速正演计算速度。 本文研究结果对于联合重力异常场正演建模和开展复杂模型网格的重力场计算有一定参考意义。     

The gravity effect of a homogeneous polyhedron for three-dimensional interpretation

Summary As an aid to the interpretation of gravity data for three-dimensional causative bodies, a method of evaluation of the gravity effect of a homogeneous polyhedron at an external point has been worked out. It has been shown that the gravity effect is expressible in terms of some prinitive integrals over the basic triangular faces of the polyhedron. The formula for evaluation of these integrals has also been derived.Contribution from the Earth Physics Branch No. 501.     

TWO DIMENSIONAL MASS DISTRIBUTIONS FROM GRAVITY ANOMALIES: A COMPUTER METHOD *

Qureshi and Mula have suggested a computer method for the calculation of the shape of a two dimensional body from the gravity anomaly profile associated with it. The application of the method, however, was restricted to those bodies which have their top or base horizontal and end sides vertical. In this paper study has been made to investigate the possibility of eliminating the above mentioned restrictions and has arrived at the affirmative conclusion.     

The limitation of curvature gravity gradient tensor for edge detection and a method for overcoming it

Eigenvalues of the curvature gravity gradient tensor (CGGT) have been utilized to detect and outline edges of geologic bodies. In this paper, we analyzed and discussed the application scope and the limitation of CGGT using a complex synthetic model. We found that the large eigenvalue only can be used to outline edges of positive density bodies, and the small eigenvalue only can be used to delineate edges of negative density bodies. However, in the actual geological situation, the positive and negative density bodies usually coexist simultaneously. Therefore, it has certain limitations to detect edges using this method directly. In view of the limitations of the method, we combined the gravity anomaly with large eigenvalues, and proposed a new improved method for the eigenvalues of CGGT. The improved method can be utilized to outline edges of causative sources in any case. It was tested on synthetic model data and real field data. All of the results have shown that the new improved method is effective for edge detection.     

Interpretation of gravity and magnetic anomalies caused due to spherical bodies

Summary The method of continuation has been used to obtain the master curves for gravity and magnetic anomalies caused by spherical bodies. The procedure to calculate the depth of burial and radius of spherical bodies has been outlined.     

NVESTIGATION OF TECTONICS BY GRAVITY DETAILING*

Mapping of fault patterns is an important part of geophysical exploration. A computerized digital template analysis method is described which tests gravity maps for the effects of faults by comparing measured gravity data with calculated master curves. The interpreted gravity data are incorporated in a tectonic map using geological symbols and units, for ready use by the geologists. Tectonics can be investigated by gravity detailing if the smallest undulations on the Bouguer map are taken into consideration. Up to now, residual and derivative gravity maps have explained gravity effects by assuming spherical bodies which are almost unknown in geology. The method discussed here uses tectonic elements, such as fault-blocks and dikes as a basis of interpretation instead of the spherical bodies of the conventional interpretation methods. Gravity data can be easily and relatively cheaply obtained in the early phases of exploration by area wide spot coverage following lines of easy access such as roads, etc. Seismic studies, by contrast, have the disadvantage of being executed along predetermined profile lines. Only after sufficient detailing do seismic profiles permit-if at all -an areal mapping of faults. Thus a tectonic map is obtained only at the end of a geophysical survey instead of being available prior to the planning of costly seismic profiles. The use of gravimetric data and their interpretation by the suggested method provides tectonic detail maps in the early phases of geophysical studies. In addition, this article discusses a general geophysical interpretation method, using the investigation of faults by gravity as an example. Applications of this method for different gravity and magnetics problems as well as for combined interpretations are outlined. Detailed case histories will be published in later articles.     

Three-Dimensional Gravity Modeling In All Space

We review available analytical algorithms for the gravity effect and gravity gradients especially the vertical gravity gradient due to a right rectangular prism, a right polygonal prism, and a polyhedron. The emphasis is placed on an investigation of validity, consistency, and especially singularities of different algorithms, which have been traditionally proposed for calculation of the gravity effect on ground (or outside anomalous bodies), when they are applied to all points in space. The rounding error due to the computer floating point precision is estimated. The gravity effect and vertical gradient of gravity in three dimensions caused by a cubic model are calculated by different types of algorithms. The reliability of algorithms for the calculation of gravity of a right polygonal prism and a polyhedron is further verified by using a regular polygonal prism approximating a vertical cylinder and a regular polyhedron approximating a sphere, respectively. By highlighting Haáz-Jung-Plouff and Okabe-Steiner-Zilahi-Sebess' formulae for a right rectangular prism, Plouff's algorithm for a right polygonal prism, and Gouml;tze and Lahmeyer's algorithm for a polyhedron and removing their singularities, we demonstrate that these formulae and algorithms can be used to model the gravity anomaly and its vertical gradient at all possible computation positions.     

Interpretation of vertical gravity and magnetic profiles

Summary Methods have been developed by quantitatively interpreting gravity and magnetic data in vertical bore-holes or shafts for geological bodies that can be approximated by spheres and cylinders. Master diagrams that can be directly used by the interpreter are provided.     

ON THE APPLICATION OF INVERSE THEORY TO GRAVITY INTERPRETATION*

Numerical investigations have been carried out on suitable interpretation schemes for gravity, based upon Backus-Gilbert inverse theory. A two-dimensional linear model consisting of horizontal prisms (grid shape) has been adopted for interpretation of gravity profiles. An inversion technique, which uses a linear approach suitable for rapid computation, and studies with synthetic bodies have led to improvements in the method, mainly by applying weighting factors, which improve the solution in the final stages of computational work. Gravity data from the well-known Cyprus island positive anomaly were inverted to demonstrate the feasibility of the method.     

A REGIONAL GRAVITY STUDY OF THE NORTHERN NORTH SEA (56–62° N)*

A Bouguer gravity anomaly map is presented of the North Sea and adjacent land areas in Norway and Denmark, covering an area situated between 56° and 62°N, 1°W and 10°E. The gravity data from the UK sector of the North Sea, the land and offshore areas of Denmark, and the land areas of Norway have been published before. However, the gravity data from the Norwegian sector of the North Sea are new. A large number (about 60) of individual gravity features can be defined in the mapped area. Most of those situated in the UK sector of the North Sea and on land in Norway have been discussed earlier; however, most of the anomalies found elsewhere which are qualitatively interpreted here have not been discussed before. An interpreted Bouguer anomaly map is presented which identifies all these features. The majority of the gravity anomalies encountered in the mapped area can be shown to be associated with one of the following geological features: (i) basement highs, (ii) large bodies of heavy basic or ultrabasic rock in the crystalline basement, (iii) large igneous intrusions within the sedimentary column and thick accumulations of volcanic rocks or their associated eruption centers, (iv) major basement faults. Large-scale geological structures such as the Central, Viking and Sogn Grabens and the East Shetland, Stord, Forth Approaches and Norwegian-Danish Basins are essentially in isostatic equilibrium and are only locally marked by relatively weak gravity minima. A residual gravity anomaly map has been produced by subtracting from the observed Bouguer anomalies the estimated gravity effect of an assumed thinned crust. This residual gravity anomaly map shows a number of features of the Bouguer anomaly field with greater clarity.