太和殿基座对上部结构抗震性能影响分析

故宫太和殿是中国古建筑的典型代表,其基座由台基和高台组成。为有效保护古建筑,采用数值模拟方法,以故宫太和殿为例,研究古建基座对上部结构抗震性能影响。基于太和殿基座、浮搁柱底、榫卯连接、斗拱等构造特征,建立两种有限元模型:不考虑基座/考虑基座。通过模态分析,研究基座对太和殿上部结构自振特性的影响;通过Ⅷ度常遇地震作用下的谱分析,研究基座对太和殿上部结构内力、变形分布及峰值的影响;通过Ⅷ度罕遇地震作用下的时程响应分析,研究基座对太和殿上部结构加速度和位移响应的影响。结果表明:考虑基座后,太和殿结构基频减小,主振型参与系数增大;Ⅷ度常遇地震作用下,太和殿结构木构架的变形及主应力峰值略有放大,墙体所受内力减小;Ⅷ度罕遇地震作用下,太和殿典型部位的木构架加速度、位移响应有不同程度放大。因此基座对太和殿上部结构动力放大作用不可忽略。     

套建增层预应力钢骨混凝土框架弹塑性地震反应分析

从套建增层改造实践中存在的问题出发,提出了一种新型外套增层结构型式,即以内置H型钢预应力混凝土组合梁为框架梁、以配置4个或8个角钢的角钢混凝土柱为框架柱的套建增层用框架结构,并给出了节点构造。根据不同的场地条件和地震设计分组,对基于现行设计标准设计的跨度为16m的新型套建增层框架进行了罕遇地震作用下的时程分析。分析结果表明,在满足常遇地震作用下的设计要求时,在7度和8度罕遇地震作用下,建造在I、II、III类场地上的部分套建增层框架将会倒塌。根据弹塑性反应分析结果,提出了在罕遇地震作用下避免这种套建增层框架发生倒塌的设计建议。     

石家庄之门大跨连体超限高层结构抗震分析

石家庄之门为双塔高层混凝土框架剪力墙结构,该结构顶部3层通过钢结构连接体将2个塔楼刚性连接,为大跨连体超限高层结构。设计中对结构的薄弱位置采取了相应的抗震措施予以加强。运用多种空间有限元结构分析软件,对结构进行多遇地震下振型分解反应谱法计算分析、弹性时程分析和罕遇地震下的静力弹塑性分析,该工程结构主要设计指标均满足规范要求,混凝土结构主体及钢结构连接体承载力和延性较好。     

双塔连体高层混合结构抗震性能研究

外钢框架-混凝土核心筒结构体系被认为是适合我国国情的高层建筑结构体系之一,我国已有多个采用这种结构体系的单塔楼工程实例,但对双塔连体高层混合结构的研究较少。本文针对上海国际设计中心不等高双塔连体混合结构,进行了7度多遇地震、基本烈度、罕遇地震和8度罕遇地震阶段的模拟地震振动台试验研究,得到了结构的破坏模式,并对模型结构和原型结构的动力反应进行了详细的分析,最后提出了此类结构设计的一些建议。研究表明,高位连体的竖向地震反应比较明显,设计中应适当考虑动力放大效应;在各水准地震作用下结构整体变形均呈现弯曲型;主塔楼核心筒在中震下可以保证"不坏",但结构小震下的层间位移略超过规范限值。     

双塔连体结构弹塑性时程分析

双塔连体结构是我国实际工程中应用越来越多的一种结构形式.该结构形式是在两塔楼顶部设置连体部分的新型建筑结构形式.本文针对某一连体结构,采用NosaCAD有限元软件建立整体结构分析模型.通过建立模型,分析结构在7度多遇和罕遇地震下的弹塑性时程反应,得到结构在地震作用下的变形、内力和破坏情况的变化过程.结果表明,小震情况下...     

直接基于位移设计的高强钢组合K形偏心支撑钢框架的抗震性能研究

K形高强钢组合偏心支撑(K-HSS-EBF)是指耗能连梁和支撑采用Q345钢,而框架梁、框架柱采用高强度钢(如Q460)。为研究其在罕遇地震作用下的抗震性能,在试验研究的基础上,采用直接基于位移的抗震设计方法设计了5层、8层和12层算例,分别进行静力推覆分析和动力弹塑性分析,研究高强钢组合偏心支撑钢框架在罕遇地震作用下层间侧移分布和破坏模式。研究结果表明:直接基于位移的抗震设计方法设计的算例在罕遇地震作用下,结构的层间侧移满足我国现行抗震规范的要求,结构呈理想的渐进式梁铰屈服机构,并证明该设计方法的合理性和可靠性。     

运用防屈曲支撑的混凝土框架结构的抗震性能研究

简要介绍地震安全社区的实现途径以及防屈曲支撑的构成和性能参数。运用ABAQUS软件对有无安装防屈曲支撑的钢筋混凝土框架模型进行动力时程分析,总结分析防屈曲支撑对钢筋混凝土框架结构的减震效果。结果表明,防屈曲支撑能大大降低钢筋混凝土框架结构在罕遇地震作用下的层间位移角,提高建筑物抗震性能,使地震安全社区中抗震设防烈度为Ⅶ度的建筑物能够抵御Ⅷ度罕遇地震。     

嵩岳寺塔地震响应及最不利受力状态分析

采用数值模拟方法对嵩岳寺塔在多遇、设防和罕遇地震作用下的地震响应及最不利受力状态进行了分析,为后续结构安全动态监测提供了基础数据。分析结果表明:质量和刚度关于中轴面呈对称分布,塔身结构整体性较好。地震作用下,结构呈现一阶弯曲变形,没有表现出明显的鞭梢效应。1层塔身的变形最为严重,是结构的薄弱环节。罕遇地震作用下,上部塔身开始进入弹塑性状态,其他情况下仍处于弹性状态。结构承压性能较好,但门洞顶部的水平抗拉承载力存在一定不足,7层以下塔身外侧的竖向抗拉承载力存在一定不足,12层以下塔身中轴面附近的抗剪承载力存在一定不足,且门洞顶部受剪最严重。     

抗震设防烈度对钢框架连续性倒塌的影响

建筑结构在爆炸荷载作用下的连续倒塌问题近些年被很多学者所关注。从本质上讲,结构的抗倒塌和抗震都是动荷载作用下的结构响应问题,因此,结构抗震设计的很多理念对结构的抗连续倒塌设计同样适用。本文采用数值模拟的方法,分别对按抗震设防烈度Ⅵ度、Ⅶ度和Ⅷ度的钢框架结构进行了40kg炸药爆炸作用下的连续倒塌分析,探讨了抗震设防烈度对钢框架连续性倒塌的影响。计算结果表明,抗震设防烈度高的钢框架结构其抵抗连续倒塌的能力较强。其中,按Ⅵ度设防的结构发生了连续倒塌;按Ⅶ度设防的结构没有发生连续性倒塌,只发生了一定程度的变形和破坏;而相比之下,按Ⅷ度设防的结构变形和破坏最为轻微。     

超大型冷却塔随机地震响应分析

为全面掌握核电超大型冷却塔的抗震性能,首先进行结构的模态分析,然后采用振型分解反应谱法和弹性时程分析方法,计算结构在多遇地震作用下的响应,并对结构进行考虑材料和几何非线性的动力弹塑性时程分析,得到结构在罕遇地震作用下的响应。由于超大塔支柱跨度达到170m,还首次对结构进行了考虑行波效应的多点激励分析。结果表明:结构前8阶振型以局部振动为主,直到第9阶出现整体倾覆振型。在多遇地震作用下,支柱的最大位移和基底剪力均满足规范要求,且水平地震反应远大于竖向地震反应。在罕遇地震作用下,支撑结构位移角远小于规范限值,出现的塑性铰数量较少,且主要分布在支柱与壳体的连接处。多点输入对支柱内力影响较为不利,而对支柱位移和塔筒内力影响较小,塑性铰出现的数量稍多且破坏程度更加严重。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.