采用板式橡胶支座的连续斜梁桥横向抗震行为研究

为了提高采用板式橡胶支座的斜梁桥横向抗震能力,揭示其在不同设计参数下的横向抗震行为,考虑板式橡胶支座的滑移、钢筋混凝土挡块的滞回力学性能、桥台-背土效应等非线性因素,采用OpenSEES建立某连续斜梁桥的三维分析模型,提出支座位移评价指标、主梁平面转角指标、墩柱曲率延性指标和抗剪指标,研究不同挡块强度和间隙组合下桥梁的横向抗震性能。研究表明:同时增大挡块强度和间隙,总体上会降低支座的横向变形,但会增加其纵向变形;挡块强度越高,主梁的横向位移有所下降,但平面转角越大,对两侧桥台处的支座抗剪越不利;挡块强度越高,间隙越小,墩柱越有可能进入弹塑性状态。在本文桥例中,当挡块强度取40%支反力,间隙取0.08m时,所有抗震指标都可满足规范要求。     

地震作用下简支梁桥支座-挡块-桥墩相互作用研究

为了提高中小跨径简支梁桥的抗震能力,促进多级抗震设计思想的完善,以汶川地震中的寿江大桥为背景,构建了支座-挡块-桥墩相互作用分析模型,采用增量动力分析（IDA）方法,以挡块强度和墩高作为变化参数,研究了支座滑移、挡块限位和桥墩塑性三者之间抗震性能状态的耦合关系。研究表明:提高挡块强度可有效地控制支座的滑移,但会增大桥墩的曲率延性系数,且桥墩越矮,曲率延性系数增长越快;随着挡块强度的变化,支座滑移比的变化幅度明显大于桥墩曲率延性系数;随着墩高的增大,挡块的相对限位能力会提高;对于中小跨径简支梁桥而言,理想的抗震状态为:允许挡块破坏,使得支座出现小幅滑移,桥墩出现可修复的塑性损伤。因此,在挡块设计中,可优先考虑支座的限位效果,再综合考虑桥墩的地震响应,当桥墩为矮墩时,挡块的设计强度不可过大。     

高墩刚构桥考虑材料劣化的时变抗震性能分析

为了研究材料性能劣化对桥梁抗震性能的影响,以某高墩刚构桥及其服役环境为背景,分别计算得到了钢筋和混凝土的材料劣化时变规律,采用OpenSEES建立了不同服役年限的桥梁分析模型,基于推倒分析和增量动力分析研究了材料性能劣化对桥梁时变抗震性能的影响规律。研究表明:随着服役年限的增长,体系推倒曲线的等效屈服强度和屈服变形因劣化而不断下降,最大降幅均超过15%,而构件的等效屈服弯矩和等效屈服曲率最大分别下降了12. 47%和19. 88%;材料劣化在体系和构件两个层面上降低了桥梁的屈服性能,而对桥梁的初始刚度和动力特性的影响很小;当桥梁处于弹性状态时,材料劣化的影响可以忽略,当桥梁进入塑性状态后,材料劣化的影响随着桥梁塑性发展程度的加深而不断增大,墩底曲率延性系数最大增幅超过40%。因此,材料劣化对高烈度地区和采用延性设计方法的桥梁抗震而言是不可忽视的影响因素。     

温度对铅芯橡胶支座隔震桥梁抗震性能的影响分析

为了研究温度对铅芯橡胶支座（LRB）隔震桥梁抗震性能的影响,以一座七跨连续梁桥为对象,考虑LRB在夏季和冬季不同温度下的力学特性,利用OpenSees对桥梁抗震性能进行研究。通过对不同温度下墩柱、支座及桥梁系统的地震易损性分析,获得了温度对铅芯橡胶支座隔震桥梁抗震性能的影响。结果表明:（1）与夏季相比,冬季低温降低了桥墩的延性及LRB的剪切变形和耗能能力,使地震作用时墩顶位移和支座变形均小于夏季,降低了LRB的减震效果;（2）冬季低温增大了地震作用时桥墩、LRB及桥梁系统在各个破坏状态的损伤概率,在中等及严重破坏状态时损伤概率相比夏季分别增加了8%和15%。在寒冷地区进行LRB隔震桥梁设计时,应考虑低温导致的LRB隔震效果降低对桥梁抗震性能的影响。     

中小跨径桥梁地震作用下横向损伤模式分析

为研究横桥向地震作用下板式橡胶支座对桥梁抗震性能的影响,比较了传统延性抗震设计方法与考虑支座摩擦滑移抗震设计方法的差异,采用Open Sees软件建立桥梁有限元模型,对一简支变连续梁桥进行了非线性增量时程分析,对比研究桥梁支座、挡块和桥墩的受力性能,并根据延性系数对桥梁各构件的损伤顺序进行了分析。研究结果表明:按传统延性体系设计时,桥梁破坏首先从墩底开始,在大震作用下会造成墩底发生严重损伤;考虑支座摩擦滑移时,桥梁损伤首先是支座和挡块的破坏,然后是墩柱发生损伤,支座摩擦滑移后可大大减小传递到下部结构的地震力,大震下桥墩保持弹性或只发生轻微损伤,建议桥梁抗震设计时采用考虑支座摩擦滑移的抗震设计方法。     

考虑支座滑移及挡块破坏的中小跨径梁桥地震易损性研究

从板式橡胶支座及混凝土挡块抗震设计角度,以一座典型的3跨预应力混凝土连续梁桥为例,结合概率地震需求分析及桥墩、支座等抗震关键构件极限破坏状态,建立不同支座及挡块分析模型的中小跨径梁桥地震易损性曲线,研究考虑支座滑移效应及挡块破坏的中小跨径梁桥的易损性特征。研究结果表明:不考虑橡胶支座的滑移效应及混凝土挡块破坏,桥墩地震破坏概率明显增大,且会低估支座破坏概率;桥梁系统易损性受支座破坏状态的影响显著,需设置合理的限位装置;在中小跨径梁桥地震易损性分析中,考虑支座的滑移效应及混凝土挡块的破坏十分必要。     

强震下斜交桥地震反应与减隔震性能分析

针对斜交桥在破坏性地震中发生破坏和损伤的突出问题,采用铅芯橡胶支座(LRB)进行隔震和滞回耗能。基于OpenSees平台建立了不同斜度的传统非隔震和全桥采用LRB隔震的4跨斜交连续梁桥动力分析模型,沿2个水平方向输入远场地震动和具有向前方向性效应、滑冲效应以及无速度脉冲效应的近断层地震动,并进行非线性时程计算,研究桥墩和挡块的损伤状态、主梁旋转度、碰撞力与斜交桥斜度的关系以及LRB对斜交桥抗震性能的影响。结果表明:向前方向性效应和滑冲效应的脉冲型地震动作用下的斜交桥地震反应和损伤明显大于无速度脉冲近断层和远场地震动作用; 采用LRB隔震后,明显降低了固定墩的地震损伤,桥墩位移减震率可达到50%以上; LRB隔震桥主梁与挡块的间隙宜结合桥梁的地震风险和设计位移进行确定。     

板式橡胶支座梁桥横向抗震加固研究

针对汶川地震中板式橡胶支座梁桥梁体横向移位严重的震害现象,提出了在原约束体系基础上增设X形板弹塑性挡块的抗震加固设计方法。以一座典型板式橡胶支座简支梁桥为研究对象,建立了可合理模拟支座滑动效应、挡块力学性能和墩柱滞回性能的全桥精细化有限元数值模型。选择国内外实际地震动进行横桥向非线性地震反应分析,研究了梁体与钢筋混凝土挡块横向间隙、X形板弹塑性挡块力学性能等两大参数对抗震加固效果的影响。研究表明:钢筋混凝土挡块与梁体间可预留一定横向间隙,X形板弹塑性挡块屈服强度可控制为上部结构恒载反力的5%;与抗震加固前相比,抗震加固设计能有效控制墩梁相对位移,同时减小桥墩结构地震反应,显著提高桥梁结构抗震性能。     

近断层区橡胶支座隔震结构限位研究

橡胶支座基础隔震结构遭遇近断层脉冲型地震动作用时,隔震层变形过大,需要限位。提出了软碰撞限位方案。按抗震规范设计橡胶支座隔震钢筋混凝土框架结构,选取近断层地震动记录,分析了限位主要参数预留距离、限位刚度和阻尼对隔震结构响应的影响。结果表明,预留距离增大,限位刚度需求增大,限位效果减弱;限位刚度增大,隔震层最大位移减小,上部结构层间最大位移增大;在一定范围内适当增大阻尼可减小隔震层最大位移与上部结构的层间最大位移。合理选用限位参数,可同时获得良好的限位与减震效果。提出了限位参数的优选方法。     

基于AMPP方法的减隔震桥梁抗震性能评估

主要研究基于推倒分析的普通减隔震支座连续梁桥的抗震性能评估方法。根据自适应的与质量成比例的推倒分析方法(AMPP)、MPA方法和时程分析方法(THA),评估了某常用减隔震支座连续梁桥的抗震性能。结果表明:AMPP方法可以成功地应用于常用减隔震支座桥梁的抗震性能评估,其对桥墩内力、支座位移和梁体位移的计算精度优于MPA方法。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.