封面"海洋地磁测量立体探测场景图"介绍

本期封面是一幅海洋地磁测量的立体探测场景图,它展示了海洋地磁测量的新技术、新方法.海洋地磁测量以"总场测量"和"矢量测量"等不同测量方式在海域的不同空间位置上采集地磁场信息,探索地球奥秘.具体的工作模式分别有:①卫星磁测、②船载固定翼无人机磁测、③船载三分量磁测、④海面磁测、⑤海面无人艇磁测、⑥近海底深拖磁测、⑦长航程AUV磁测、⑧海底地磁日变观测、⑨海底地磁场矢量观测和⑩超长锚系的海洋地磁观测潜标等.     

位场方法在非常规油气勘探中的应用

在常规油气勘探领域,高精度的重磁资料能够非常好的完成油气资源的远景评价,为地震勘探和钻井提供指导.在非常规油气勘探领域,重磁勘探方法显得尤为重要.因为非常规油气资源的地质结构、圈闭条件、储层评价、成藏机理、渗流特征等方面更加复杂和未知,地震勘探和钻井难以直接开展,亟需非地震方法的优选规划.由于重磁位场方法并不能"特异性"的揭示地下页岩分布和页岩气的资源潜力,从某种程度上说,重磁位场方法在常规油气和非常规油气的勘探技术是没有多大区分的,核心都是"综合"二字.其中,对重磁资料的处理要经过常规的延拓、剩余重力异常提取和磁异常化极等,以及重力异常剥皮、park反演、梯度反演等关键处理,能够获取特定地层的厚度与埋深和断裂信息.本文以页岩气资源的重磁位场勘探技术为中心,通过调研国内外重磁方法在非常规油气勘探阶段的应用实例,总结规律,构建利用位场方法开展页岩气等资源勘探的技术体系与流程.     

"多维"多尺度重磁位场数据融合方法

随着多种地球物理观测手段的应用和发展,不同观测手段采集的位场数据融合方法的研究越来越重要.根据观测维度、观测比例尺的不同,本文将重、磁力异常数据融合分维度(单维和多维)和尺度(单尺度和多尺度)进行讨论分析.针对多维多尺度重、磁位场数据观测位置、观测精度、数据基准的差异,采用空间域迭代法延拓、加权平均、回归分析等方法将不同观测手段获得的位场数据在同一标准下归算至同一平面或曲面,基于此提出了一套适用于多维多尺度重、磁位场数据融合方法;模型测试和实际资料处理结果显示,本文提出的融合方法在多维多尺度重、磁数据的融合中效果良好,计算误差小且符合位场数据的特点.本文所提出的多维多尺度重、磁位场数据融合方法适用于航空、地面和海洋观测的重、磁位场数据融合,具有良好的实用意义和推广价值.     

海试引发深水油气综合地球物理采集的几点思考

深水地球物理采集技术随着国际海洋油气勘探的不断升温,技术水平不断提高.本文结合我国的地球物理海试实践,提出深水油气综合地球物理采集的几点思考,地震采集参数的选择,重磁震采集过程的实时监控,总结海试过程深水地球物理采集的两方面进展,一是精确定位的长缆二维地震采集技术,二是高精度的重磁震联合质量监控的综合地球物理测量技术,为深水油气勘探提供采集技术保障.     

“SEADRAGON”海洋磁测仪拖鱼工业设计研究

海洋磁测仪是用于各水域中探测磁场的一种高精度磁异常探测器.与发达海洋国家相比,我国的海洋磁测仪器整体水平尚有较大差距,市场占有率较低.本文针对现存的问题和困难点,通过对传统海洋磁测仪的广泛调研和大量研究,从设计的视角研究了海洋磁测仪的发展与更新换代,借助工业设计的方法对传统托鱼从设计上进行创新和改进.整个设计过程主要有两大创新点:(1)托鱼造型语言的更新换代;(2)降低托鱼丢失率的防丢设计.本文的研究对我国海洋磁测仪的设计及发展提供一种新的解决方案.     

大洋风生环流观测优化的伴随分析

提出了一种依据海洋伴随资料同化达到改进海洋观测方案的客观分析方法.针对一个"真实的海洋"进行不同空间断面(或对不同层次)的假设采样,分别将这些"不完备的观测"应用于Byran-Cox海洋环流模式的伴随系统,可以计算"不完备观测"同化以后的模式环流与"完备观测"资料同化(控制试验)得到的环流之间的距离--反演距离.由于海洋伴随资料同化所具有的局地修正效应和邻域修正效应,不同观测方案所对应的反演距离有着明显的差异.采用上述方法在一定观测代价下可以对大洋风生环流进行观测方案的优化分析.     

重磁异常解释断裂构造的处理方法及图示技术

利用重磁异常解释断裂是地质构造研究的主要手段之一.重磁异常解释断裂通常是在等值线图或剖面平面图上进行的,而重磁异常在进行等值线网格化成图时会造成微弱信息丢失,这些原因造成重磁异常解释断裂的多解性.本文对重磁异常数据在化极、曲面延拓处理的基础上,采用水平梯度法提取延拓曲面上的重磁异常梯度带,之后对断裂带进行窄化处理,通过图示技术将重磁异常数据转换成灰度值,图像的灰度值以变密度显示,形成彩色的变密度图像,这样就提高了数据图像识别断裂的视觉效果.该方法应用在鄂尔多斯盆地不同层次(时间序列)的断裂研究中,提取和识别重磁异常特征所反映的断裂信息,效果较好.     

重磁处理及反演软件发展现状及未来趋势探讨

近年来随着重磁方法技术日新月异的发展,国内外涌现出了一批优秀的重磁处理及反演软件,这些软件不仅体现了重磁方法本身技术水平的提高,同时还融入了相关学科领域内的新技术和新方法.本文研究和分析了国外和国内主流的重磁数据处理和反演软件,总结了各软件的主要功能和特点.从软件功能、开发方式、数据管理、GIS功能、三维建模方式和效果等方面进行分析,总结出重磁处理和解释软件目前的发展现状,并认为未来的发展方向主要从:组件或插件式开发技术,跨语言、跨平台开发技术,大数据管理技术,三维可视化技术及GIS空间分析技术等实现重磁数据处理和反演软件功能及性能的优化和完善.     

重磁测量在海岛礁及其邻域中的应用与展望

重磁测量在海岛礁及其邻域的应用与研究中不可或缺。由于海岛礁及邻域重磁场空间分布的梯度和幅度变化较大,又受地理环境与技术的限制,获取该区域高分辨率、高精度的重磁测量信息较为困难,导致测量成果质量不高且产品单一,亟需科技创新来扭转此局面。本文系统分析了海岛礁及其邻域地理环境、重磁特征和相关测量技术方法的发展现状,针对存在的问题,深入探讨了该领域的新技术、新方法及应用研究,并对未来发展方向作出展望：(1)加强重磁测量技术方法的研究,构建高水平的立体观测系统;(2)深化多源数据融合处理技术方法研究,丰富测量成果的输出方式;(3)充分利用海岛礁作为定点的中长期观测平台的天然优势,开展地球物理场的融合研究,拓展其应用与研究领域。     

重磁弱异常评价与提取技术

本文阐述了重磁弱异常概念,提出了当代采集方式下重磁弱异常可信度的判断标准,并提出针对重磁弱异常的处理新技术,该技术由消除干扰处理技术和弱异常提取技术组成,实际应用效果显著。随着地质勘探向精细方向发展,重磁弱异常将得到更加广泛的关注。     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

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Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

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Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.