1970年以来中国大陆25次6.8级以上地震前态矢量异常特征研究

利用态矢量方法对中国大陆1970年以来25次6.8级以上地震进行了较为全面的分析研究, 结果表明, 19次地震前3年内态矢量出现明显异常, 其中10次地震发生前60天内态矢量有明显的变化, 只有6次地震前态矢量变化不明显。 由此认为态矢量方法对强震具有一定的中期和短临预测能力。 研究结果还表明, 相对于态矢量增量的模、 态矢量方向的改变等参量, 态矢量的模在震前的变化更为敏感, 此外, 对于相同震级的地震, 最佳扫描区域尺度大小不一, 并对这些现象进行了一定的解释。     

态矢量方法及其应用研究

态矢量是一种中短期地震预测方法,通常在大地震发生之前,态矢量时间序列会发生明显的异常变化.在此基础上,进一步尝试根据震前应力场分布,提高态矢量的地震临界敏感性,震前库仑应力分布采用地震断层位错模型将滑移量反向滑移的方法计算,2008年汶川地震震前的态矢量研究表明,采用库仑应力算法得到的时间序列前兆变化更明显,对目标地震...     

态矢量--分析地震活动性的一种新方法

态矢量来源于统计物理学，是一种对连续场进行粗粒化描述的方法。现移植到地震学中用以定量地刻画地震活动性的演化，取得较好的结果。作者分析研究了几个著名震例(海城地震、唐山地震、昆仑山口西地震)，发现地震前其态矢量均有显著的变化，因此认为它可能是大地震的一种前兆，而用之于地震预报。     

乌什台和阿合奇台地倾斜资料震前异常对比分析

利用乌什台和阿合奇台1992~2013年积累的地倾斜观测资料,采用形态法、矢量法对40个MS5.0以上地震前出现的异常变化进行统计分析与对比。在模拟记录期间震前异常特征表现为葫芦串、错动、抖动、矢量打结转向、年变畸变,在数字记录期间震前异常特征表现为高频抖动、固体潮畸变、矢量打结转向、年变畸变。两个台站地倾斜异常特征相同点为都有年变畸变和矢量打结转向,而且震前都会出现一些临震异常;不同点表现为异常形态的幅度、形状不同,且出现在不同分量上。     

2008年河南封丘4级震群前后重力场时空演化特征

河南封丘4级震群尤其是ML4.8地震前后重力场的变化和动态演化特征的研究表明:震前冀鲁豫测区的重力场出现上升→下降→上升变化可能是较明显的中短期前兆异常反映;封丘地震发生在重力加速变化过程中。重力场动态图像较清晰地反映了孕震区准均匀态→非均匀态→发震的演化过程。震后该区的重力异常没有恢复。还介绍了根据重力异常对封丘地震预测的过程。     

态矢量方法的实验研究

在地震等灾变的发生之前，会出现一定的前兆现象。中通过实验方法对这些前兆现象之一的态矢量的异常变化进行了研究。实验使用声发射技术(Acoustic Emission)，对三轴应力条件下岩石试件内部微裂纹的产生和扩展进行了记录。实验结果表明在岩石试件最终破坏之前，表征态矢量的相关参量都发生了异常明显的变化，这表明态矢量的异常变化可以被用作为岩石等脆性材料灾变的前兆，使用态矢量方法可以对脆性材料的破坏乃至地震作出预测。     

2021年5月22日玛多MS7.4地震震前岩石圈磁场变化特征分析

本文利用2019年和2020年两期的全国流动地磁矢量数据,针对玛多M_S7.4地震震中附近的岩石圈磁场空间分布,分析研究了岩石圈磁场各个分量的震前变化特征。结果表明,玛多M_S7.4地震发生前,震中附近的岩石圈磁场分量均发生了不同程度的变化:震中位于各分量的弱变化区域和零变线附近;震中位于各分量的高梯度带和低梯度带之间。本文证实了地震发生前会引起岩石圈磁场变化这一现象,并总结了震前地磁分量的变化特征,为今后强地震（尤其是M≥7.0地震）的震磁关系研究提供了一个震例参考。      

安庆M_S4.8地震前肥东定点短水准异常提取

通过倾斜矢量法和垂直形变剖面图分析法,对安庆Ms4.8地震前肥东短水准数据进行了分析,结果显示肥东台短水准数据在安庆地震前出现异常变化.对比分析了安庆地震与九江地震前肥东短水准异常形态的差异,认为安庆地震和九江地震的震源机制不同,震前应力积累在肥东台附近的不同类型可能是两次地震前肥东短水准异常形态不同的主要原因.     

2018年永清MW 4.3地震前后岩石圈磁场变化特征

选取华北部分地区2016—2019年流动地磁矢量资料,分析2018年2月12日永清M_W 4.3地震前后岩石圈磁场变化特征。结果表明,地震前岩石圈磁场变化异常特征显著,震后异常消失。在震前岩石圈磁场变化中,磁场的D、I、F、H、Z分量出现不同程度的异常特征,这些震前异常呈现出相同的、相似的变化趋势。在震前随着时间的不断累积,岩石圈磁场变化异常愈加显著,其中震前1.5年期各分量震磁异常显著。与震前相比,震后岩石圈磁场变化特征及趋势发生了较大改变。     

新疆巴楚-伽师6.8级地震的短期形变前兆特征

分析了2003年2月24日巴楚—伽师6．8级地震前、后近场形变台站资料的变化情况,找出了震前出现的单分量变化、矢量打结等中短期、短临前兆异常,并初步讨论了该地震前、后的地震活动与固体潮汐关系。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.