基于等效线性化方法的一维土层地震反应通用计算程序对比

基于等效线性化的一维土层地震反应计算是目前国内外普遍采用的方法,国外的SHAKE91、DEEPSOIL和我国的LSSRLI-1即是根据这一方法编制的通用计算程序。本文采用这3个程序进行了不同地震波、不同输入地震动幅值下不同场地类型的土层地震反应计算,并对三者的结果进行了全面的比较分析。结果表明:①SHAKE91和DEEPSOIL程序的计算结果完全相同;②当土层最大剪应变均采用时域计算时,LSSRLI-1程序的计算结果与SHAKE91和DEEPSOIL程序基本相同,但有微小差别,其原因是:在基于等效剪应变通过离散形式的剪切模量和阻尼比随等效剪应变变化的关系曲线确定等效剪切模量和阻尼比时,DEEPSOIL和SHAKE91采用的插值方法与LSSRLI-1不同;③当LSSRLI-1程序采用频域经验关系计算土层最大剪应变时,特别是在强地震动输入下得到的土层地表加速度峰值和加速度反应谱与另外两个程序的计算结果有差别,且土层最大剪应变随着输入加速度的增大出现较大的差别。因此,本文建议:当采用LSSRLI-1程序计算土层地震响应时,应使用程序中的时域解方法代替以往默认的频域经验关系方法。     

保定市设计地震动参数的研究

本文根据保定市及周围地区的地震地质环境，在地震危险性分析的基础上，采用等效线性一维波动方程进行土层的地震反应分析。给出50年超越概率63％、10％、2％基岩和地面的水平向峰值加速度、反应谱（场址基本烈度Ⅶ度）和地震影响系数最大值。该结果为抗震设计提供了可靠依据，具有应用价值。     

探讨线性合成概率方法在江苏及邻区的应用

利用基于地震周期谱分析的线性合成概率预测方法,在对江苏及邻区已发生地震进行回顾性检验的基础上,探讨该方法在不同地震活动水平时的预报效能,结果表明:线性合成概率的高值分布时段为地震发生的优势时段,与中强地震具有较好的相关性;在研究区域处于地震活跃期时,用线性合成概率方法研究预测未来地震趋势是一种较为有效的方法。     

用震级和距离参数修正土层反应的等效线性化方法

传统等效线性化波动法主要的缺陷之一,是当基岩输入地震动较强时,高频段算得的频响放大倍率比实际场地的实测结果明显偏低.该缺陷可能导致低估重大工程的设计地震动参数的严重后果,因而是亟待解决的重要问题.本文认为,现行基于土的剪切模量和阻尼比的频率相关性修正等效剪应变的做法有其合理性,但不便应用并可能具有较大的不确定性;由于震级可以影响地震动的频谱特征,通过震级调整等效剪应变的做法也可视为按照频率调整等效剪应变.由于距离与震级一样也可以影响地震动的频谱特征,本文提出通过震级M和距离R参数修正等效线性化的方法EQLM(M,R),并用算例说明,等效线性化方法的上述缺陷可以通过本文提出的EQLM(M,R)方法得到一定程度的改善.     

基于随机地震动模型的结构随机地震反应谱及其应用

本文考虑给定地震烈度下地震地面运动的随机过程性，得强震记录统计确定的地震持时和我国地震规范采用的地震地面最大加速度平均值，确定了平稳过滤有色噪声地震动模型的参数；通过大量计算和回归分析，得到了单质点振子均方地震位移的实用计算公式，提出了随机地震反应谱，等效随机地震静荷载及结构地震随机反应和可靠性分析的实用方法，把结构在随机地震动作用下的动力可靠性分析转化成了结构在等效随机地震静荷载作用下的静力可靠     

高层钢框架-支撑结构二阶非线性随机地震响应分析

针对常用的高层钢框架－支撑结构，考虑材料非线性和几何非线性，建立了框架部分、支撑部分的二阶动力分析模型。用等效线性方法对结构进行非线性随机地震响应分析，结合工程算例，论述不同场地土、不同层数、不同支撑情况下，二阶效应对结构地震响应统计量的影响。     

城市抗震设防区划中设计地震动参数的确定

本文根据保定市区工程地质及地震地质条件，采用全概率分析方法，用一维等效线性模型，对不同分区的典型土层进行地震反应分析，并在此基础上确定了市区的设计地震动参数。在某些方面补充了规范的不足，使市区的抗震设防水准更加合理。     

中硬场地下两种土层地震反应方法与精确解的对比

基于谐波入射下的波动理论频域精确解,导出线性时域精确解,并在Matlab环境中编制相应的计算程序;选取8个简化的中硬场地剖面,用LSSRLI-1、精确解和SHAKE2000三种方法计算各场地在不同输入条件下的地震反应。结果表明:程序计算所得地表反应谱和土体剪应变分布与SHAKE2000结果一致;LSSRLI-1方法得到的地表反应谱与前二者结果一致;LSSRLI-1方法在某些情况下得到的土体剪应变分布与另外二者结果存在较大偏差,该偏差对地表反应谱有着不可忽略甚至非常显著的影响。     

弱非线性下两种程序对不同类别场地地震反应的对比

一维等效线性化土层地震反应分析程序的代表有LSSRLI 1与SHAKE2000。LSSRLI 1是我国地震安评工作中推荐使用的程序,代表20世纪80年代的国际先进水平,而目前代表国际先进水平是SHAKE2000。针对等效线性化程序存在的不足,有必要对LSSRLI 1进行改进。为了寻找LSSRLI 1与SHAKE2000之间的差异,通过建立Ⅰ至Ⅳ类场地的土层剖面模型,对比分析两程序的计算结果,得到在不同场地条件下两程序的差异情况以及这些差异的变化规律。结果表明,Ⅰ、Ⅱ类场地中两程序计算结果差异不大,Ⅲ、Ⅳ类场地中两程序计算的PGA、反应谱与剪应变结果差异较大。初步分析可知,剪应变相对差与PGA、反应谱、剪切模量相对差存在相关性,通过修正剪应变的计算可以缩小LSSRLI 1结果与SHAKE2000结果的差距。     

弱非线性下两种程序对不同类别场地地震反应的对比

一维等效线性化土层地震反应分析程序的代表有LSSRLI 1与SHAKE2000。LSSRLI 1是我国地震安评工作中推荐使用的程序,代表20世纪80年代的国际先进水平,而目前代表国际先进水平是SHAKE2000。针对等效线性化程序存在的不足,有必要对LSSRLI 1进行改进。为了寻找LSSRLI 1与SHAKE2000之间的差异,通过建立Ⅰ至Ⅳ类场地的土层剖面模型,对比分析两程序的计算结果,得到在不同场地条件下两程序的差异情况以及这些差异的变化规律。结果表明,Ⅰ、Ⅱ类场地中两程序计算结果差异不大,Ⅲ、Ⅳ类场地中两程序计算的PGA、反应谱与剪应变结果差异较大。初步分析可知,剪应变相对差与PGA、反应谱、剪切模量相对差存在相关性,通过修正剪应变的计算可以缩小LSSRLI 1结果与SHAKE2000结果的差距。     

Strain-threshold- and frequency-dependent seismic simulation of nonlinear soils

A one-dimensional equivalent linear method (EQL) is widely used in estimating seismic ground response. For this method, the shear modulus and damping ratio of inelastic soil are supposed to be frequency independent. However, historical earthquake records and laboratory test results indicate that nonlinear soil behavior is frequency-dependent. Several frequency-dependent equivalent linear methods (FDEQL) related to the Fourier amplitude of shear strain time history have been developed to take into account the frequency-dependent soil behavior. Furthermore, the shear strain threshold plays an important role in soil behavior. For shear strains below the elastic shear strain threshold, soil behaves essentially as a linear elastic material. To consider the effect of elastic-shear-strain-threshold- and frequency-dependent soil behavior on wave propagation, the shear-strain-threshold- and frequency-dependent equivalent linear method (TFDEQL) is proposed. A series of analyses is implemented for EQL, FDEQL, and TFDEQL methods. Results show that elastic-shear-strain-threshold- and frequency-dependent soil behavior plays a great influence on the computed site response, especially for the high-frequency band. Also, the effect of elastic-strain-threshold- and frequency-dependent soil behavior on the site response is analyzed from relatively weak to strong input motion, and results show that the effect is more pronounced as input motion goes from weak to strong.     

考虑地基土液化影响的桩基高层建筑体系地震反应分析

本文建立了土体－结构体系地震反应分析的混合有限元法，并研究了地基土液化对地震反应的影响。本方法把土体－结构体系简化为一个完整的体系，该体系由梁（柱）单元、剪切杆单元、刚体单元、平面四边形等参单元与三角形单元、界面单元的任意组合来模拟。桩与上部结构材料视为线弹性体，土介质视为非线性材料。土的静应力－应变关系之间的非线性用邓肯一张模型来描述；土的动应力－应变关系之间的非线性和振动孔隙水压力对土的软化效     

Time effects on dynamic soil properties under random excitation conditions

Two types of clayey soils, a kaolinite and a bentonite, were tested using a resonant column apparatus under random excitation conditions. The concept of root mean square (rms) strain was utilized for the purpose of strain calculations during random loading. The conventional estimator of the transfer function was used for random vibration analysis. The effect of confinement duration (at a constant pressure) on dynamic soil properties, namely damping and shear modulus, was evaluated. The results indicate that for both cohesive soils, the effect of time was less pronounced during random vibration than sinusoidal loading at the same rms strain. This effect is however more pronounced when the peak shearing strain of sinusoidal loading is considered. Furthermore, time effects were more pronounced at low strain levels than at high strain levels.     

The near-field method for dynamic analysis of structures on soft soils including inelastic soil–structure interaction

The problem of soil–structure interaction analysis with the direct method is studied. The direct method consists of explicitly modeling the surrounding soil to bedrock and the structure resting on the soil. For the soil medium, usually the traditional equivalent linear method with a reduced shear modulus and an increased damping ratio for the soil is used. However, this method does not work in the vicinity of foundation where the soil behavior is highly nonlinear because of presence of large strains. This research proposes a modified equivalent linear method with a further reduction of the soil shear modulus in the near-field of foundation that results in validity of using the equivalent linear method throughout. For regular short, intermediate and tall structures resting on such soft soils, a series of dynamic time-history analysis is implemented using earthquake records scaled to a sample design spectrum and the nonlinear structural responses are compared for different assumptions of soil behavior including the elasto-plastic Mohr–Coulomb, the traditional equivalent linear, and the proposed modified equivalent linear method. This analysis validates the proposed method.     

Verification of predicted non-linear site response during the 1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu earthquake

The linear and non-linear responses of surface soil layers have been predicted through the simultaneous simulation test against the observed ground motions at the six sites in Kobe City during the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake. The total stress analysis method and the effective stress analysis method have been applied for the rough and detailed verification of the predicted non-linear dynamic behavior at the PIS and RKI sites including the liquefaction phenomenon. The shear strain distribution along depth, the ratio of excess pore water pressure to initial effective stress, the liquefaction strength parameters to initial effective stress, and the stress–strain curve during the earthquake at the PIS site have been investigated when the predicted ground motion could simulate successfully the observed acceleration time histories and response spectra in the non-linear range.     

Equivalent linear method considering frequency dependent characteristics of stiffness and damping

Equivalent linear dynamic response analysis of ground is based on complex moduli and Fourier series expansion; therefore, it is not an equivalent method but an approximate method. Two deficiencies in the conventional equivalent linear method represented by SHAKE are described first. The maximum shear strength is overestimated, resulting in overestimation of the peak acceleration under a strong ground motion, and the amplification is underestimated at high frequency. The latter sometimes results in underestimation of the peak acceleration under weak ground shaking, and gives an incident wave with unrealistic large accelerations or a divergence of analysis in deconvolution analysis under strong ground motion. Both deficiencies are shown to come from the same cause, i.e. computing the effective strain as a constant fraction of the maximum strain. Since this is a key concept of the equivalent linear analysis, one cannot overcome both deficiencies at the same time in the conventional method. An apparent frequency dependence in stiffness and damping is shown to appear in the dynamic response, although soil itself does not show frequency dependent characteristics. Following this observation, the effective strain is expressed in terms of frequency from the similarity concept of the strain–frequency relationship between time domain and frequency domain. This enables the reduction of both deficiencies at the same time, resulting in a marked improvement in the equivalent linear analysis. The accuracy of the proposed method is examined by the simulations of three vertical array records during large earthquakes. The proposed method always gives much better prediction than conventional equivalent linear methods for both convolution and deconvolution analyses, and it is confirmed to be applicable at more than 1% shear strain.     

土体参数对地表加速度峰值和反应谱的影响

运用一维土层地震反应的等效线性化波动方法,研究了单层均质土密度、动剪切模量比和阻尼比、土层厚度和土层剪切波速等参数变化对土层地表加速度峰值和反应谱的影响,所得到的结论对于指导地震安全性评价中的勘察试验工作、提高土层地震反应的计算精度具有一定的参考价值。