基于walkaway VSP下行P波的TTI各向异性参数反演

本文基于弱各向异性（WA）介质的正反演公式和qP波的坐标变换,推导了利用qP波反演任意倾斜对称轴的横向各向同性（TTI）介质的各向异性参数和对称轴方向的公式.理论和数值实验表明,利用2个相互正交的变井源距垂直地震剖面（walkaway VSP）可以完全确定钻井中TTI介质qP波的3个WA参数和对称轴的2个方向参数.我们完成了几个由不同数量剖面组成的walkaway VSP模拟实验,使用TTI模型和一般各向异性模型对模拟数据进行了反演,证明了反演公式的正确性和可靠性.使用这些公式,对来自Java Sea的由3条剖面组成的walkaway VSP观测数据进行了各向异性反演,获得了钻井中接收点处介质的WA参数.     

利用qP波慢度和偏振矢量计算 弱各向异性介质参数

提出了一种使用慢度矢量分量和偏振矢量计算变井源距垂直地震剖面(walkaway VSP)钻孔中接收点附近介质弱各向异性(WA)参数的方法. 假定介质是任意弱各向异性介质, 从一般公式中得到了只有一条观测剖面情况下的反演公式. 如果知道了慢度矢量的垂直分量和偏振矢量, 可以通过反演得到与剖面和钻孔所在平面相关的WA参数, 反演过程不用进行射线追踪, 与上覆介质无关. 用合成数据检验了公式和方法的正确性, 并把它们应用于在爪哇海地区得到的一条变井源距垂直地震剖面的弱各向异性参数反演中.      

利用qP波慢度和偏振矢量计算弱各向异性介质参数

提出了一种使用慢度矢量分量和偏振矢量计算变井源距垂直地震剖面(walkaway VSP)钻孔中接收点附近介质弱各向异性(WA)参数的方法.假定介质是任意弱各向异性介质,从一般公式中得到了只有一条观测剖面情况下的反演公式.如果知道了慢度矢量的垂直分量和偏振矢量,可以通过反演得到与剖面和钻孔所在平面相关的WA参数,反演过程不用进行射线追踪,与上覆介质无关.用合成数据检验了公式和方法的正确性,并把它们应用于在爪哇海地区得到的一条变井源距垂直地震剖面的弱各向异性参数反演中.     

变井源距垂直地震剖面各向异性参数反演

利用微扰理论推导了弱各向异性(WA)介质参数正反演计算的基本公式;给出了在已知慢度矢量的一个分量和偏振矢量情况下确定WA参数的方法.如果这一方法被用于单一的变井源距垂直地震剖面(walkawayVSP)资料,可以获得9个WA参数.这9个WA参数完全决定了qP波和两个qS波在由剖面和钻井所决定的平面内传播的特性.对单条walkawayVSP观测系统数据的产生和WA参数的反演进行了数值模拟计算,对所能确定的WA参数及其可靠性进行了详细的讨论.     

各向异性介质Low-rank有限差分法纯qP波叠前平面波最小二乘逆时偏移

拟声波最小二乘逆时偏移是一种极具潜力的地震波成像工具,但该方法遭受各向异性拟声波近似的限制,TTI介质正演模拟不稳定、反偏移记录中遭受伪横波二次扰动及数值频散假象,另外拟声波最小二乘逆时偏移还面临计算效率低、收敛速度慢、对速度等模型参数依赖性高等问题.为了克服各向异性拟声波最小二乘逆时偏移的缺陷,在反演框架下,本文借助Low-rank有限差分算法首次提出并实现了TTI介质纯qP波线性正演模拟及纯qP波最小二乘逆时偏移;为了进一步提升反演成像效率,同时改善反演成像方法对模型参数误差的依赖性及对地震数据噪声的适应性,通过引入叠前平面波优化策略,发展了TTI介质纯qP波叠前平面波最小二乘逆时偏移成像方法.在编程实现方法的基础上,通过开展模型成像测试,展示了本方法的优势和潜力：一方面加快了反演成像效率,另一方面也提升了方法的抗噪性,同时还降低了方法对模型参数的依赖性.     

基于LS-RSGFD方法优化的横向各向同性(TI)介质一阶qP波高精度数值模拟

为克服各向异性介质弹性波数值模拟中存在着计算量大和波场分离困难等局限,研究了声学近似的VTI介质和TTI介质一阶qP波数值模拟方法.首先对VTI介质弹性波方程进行声学近似,推导了VTI介质一阶qP波方程;然后基于精确的TTI介质频散关系,引入一个包含各向异性控制参数σ的新辅助波场,推导了稳定的TTI介质二阶耦合qP波波动方程,并通过引入波场的伪速度分量,推导了等价的一阶应力-速度形式.结合旋转交错网格有限差分(RSGFD)和基于最小二乘优化的有限差分(LS-FD)两种各具优势的方法,研究了最小二乘旋转交错网格有限差分(LS-RSGFD)方法,并用其数值求解VTI和TTI介质一阶qP波方程,然后通过构造其LS-RSGFD格式,实现了高精度的各向异性介质qP波波场数值模拟.数值模拟结果表明:TI介质一阶qP波方程能够准确地模拟各向异性介质中qP波的运动学特征,引入控制参数σ能够有效地减弱不稳定性问题,保证非均匀TTI介质中qP波场的稳定传播;利用优化的LS-RSGFD方法可以得到高精度的合成地震记录,同时还可以相对地提高计算效率.     

TTI介质弹性波近似解耦波动方程

借助Christoffel方程可求解出各向异性介质弹性波精确频散关系.利用近似方法进行处理,再通过傅里叶逆变换将频率波数域算子变换为时空域算子,可导出解耦的 qP波或 qS波波动方程.本文在 TTI介质弹性波精确频散关系的基础上,利用近似配方法推导了 qP波和 qSV波近似频散关系,通过傅里叶逆变换推导了 TTI介质 qP波和 qSV波解耦的波动方程.为了验证近似频散关系的有效性,利用两组模型参数对其进行数值计算,分析了相对误差在不同传播方向上的分布.随后使用有限差分方法分别对均匀、层状及复杂 TTI介质弹性波近似解耦波动方程进行数值模拟,结果显示 qP波和 qSV波完全解耦,并且在各向异性参数η＜0 以及介质对称轴倾角变化较大的情况下,纯 qP波和纯 qSV波近似波动方程依然可以保持稳定.     

三维TTI介质高效射线追踪方法

TTI介质是石油地震勘探领域最常用的各向异性介质,快速计算TTI介质射线路径和走时信息有重要的研究意义.TTI介质传统运动学射线追踪方法一般基于任意弹性介质射线方程,利用Bond变换或者四阶张量变换来处理复杂的21个弹性参数,因而非常耗时.实际野外对称轴统一的TTI介质模型,一般可以看成VTI介质模型旋转一定角度获得.为此,本文推导了三维VTI介质射线追踪方程,提出先在本构坐标系中进行VTI介质射线追踪,再通过坐标旋转将射线路径旋转至观测坐标系中,获得TTI介质射线路径.数值模型计算表明该方法高效和精确,较传统方法效率提高了近4倍.在强各向异性等特殊情况下,体波波前面都与理论群速度面一致.     

非均匀正交各向异性特征参数地震散射反演方法研究

在长波长假设条件下,水平层状地层中发育一组垂直排列的裂缝构成了等效正交各向异性介质.各向异性参数与裂缝弱度参数的估算有助于非均匀各向异性介质的各向异性特征描述,而弹性逆散射理论是非均匀介质参数反演的有效途径.基于地震散射理论,我们首先推导了非均匀正交介质中纵波散射系数方程,并通过引入正交各向异性特征参数,提出了一种新颖的正交各向异性方位弹性阻抗参数化方法.为了提高反演的稳定性与横向连续性,我们发展了贝叶斯框架下的正交各向异性方位弹性阻抗反演方法,同时考虑了柯西稀疏约束正则化和平滑模型约束正则化,最终使用非线性的迭代重加权最小二乘策略实现了各向异性特征参数的稳定估算.模型和实际资料处理表明,反演结果与测井解释数据相吻合,证明了该方法能够稳定可靠地从方位叠前地震资料中获取各向异性特征参数,减小参数估算的不确定性,为非均匀正交介质的各向异性预测提供了一种高可靠性的地震反演方法.     

各向异性TI介质qP反射波走时层析成像

地震走时层析成像是反演地层各向异性参数分布的有效方法,但是关于地震各向异性介质走时层析成像的研究并不多,其技术远远没有达到成熟的阶段.在野外数据采集时,地表反射波观测方式相对井间和垂直地震剖面观测方式的成本更低,利用qP反射波走时反演各向异性参数具有更加广泛的实用价值.本文实现的TI介质地震走时层析成像方法结合了TI介质反射波射线追踪算法、走时扰动方程和非线性共轭梯度算法,它可以对任意强度的TI介质模型进行反演,文中尝试利用qP反射波走时重建TI介质模型的参数图像.利用qP反射波对层状介质模型和块状异常体模型进行走时反演,由于qP波相速度对弹性模量参数和Thomsen参数的偏微分不同,所以可以分别反演弹性模量参数和Thomsen参数.数值模拟结果表明:利用qP反射波可以反演出TI介质模型的弹性模量参数与Thomsen参数,不同模型的走时迭代反演达到了较好的收敛效果,与各向同性介质走时反演结果相比较,各向异性介质走时反演结果具有较好的识别能力.     

Interval anisotropic parameter estimation from walkaway vertical seismic profiling data

This paper presents a new explicit method for the estimation of layered vertical transverse isotropic (VTI) anisotropic parameters from walkaway VSP data. This method is based on Dix‐type normal moveout (NMO) inversion. To estimate interval anisotropic parameters above a receiver array, the method uses time arrivals of surface‐related double‐reflected downgoing waves. A three‐term NMO approximation function is used to estimate NMO velocity and a non‐hyperbolic parameter. Assuming the vertical velocity is known from zero‐offset VSP data, Dix‐type inversion is applied to estimate the layered Thomsen anisotropic parameters ?, δ above the receivers array. Model results show reasonable accuracy for estimates through Dix‐type inversion. Results also show that in many cases we can neglect the influence of the velocity gradient on anisotropy estimates. First breaks are used to estimate anisotropic parameters within the walkaway receiver interval. Analytical uncertainty analysis is performed to NMO parameter estimates. Its conclusions are confirmed by modelling.     

Local Determination of Weak Anisotropy Parameters from qP-wave Slowness and Particle Motion Measurements

— We propose an algorithm for local evaluation of weak anisotropy (WA) parameters from measurements of slowness vector components and/or of particle motions of q P waves at individual receivers in a borehole in a multi-azimuthal multiple-source offset VSP experiment. As a byproduct the algorithm yields approximate angular variation of q P-wave phase velocity. The formulae are derived under assumption of weak but arbitrary anisotropy and lateral inhomogeneity of the medium. The algorithm is thus independent of structural complexities between the source and the receiver. If complete slowness vector is determinable from observed data, then the information about polarization can be used as an independent additional constraint. If only the component of the slowness along the borehole can be determined from observations (which is mostly the case), the inversion without information about polarization is impossible. We present several systems of equations which can be used when different numbers of components of the slowness vector are available. The SVD algorithm is used to solve an overdetermined system of linear equations for WA parameters for two test examples of synthetic multi-azimuthal multiple-source offset VSP data. The system of equations results from approximate first-order perturbation equations for the slowness and polarization vectors of the q P wave. Analysis of singular values and of variances of WA parameters is used for the estimation of chances to recover the sought parameters. Effects of varying number of profiles with sources and of noise added to “observed” data are illustrated. An important observation is that although, due to insufficient data, we often cannot recover all individual WA parameters with sufficient accuracy, angular phase velocity variation can be recovered rather well.     

Seismic characterization of vertical fractures described as general linear-slip interfaces

Fluid flow in many hydrocarbon reservoirs is controlled by aligned fractures which make the medium anisotropic on the scale of seismic wavelength. Applying the linear‐slip theory, we investigate seismic signatures of the effective medium produced by a single set of ‘general’ vertical fractures embedded in a purely isotropic host rock. The generality of our fracture model means the allowance for coupling between the normal (to the fracture plane) stress and the tangential jump in displacement (and vice versa). Despite its low (triclinic) symmetry, the medium is described by just nine independent effective parameters and possesses several distinct features which help to identify the physical model and estimate the fracture compliances and background velocities. For example, the polarization vector of the vertically propagating fast shear wave S₁ and the semi‐major axis of the S₁‐wave normal‐moveout (NMO) ellipse from a horizontal reflector always point in the direction of the fracture strike. Moreover, for the S₁‐wave both the vertical velocity and the NMO velocity along the fractures are equal to the shear‐wave velocity in the host rock. Analysis of seismic signatures in the limit of small fracture weaknesses allows us to select the input data needed for unambiguous fracture characterization. The fracture and background parameters can be estimated using the NMO ellipses from horizontal reflectors and vertical velocities of P‐waves and two split S‐waves, combined with a portion of the P‐wave slowness surface reconstructed from multi‐azimuth walkaway vertical seismic profiling (VSP) data. The stability of the parameter‐estimation procedure is verified by performing non‐linear inversion based on the exact equations.     

Local Determination of Weak Anisotropy Parameters from Walkaway VSP qP-Wave Data in the Java Sea Region

We apply the inversion scheme of Zheng and Peník (2002) to the walkaway VSP data of Horne and Leaney (2000) collected in the Java Sea region. The goal is a local determination of parameters of the medium surrounding the borehole receiver array. The inversion scheme is based on linearized equations expressing qP-wave slowness and polarization vectors in terms of weak anisotropy (WA) parameters. It thus represents an alternative approach to Horne and Leaney (2000), who based their procedure on inversion of the Christoffel equation using a global optimization method. The presented inversion scheme is independent of structural complexities in the overburden and of the orientation of the borehole. The inverson formula is local, and has therefore potential to separate effects of anisotropy from effects of inhomogeneity. The data used are components of the slowness vector along the receiver array and polarization vectors. The inversion is performed without any assumptions concerning the remaining components of the slowness vector. The inversion is made (a) assuming arbitrary anisotropy, i.e., without any assumptions about symmetry of the medium, (b) assuming transverse isotropy with a vertical axis of symmetry and (c) assuming isotropy of the medium. Inverted are the raw data as well as data, in which weighting is used to reduce the effect of outliers. It is found that the WA parameters _z, ₁₅ and ₃₅ are considerably more stable than the parameters _x and _x. The latter two parameters are also found to be strongly correlated. Weaker correlation is also found between the mentioned two parameters and _z. The results of inversion show clearly that the studied medium is not isotropic. They also seem to indicate that the studied medium does not possess the VTI symmetry.     

Estimation of Thomsen＇s anisotropic parameters from walkaway VSP and applications

Estimation of Thomsen＇s anisotropic parameters is very important for accuratetime-to-depth conversion and depth migration data processing. Compared with othermethods, it is much easier and more reliable to estimate anisotropic parameters that arerequired for surface seismic depth imaging from vertical seismic profile （VSP） data, becausethe first arrivals of VSP data can be picked with much higher accuracy. In this study, wedeveloped a method for estimating Thomsen＇s P-wave anisotropic parameters in VTImedia using the first arrivals from walkaway VSP data. Model first-arrival travel times arecalculated on the basis of the near-offset normal moveout correction velocity in VTI mediaand ray tracing using Thomsen＇s P-wave velocity approximation. Then, the anisotropicparameters 0 and e are determined by minimizing the difference between the calculatedand observed travel times for the near and far offsets. Numerical forward modeling, usingthe proposed method indicates that errors between the estimated and measured anisotropicparameters are small. Using field data from an eight-azimuth walkaway VSP in TarimBasin, we estimated the parameters 0 and e and built an anisotropic depth-velocity modelfor prestack depth migration processing of surface 3D seismic data. The results showimprovement in imaging the carbonate reservoirs and minimizing the depth errors of thegeological targets.     

怀来、 延庆及其周边地区地壳 介质各向异性研究

提出了利用人工爆破P波走时反演地壳介质方位各向异性参数的方法. 在假定介质是弱各向异性介质的情况下, 使用扰动理论得到了线性化的反演公式, 其中待反演的弱各向异性参数是P波走时的线性函数. 如果在反演公式中参考走时取相同震中距接收点的P波平均走时, 那么所获得的弱各向异性参数与参考介质速度的选取无关. 反演得到的弱各向异性参数可以看作是不同震中距和不同深度范围内介质的等效弱各向异性参数. 等效弱各向异性参数在一定程度上反映了不同深度范围内水平方向相速度随方位的变化. 这种变化可能是不同时期构造应力作用的结果. 2007年中国地震局在首都圈怀来地区实施了一次大吨位人工爆破实验, 以爆破点为中心, 布设了高密度的地震观测台网和台阵. 台站相对于爆破点具有360°的全方位覆盖, 所得到的地震记录数据为研究怀来、 延庆地区地壳介质P波方位各向异性提供了必要条件. 我们通过走时反演获得了与水平方位相关的弱各向异性参数, 并对弱各向异性参数进行坐标变换, 得到了能够直观描述岩石弱各向异性的具有水平对称轴的横向各向同性介质, 给出了对应的3个独立弱各向异性参数及其对称轴方位, 讨论了介质各向异性与构造应力场的关系. 结果表明该地区地壳介质存在明显的方位各向异性, 其最大值约为4.6%.      

Anisotropic velocity analysis1

Results from walkaway VSP and shale laboratory experiments show that shale anisotropy can be significantly anelliptic. Heterogeneity and anellipticity both lead to non-hyperbolic moveout curves and the resulting ambiguity in velocity analysis is investigated for the case of a factorizable anisotropic medium with a linear dependence of velocity on depth. More information can be obtained if there are several reflectors. The method of Dellinger et al. for anisotropic velocity analysis in layered transversely isotropic media is examined and is shown to be restricted to media having relatively small anellipticity. A new scheme, based on an expansion of the inverse-squared group velocity in spherical harmonics, is presented. This scheme can be used for larger anellipticity, and is applicable for horizontal layers having monoclinic symmetry with the symmetry plane parallel to the layers. The method is applied to invert the results of anisotropic ray tracing on a model Sand/shale sequence. For transversely isotropic media with small anisotropy, the scheme reduces to the method of Byun et al. and Byun and Corrigan. The expansion in spherical harmonics allows the P-phase slowness surface of each layer to be determined in analytic form from the layer parameters obtained by inversion without the need to assume that the anisotropy is weak.