武定6.5级地震序列的地震应力降研究

以Brune提出的中小地震圆盘形破裂位错模式为理论基础，研究了地面运动峰值参数（r.d)和（r.v)对地震应力降△σ的依赖性，并考虑地球介质Q值对峰值参数的影响，利用武定M6．5级地震序列的近场数字记录地震资料，由此导出了用峰值位移d和峰值程度v求地震应力降△σ的关系式：lg(g.d/e^-qr)=-10.56 2/3lgM0 1/3lg△σ；lg（r，v/e^-qr)=-2.566 1/3lgM0 2/3lg△σ.用上述公式测定了武定地震序列的地震应力降△σ，结果给出地震序列的应力降△σ构大多数在5．0－50MPa的范围内，是典型的高应力降序列。通过分析应力降的时空分布特征，发现应力参数与余震活动的频度及强度相关，也与地震构造背景相关。研究结果还表明用地面运动峰值参数估算地震应力降是一种新的实用性较强的方法。     

由地面运动峰值速度估算环境应力值

本文使用滇西地震实验场区近场微震观测中的洱源、脉地、松挂地区的三次微震序列资料，研究了地面运动峰值速度ｖｍ与地震矩Ｍ０和环境应力τ０的关系，利用ｖｍ∝Ｍ０１／３τ０４／３的关系，估算了这三次微震序列的环境应力参数τ０值和应力降△σ。结果认为，地面运动峰值速度参数（ｖ·ｒ）是环境应力参数τ０或△σ的函数，且τ０或△σ与地震构造背景及介质状态相关，表现为处于不同构造背景的三次微震群测定的τ０和△σ值存在明显的差异。脉地震群为高应力序列，应力参数在（０．５～５．０）ＭＰａ，松桂震群为中等应力序列，在（０．３～１．５）ＭＰａ；洱源震群为低应力序列，在（０．０１～０．５）ＭＰａ。由此而讨论了不同构造背景与环境应力参数的依赖性及其前兆意义。     

2001年永胜6.0级地震的余震序列应力降研究

根据Haskell提出的一个统计不均匀随机震源ω -立方模型 ,导出了用震源参数估算地面运动峰值速度的量度 ,从而建立了地面运动峰值速度 (r·v)直接与震源参数的依赖关系 ,即 ,以地震矩、应力降作为标度律参数 ,预测的地面峰值速度按照M01 2 Δσ1 2 标度。对永胜地震近场数字地震记录的峰值速度参数资料的分析表明 ,这样的标度关系更适合对小地震的震源参数估算的统计研究。假定Q因子随频率线性变化的指数衰减项作为地震波传播距离的非弹性衰减 ,导出用地面运动峰值速度直接估算地震应力降Δσ的关系 :lg (r·v e-qr) =- 6 0 +0 5lgM0 +0 5lgΔσ ,测定了 2 0 0 1年永胜M6 0级地震近场数字地震台网观测的 1 0 0多次余震序列的地震应力降。结果给出 ,震级在 0 5 相似文献   

滇西实验场区微震序列的环境应力值特征

根据陈培善和Duda(1993)提出的震源速度谱模型，研究了用速度谱极大值Vc(cm)>max直接测定地震矩M0的方法．利用在滇西实验场区开展近场微震观测新获得的洱源、脉地和松桂地区三次微震序列的数字化资料，测定了三次地震序列的地震矩M0和震源力学参数．三次微震序列的震级绝大多数在1.0——2.5级之间，测定的地震矩为1010M01013(Nm)，震源破裂半径a为90——270 m．对环境应力参数0和的研究还表明，地面运动峰值速度(rv)是环境应力参数0和的函数，且环境应力与地震构造及介质状态相关，三次震群序列的环境应力0和值分别为高应力震群(脉地序列)在0.5——5.0 MPa；中等应力震群(松桂序列)在0.3——１.5 MPa；低应力震群(洱源序列)在0.01——0.5 MPa．进而讨论了高、中、低三种环境应力状态所反映出与构造和介质状态差异的依赖性，这种研究有助于深入了解作为孕震背景的环境应力状态与孕震过程和潜在地震危险区的相互关系．其次，我们发现，大小地震的矩标度存在明显差异，当地震矩M014 Nm时，峰值速度与地震矩按rvM0.80标度，而在M01014 Nm时，则按rvM1/30标度．      

由峰值速度估算地震应力降

根据Ｂｒｕｎｅ（１９７０）提出的震源位错模式，用发生在滇西地震实验场区鹤庆ＭＳ＝５．３中强地震的地震数字化监测资料，计算了Ｓ波谱，测定了鹤庆地震序列的震源参数．在此基础上研究了地面运动峰值速度参数（ｒ．ｖ）对地震应力降Δσ的依赖性．由地震标定关系给出（ｒ．ｖ）∝Δσ２／３，导出了用峰值速度参数求地震应力降的３个关系：ｌｇ（ｒ．ｖ）＝ｄ１＋（１／３）ｌｇＭ０＋（２／３）ｌｇΔσ；ｌｇ（ｒ．ｖ）＝ｄ２＋（１／３）ＭＬ＋（２／３）ｌｇΔσ；ｌｇΔσ＝－１．０＋１．５ｌｇ（ｒ．ｖ）．假定对大小地震的平均应力降取３．０ＭＰａ，由鹤庆地震序列的观测资料定出常数ｄ１＝－３．８８和ｄ２＝－０．３８．序列震源参数测定结果给出，地震矩为１０１１～１０１５Ｎ·ｍ，破裂半径ａ＝２００～６００ｍ．根据峰值速度测定的应力降Δσ＝０．１～１０ＭＰａ，平均为３．７ＭＰａ．用这些标度关系求出的应力降结果与Ｂｒｕｎｅ模式求应力降的结果比较一致．本文的研究结果还表明，地面运动峰值速度参数对地震应力降的依赖性比对地震矩的依赖性更强．     

2003年大姚Ms 6.2、Ms 6.1地震序列环境剪应力τ0值时空分布

以Brune中小地震圆盘形破裂位错模式为基础,用地面运动峰值参数(r．u)直接求出震源处环境应力τ0值。结果表明：大姚地震序列是一次中等强度应力序列;Ms6．2序列平均τ0值为3．3MPa,存在大于15MPa的高应力地震,而Ms6．1序列平均τ0值为2．8MPa,无大于15MPa的高应力地震,Ms6．2地震序列整体应力水平要高于Ms6．1序列;在Ms6．2序列中,τ0值随时间不衰减,而Ms6．1地震序列τ0值衰减较快;τ0值存在随震级的增加而增大的趋势。     

由峰值速度估算地震应力降

根据Brune(1970)提出的震源位错模式，用发生在滇西地震实验场区鹤庆MS＝5.3中强地震的地震数字化监测资料，计算了S波谱，测定了鹤庆地震序列的震源参数．在此基础上研究了地面运动峰值速度参数(r.v)对地震应力降的依赖性．由地震标定关系给出(r.v)2/3，导出了用峰值速度参数求地震应力降的3个关系:lg(r.v)＝d1+(1/3)lgM0+(2/3)lg；lg(r.v)＝d2+(1/3)ML+(2/3)lg；lg＝－1.0+1.5lg(r.v)．假定对大小地震的平均应力降取3.0 MPa，由鹤庆地震序列的观测资料定出常数d1＝－3.88和d2＝－0.38．序列震源参数测定结果给出，地震矩为1011～1015 Nm，破裂半径a＝200～600 m．根据峰值速度测定的应力降＝0.1～10 MPa，平均为3.7 MPa．用这些标度关系求出的应力降结果与Brune模式求应力降的结果比较一致．本文的研究结果还表明，地面运动峰值速度参数对地震应力降的依赖性比对地震矩的依赖性更强．      

武定地震序列的震源参数与频率特征

利用武定地震序列数字化记录地震图资料研究了直接用速度谱和位移谱测定地震矩的方法,结果给出前者的误差比后者小５０％,两者无系统差。对序列地震震源参数的研究结果给出,地震矩Ｍ０在１０１２～１０１６（Ｎ·ｍ）之间,震源破裂半径ａ在１００～３５０ｍ范围,震源距ｒ或震级ＭＬ与近场波谱拐角频率ｆ０相关性不明显,序列地震应力降Δσ多数在１０～８０ＭＰａ的范围,表明武定地震序列是在高应力背景下发生的爆发性地震群。     

根据构造环境剪应力值水平区分地震和核爆炸

根据地震破裂的断裂力学模式，导出了震源参数与地震发生处的构造环境剪应力值t0之间的函数关系．据此，可以大量计算震源处的构造环境剪应力值或背景应力值．若把核爆炸当作地震来计算，发现核爆炸的t0值平均在20MPa左右，明显地高于同震级地震的t0值．其结果可以作为区分地震与核爆炸的依据．      

由腾冲火山区数字地震资料研究火山区的应力场

根据Ｂｒｕｎｅ（１９７０）地震震源破裂模式,导出了地面运动峰值速度参数（ｒ．ｖ）与应力降△σ或环境应力Ｏ值的依赖关系。利用腾冲火山地震数字化记录观测的峰值速度资料,研究了火山地区的应力降△σ和环境应力Ｏ值。结果给出,火山地区的应力降△σ多数在０．２～２．０ＭＰa之间,平均为０．９５ＭＰa;环境应力Ｏ值在０．７～３．０ＭＰa之间,平均为２．２ＭＰa,属于低应力地区。值得注意的是在最年轻的打鹰山－马鞍册火     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

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Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

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Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.     

Influence of the topography of the surface of the Earth on vertical sounding of the temperature profile

Atmospheric temperature and humidity fields as well as information on other meteorological parameters are nowadays retrieved from radiance measurements recorded by operational meteorological satellites. Up to now, the inversion procedures used only take into account crude information on the topography of the Earth’s surface. However, the applied radiative transfer codes have to consider the Earth’s surface as the lower boundary of the atmospheric model and, therefore, need a more precise mean elevation and a classification of the roughness of the Earth’s surface. The influence of the topography of the Earth surface on retrieved temperature profiles is studied by using a physico-statistical inversion method. An objective analysis is made of the more precise mean elevation and derivation of roughness parameters using a new high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 500 m×500 m. By means of a geomorphological process and a newly developed topography rejection test, areas with a high surface roughness are localized and singled out. The influence of topography on the retrieved temperature profiles is illustrated by case studies. Changes are found predominantly in areas with a high variation of topography. Using the new high-resolution DEM and the topography rejection test, the geographical position of the calculated temperature profiles tends to be shifted towards areas with a small vertical variation of topography. The mean elevation determined by the new elevation model better characterizes the area observed. Hence, the temperature profiles can be calculated down to lower atmospheric levels. Furthermore, a guess profile better describing the atmospheric situation is selected by the more precise elevation. In addition, the temperature profiles obtained near the coast are improved considerably by the more precise determination of the surface property ‘sea’ and ‘land,’ respectively. Integration of an independent physical information such as topography leads, on average, to a slight improvement of the results of the physico-statistical inversion procedure. In some cases, however, significant improvements have been achieved regarding the desired accuracy of temperature profiles of the order of 1 K. In future, the spatial resolution of new high-resolution sounding instrumentation on the next generation of operational meteorological satellites will be increased. To exploit the resolving power of this new instrumentation, the different variation of the topography of the Earth surface, especially in regions with a high variation of topography, can be taken into account more precisely by using a high-resolution DEM.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.