近200年来湖北涨渡湖对江湖联通变化的环境响应

江湖联通状况对湖泊生态系统有着重要影响,但是由于缺乏长期的生态水文监测数据,湖泊系统对其响应的过程与机理仍缺乏认识.本研究选择长江中下游地区典型湖泊——涨渡湖,结合该湖一沉积短柱的²¹⁰Pb、¹³⁷Cs年代测试,通过高分辨率的多指标分析(硅藻、元素地球化学和粒度),揭示近200年来湖泊生态系统对该湖与长江之间联通关系改变的响应过程.与历史文献记载一致,古湖沼学记录揭示出该湖与长江的联通状况经历了3个阶段.1)江湖联通期(1954年以前):该湖与长江自然相通,江湖水体交换频繁,丰富的贫营养浮游种Cyclotella bodanica表明该湖长期处于低营养及湖泊水位相对较高的状态.2)江湖隔绝期(1954 2005年):随着湖坝的兴建,江湖联通关系被隔绝,湖泊换水周期变长,透明度降低,喜好扰动环境的Aulacoseria granulata大量生长.相应地,富营养硅藻的增加、高TOC含量以及较高的沉积物TP、TN浓度表明,该湖营养水平逐渐升高.特别是近20年来,较高含量的富营养硅藻种——C.meneghinena、A.alpigena、Nitzschia palea、Surirella minuta和地球化学记录,包括TOC含量和沉积物TP、TN浓度,表明该湖富营养化程度加剧.3)江湖季节性联通期(2005年后):硅藻以附生种、底栖种为主,但仍有一定含量的富营养化属种,且TOC含量以及沉积物TP、TN浓度仍然保持较高水平,表明富营养程度有所缓解.古湖沼学和历史记录都揭示了自该湖与长江无连通后其生态状况的快速退化、重新联通后生态状况有所好转.因此,在长江中下游洪泛平原区,江湖关系的重新联通将是减轻湖泊生态压力的有效手段.     

城市湖泊春季绿藻水华特征及其影响因素——以宁波月湖为例

城市湖泊富营养化问题日趋严峻,以往对水华的研究多集中于大型自然淡水湖库,而对小型城市浅水湖泊的水华动态相对较少.以宁波月湖为研究对象,探讨水华暴发期间浮游植物变化特征及与影响因子之间的关系,以期判别影响城市湖泊水华的主控因子.月湖水华期间营养盐水平处于中富营养至极端富营养之间,此次共检出浮游植物8门61属,藻种组成以绿藻门（51.79%）和硅藻门（21.43%）为主,各点位浮游植物生长主要受水温、光照驱动,经历了隐藻门→硅藻门→绿藻门→蓝藻门的演替.水华种为雷氏衣藻（Chlamydomonas reinhardtii）,总藻密度最高达到1.55×10⁸ cells/L,水华暴发后各点位衣藻属比例升高（最高达到81.10%）,群落结构呈现单一化特征.通过Pearson相关性分析和RDA分析发现衣藻属生长与水温、pH、总磷浓度均呈显著正相关,春季气温回升、天气持续晴好,城市浅水湖泊高营养盐负荷、水体流动性差等特点为带鞭毛的衣藻属提供了适宜的生存条件,在环境条件均适宜的情况下拥有最大生长潜力的衣藻属在营养盐、光照等竞争中生长速率明显优于其他藻种,从而发生绿藻水华.     

基于色度角的岱海水体营养状态遥感评估

湖泊富营养化已经成为水资源领域的研究焦点,是水环境领域面临的长期严峻挑战.为探明干旱半干旱区域湖泊营养状态,以典型岱海水体为例,利用2019—2020年6次野外实测数据为基础,针对Sentinel_2A和Landsat_8 OLI遥感数据,基于营养状态指数TSI_SDD与色度角之间的相关关系,建立了岱海水体营养状态评估模型,并利用1986—2020年遥感影像数据,得到了长时间序列的水体营养状态.结果表明:(1)本文建立的营养状态评估模型,根据精度检验结果显示模型精度较好,决定系数(R²)为0.74,均方根误差(RMSE)为3.66,平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)为4.84%.(2)将算法应用到时间序列MSI、TM、ETM+和OLI数据,得到了岱海水体1986—2020年的营养状态动态特征.结果表明,岱海水体面积逐年减少,且多数时间处在轻度富营养化状态.水体富营养化现象大体上从边缘逐渐向湖中心趋于缓和,离岸边越近富营养化现象越严重,通常趋向湖中心以中营养为主,整体上贫营养化现象极少.(3)岱海营养状态时空变化与气温、风速和降水量等气候因子的相关性并不显著,对其解释率为13%.气候因子对营养状态的月变化影响显著,对其解释率为93%.     

滆湖和骆马湖春季浮游植物光合作用活性的研究

本研究应用Phyto-PAM荧光仪测定滆湖和骆马湖春季浮游植物的光合活性,包括浮游植物最大光量子产量Fv/Fm(可变荧光与最大荧光之比)、有效光量子产量Φ_PSII(实际光合作用效率)和快速光响应曲线(RLC);同时,采用显微镜对浮游植物进行镜检和计数.结果表明:滆湖蓝藻和硅藻的最大光量子产量分别为0.36~0.52和0.27~0.53,实际光量子产量分别为0.25~0.37和0.25~0.36,没有检测到绿藻的光合活性,RLC曲线表明蓝藻有较高的光合作用效率,更易形成优势种群;骆马湖绿藻和硅藻的最大光量子产量分别为0.45~0.65和0.41~0.49,实际光量子产量分别为0.25~0.32和0.19~0.25,没有检测到蓝藻的光合活性;滆湖浮游植物丰度在530×10⁴~4200×10⁴cells/L之间,平均值为2918×10⁴cells/L,群落组成以蓝藻门、硅藻门、隐藻门和裸藻门为主;骆马湖浮游植物丰度在260×10⁴~510×10⁴cells/L之间,平均值为379×10⁴cells/L,群落组成以硅藻门和绿藻门为主.综合滆湖和骆马湖水体的营养水平、浮游植物丰度和光合作用活性表明,湖泊富营养化能提高浮游植物种群丰度和蓝藻的光合作用活性,进而有利于蓝藻在浮游植物群落中占有竞争优势.     

富营养化湖泊中硫酸盐对蓝藻衰亡产甲烷过程的影响

随着外源性硫酸盐（SO₄^2-）的持续性输入,富营养化湖泊水体的SO₄^2-浓度持续升高.野外长期监测结果表明,近几十年太湖水体的SO₄^2-浓度逐渐升高,达到了96 mg/L的水平.此外,富营养化湖泊中蓝藻水华衰亡会产生并释放大量的甲烷（CH₄）,湖泊水体的SO₄^2-浓度升高是否会对沉积物产CH₄过程造成影响仍缺乏相关研究.本实验构建了蓝藻水体沉积物微宇宙系统,通过添加30、60、90、120和150 mg/L五组浓度的硫酸盐,探究不同SO₄^2-浓度下蓝藻衰亡过程中水体的SO₄^2-、还原性硫化物（∑S^2-）和CH₄的变化规律.结果表明,蓝藻聚积衰亡的第6~9天硫酸盐还原作用最为强烈,此时水体中的SO₄^2-浓度快速下降到最低值,依次为7.65、8.87、21.21、41.14和56.54 mg/L.伴随着硫酸盐还原过程的进行,水柱中∑S^2-的浓度不断上升,并达到最高值,依次为4.77、6.98、7.49、7.49和7.43 mg/L.蓝藻聚积衰亡的第10~21天水体中的SO₄^2-浓度维持在较低水平,∑S^2-浓度逐渐下降,并趋近于0.培养开始时,CH₄增长缓慢,SO₄^2-浓度下降之后,CH₄浓度逐渐上升,并在第6~9天迅速上升,培养结束时,CH₄的最终浓度随着水体初始SO₄^2-浓度的增加而降低,依次为546.39、207.24、79.61、37.25和5.56 μmol/L,CH₄的浓度与初始水体SO₄^2-浓度呈指数型负相关关系.因此,对于精准评估富营养化湖泊的产甲烷过程,需要考虑不断上升的SO₄^2-浓度所带来的影响.     

内蒙古达里诺尔湖水体稳定同位素空间分布特征指示的区域补给差异

基于内蒙古寒旱区达里诺尔湖（简称"达里湖"）无河流外泄、冬季湖面冰封、水体流动缓慢等典型区域水文气象特征,对夏、冬季湖泊底层、表层水（冰）、入湖河水、浅层地下水（井水、泉水）等样品中稳定氢、氧同位素（δD、δ¹⁸O）值的变化进行对比分析,结果显示湖区不同水体δD和δ¹⁸O平均值均存在湖泊水体（水、冰体） > 大气降水 > 入湖河水 > 浅层地下水的变化特征.在达里湖,夏、冬季底层水δD、δ¹⁸O值均比表层水（含湖冰）中δD、δ¹⁸O值偏负且季节变化幅度较小.此外,冬季不同采样点底层水δD、δ¹⁸O平均值的区域差异性比夏季明显,这反映了湖泊底层水体相对封闭、稳定的储存环境,也说明地下水补给过程存在一定程度的区域差异.而基于不同区域底层水δD、δ¹⁸O值及氘盈余指数（d）值和水深变化间相互关系的分析,发现水深变化可能是影响达里湖底层水δD、δ¹⁸O值分布区域差异及补给过程的主要因素之一：东北部水体较浅（水深小于8 m）区域采样点水体δD、δ¹⁸O平均值多数比达里湖整体平均值偏负且d值偏正,指示浅层地下水输入及二次蒸发作用的影响;西南部水体较深（水深超过8 m）区域采样点水体δD、δ¹⁸O平均值多数比达里湖整体平均值偏正且d值偏负,说明水体相对稳定,受二次蒸发作用的影响较弱.     

上海水源地毗邻湖库浮游植物群落结构的季节变化及其影响因子

为改善城市水源地及毗邻水域的水质管理,2019年11月至2020年11月分别在青草沙水库中央沙水域和金泽水库南白荡水域开展了4个季度的采样调查.运用综合营养状态指数(TLI(Σ))对水体营养状态等级进行综合评估,并采用主成分分析(PCA)、冗余分析(RDA)和相关性分析等方法研究了浮游植物群落特征与环境因子的关系.结果表明:中央沙和南白荡水域TLI (Σ)范围分别为57.5~59.0、54.1~56.1,2个水体均处于轻度富营养状态;两者分别鉴定出浮游植物7门104属184种、8门96属172种;蓝藻门是中央沙水域全年浮游植物构成的主要门类,其次为硅藻门、绿藻门,而南白荡浮游植物群落结构季节性演替明显,优势门类由硅藻门/隐藻门-蓝藻门-隐藻门/硅藻门变化,浮游植物细胞密度季节平均值变化范围分为3.00×10⁷~1.61×10⁸ cells/L、4.29×10⁶~6.59×10⁷ cells/L;鉴定出2个水体浮游植物的优势类群分别有4门17属、5门13属,中央沙水域全年的主要优势类群为假鱼腥藻属(Pseudanabaena)和长孢藻属(Dolichospermum),而南白荡春冬季的主要优势类群为小环藻属(Cyclotella)、隐藻属(Cryptomonas)和蓝隐藻属(Chroomonas),夏秋季主要优势类群为假鱼腥藻属、平裂藻属(Merismopedia)和微囊藻属(Microcystis);中央沙水域浮游植物群落结构变化主要与总氮、总磷、水温等环境因子有关,而南白荡主要与水温、总溶解性盐等环境因子有关,水体流通性差异对此起关键作用.     

滇池大泊口水域水生植物种子库时空特征与恢复潜力

以滇池典型生态修复区——大泊口水域为研究对象,研究了富营养化高原湖泊种子库时空特征、种子库与地表覆盖水生植被及水环境的相关关系和恢复潜力.利用高密度样方原位观测与温室控制种子萌发实验相结合,基于2014-2016共3年的长期定位研究,分析湖泊平均种子库密度、分布格局及与覆盖水生植物Sørensen相似性关系,结果显示：年平均种子库形成率在20.35%~34.13%之间,种子库密度2014年为546.67粒/m²,2015年为826粒/m²,2016年为1682粒/m²,眼子菜科的篦齿眼子菜（Potamogeton pectinatus L.）、金鱼藻科的金鱼藻（Ceratophyllum demersum L.）等耐污种属对种子库构成和年增长率贡献较大;垂直方向上种子主要分布于深层底泥（5~30 cm）.随着在时间尺度上的延长,种子库分布更为广泛,且规模越来越大（其中500粒/m²以上规模的分布频率显示增多）.离散系数（V/m）与Lloyd平均拥挤指数（m^*）分析显示主要优势群丛（篦齿眼子菜等）为聚集分布,其余为均匀空间分布格局;种子库与水生植被关系评价指标Sørensen相似性系数（SC）研究显示,滇池大泊口平均SC=（0.3628±0.0265）,在湖泊湿地类型和草本群落植被类型属性上处于较低水平,即显示目前植物群落演替过程发生较快,耐污先锋种属在恢复进程上占据优势生态位,而历史优势种和对水环境要求较高的物种却未能规模萌发,一定程度上揭示了高原富营养化湖泊种子库中历史优势植被可恢复性的特征及难点.     

亚高山湿地摇蚊亚化石记录的近两百年来环境演化——以重庆葱坪湿地为例

偏远的亚高山湿地受人为活动直接干扰较小,是追踪气候变化和大气沉降双重影响下湿地生态系统演化的理想研究地.本研究以位于巫山的葱坪湿地为研究对象,基于一根50 cm沉积岩芯的²¹⁰Pb和¹³⁷Cs测年、摇蚊亚化石和元素序列,探讨该湿地近200年来环境演化历史.结果表明,摇蚊种群由1910年之前的Chironomus anthracinus-type、Limnophyes sp.、Cladotanytarsus mancus-type 1变为1910-1925年的C.mancus-type 1、C.anthracinus-type、Procladius sp.和Endochironomus impar-type的优势组合,这些优势种均指示浅水环境.此后,耐营养种E.impar-type、Polypedilum nubeculosum-type和C.anthracinus-type逐渐成为优势种.冗余分析表明,总磷、总碳和钙是解释摇蚊组合变化的显著环境因子.20世纪30年代以前摇蚊种群可能与进入湿地的径流量小、水位较低相关,而20世纪中叶以来摇蚊组合变化指示大气沉降增长背景下湿地营养富集过程.在大气沉降和气候变化的双重影响下,耐营养属种增加和生物多样性降低表明葱坪湿地生态环境正发生退化.     

水体叶绿素a和硅藻群落时空分布及影响因子的对比分析——以云贵高原异龙湖为例

藻类是湖泊生态系统中重要的初级生产者,物种多样性高且对水环境变化敏感,其生产力水平与群落构建模式是反映湖泊环境梯度和生态系统特征的可靠指标。其中硅藻优势属种的演替模式及其环境条件识别,是开展湖泊生态健康和环境质量评价的重要内容。本文选择亚热带地区浅水湖泊异龙湖开展季节调查,对20个采样点的叶绿素a和硅藻群落组成等指标开展分布特征及其驱动因子的定量评价,系统分析藻类变化的时空模式、驱动因子及其指标异同。2020年12月一2021年9月,异龙湖水环境特征的季节波动明显,综合营养指数TSI平均为74.76,总体处于富营养水平。在80个水体样品中共发现硅藻21属68种,群落结构以浮游类型(平均占比79.33%±20.69%)的耐中富营养种为主;在4个季节的调查中,膜糊直链藻Aulacoseira ambigua(61.62%±20.26%)为优势种。主成分分析显示,硅藻群落组成存在明显的空间差异和季节变化。冗余分析和方差分解等结果表明,水体营养因子(TN、TP和N:P)是影响叶绿素a浓度空间变化的重要因子(解释方差为19.08%±11.4%),水温和水深梯度的影响较小(9.63%±11.31%...     

Changes in diatom, pollen, and chironomid assemblages in response to a recent volcanic event in Lake Galletué (Chilean Andes)

Several lakes in Chile are near important volcanic areas where eruption impacts can limit the quality of lacustrine sediments for reconstructing past environmental changes. In this study, we report changes in diatoms, pollen, and chironomids assemblages after a tephra deposition in Lake Galletué (Chilean Andes). A sediment core obtained from Lake Galletué (40 m water depth) was sliced in 1 cm intervals and subsamples were taken to analyze each proxy. ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs activities were measured to obtain the geochronology and mineralogical analyses were performed to determine the mineral composition of the tephra. Diatom species composition and productivity were modified when the lake received the tephra; Aulacoseira granulata decreased and was later replaced by Cyclotella af. glomerata. After the tephra input, Aulacoseira granulata abundance increased to pre-disturbance levels and Cyclotella af. glomerata decreased. These changes seem to suggest a momentary increase in lake nutrient levels after the tephra deposition. Chironomid assemblages also decreased in head capsules just after the tephra deposition, but the most important change was the replacement of Ablabesmyia by Parakiefferiella, probably due to the sedimentological changes produced by the input of coarse tephra grains. Furthermore, unlike other studies, chironomid assemblages in Lake Galletué did not show a decrease drastically in diversity within the tephra layer. The pollen analysis indicated that, prior to the volcanic event, the vegetal community was dominated by Nothofagus sp., Araucaria araucana, and Blechnum sp.-type. After the tephra deposition, the same taxa are dominant, indicating that the volcanic event seems not produce changes in the vegetation. Nevertheless, within the tephra layer it is possible to see an increase in Poaceae, which represent – due to the percolation process – the effect of eruption on the vegetation. According to our results, diatoms were the most sensitive proxy for describing the changes produced by tephra deposition into the aquatic ecosystem and, despite the noticeable changes in its sedimentological properties; the lake seems to have a high resilience capacity, allowing it to return to pre-tephra input conditions.     

Historical trophic evolutions and their ecological responses from shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: Case studies on Longgan Lake and Taibai Lake

The evolutions of diatom floras and the total phosphorous (TP) concentrations in the historical period were reconstructed for two lakes, Longgan and Taibai in the middle Yangtze River, based on high resolutional fossil diatom study from two sediment cores and an established regional diatom-TP transfer function. The TP concentration in Longgan Lake changed slightly in the range of 36–62 μg/L and kept its middle trophic level in the past 200 years. The changes of diatom assemblages reflect a macrophyte-dominated history of the lake. During the nineteenth century, the lake TP concentration increased comparatively, corresponding to the increase in abundance of benthic diatoms. The progressive increase of epiphytic diatoms since the onset of the twentieth century indicates the development of aquatic plants, coinciding with the twice drops of water TP level. The TP concentration in Taibai Lake kept a stable status about 50 μg/L before 1953 AD, while diatoms dominated by facultative planktonic Aulacoseira granulata shifted quickly to epiphytic diatom species, indicating a rapid expansion of aquatic vegetation. During 1953–1970 AD, the coverage of aquatic plants decreased greatly inferred by the low abundance of epiphytic diatoms as well as declined planktonic types, and the reconstructed TP concentration shows an obvious rising trend firstly, suggesting the beginning of the lake eutrophication. The lake was in the eutrophic condition after 1970, coinciding with the successive increase of planktonic diatoms. The comparison of the two lakes suggests the internal adjustment and purification function of aquatic plants for nutrients in water. The discrepancy of TP trends in the two lakes after 1960 reflects two different patterns of lake environmental response to human disturbance. Sediments in Taibai Lake clearly recorded the process of lake ecological transformation from the macrophyte-dominated stage to the algae-dominated stage. The limits of TP concentration (68–118 μg/L) in the transitional state can be considered as the critical value between the two stable ecosystems. Further work will be necessary to provide more evidence from the sediments in more eutrophic lakes for the primary inference. The reconstructive TP level and the inference of aquatic plants from fossil diatoms in different lakes, as well as their comparison provide a scientific basis for ecological restoration of eutrophic lakes in research regions.     

Historical trophic evolutions and their ecological responses from shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: Case studies on Longgan Lake and Taibai Lake

The evolutions of diatom floras and the total phosphorous (TP) concentrations in the historical period were reconstructed for two lakes, Longgan and Taibai in the middle Yangtze River,based on high resolutional fossil diatom study from two sediment cores and an established regional diatom-TP transfer function. The TP concentration in Longgan Lake changed slightly in the range of 36-62 μg/L and kept its middle trophic level in the past 200 years. The changes of diatom assemblages reflect a macrophyte-dominated history of the lake. During the nineteenth century, the lake TP concentration increased comparatively, corresponding to the increase in abundance of benthic diatoms. The progressive increase of epiphytic diatoms since the onset of the twentieth century indicates the development of aquatic plants, coinciding with the twice drops of water TP level. The TP concentration in Taibai Lake kept a stable status about 50 μg/L before 1953 AD, while diatoms dominated by facultative planktonic Aulacoseira granulata shifted quickly to epiphytic diatom species, indicating a rapid expansion of aquatic vegetation. During 1953-1970 AD, the coverage of aquatic plants decreased greatly inferred by the low abundance of epiphytic diatoms as well as declined planktonic types, and the reconstructed TP concentration shows an obvious rising trend firstly, suggesting the beginning of the lake eutrophication. The lake was in the eutrophic condition after 1970, coinciding with the successive increase of planktonic diatoms. The comparison of the two lakes suggests the internal adjustment and purification function of aquatic plants for nutrients in water. The discrepancy of TP trends in the two lakes after 1960 reflects two different patterns of lake environmental response to human disturbance. Sediments in Taibai Lake clearly recorded the process of lake ecological transformation from the macrophyte-dominated stage to the algae-dominated stage. The limits of TP concentration (68-118 μg/L) in the transitional state can be considered as the critical value between the two stable ecosystems. Further work will be necessary to provide more evidence from the sediments in more eutrophic lakes for the primary inference. The reconstructive TP level and the inference of aquatic plants from fossil diatoms in different lakes, as well as their comparison provide a scientific basis for ecological restoration of eutrophic lakes in research regions.     

湖北长湖富营养化状况及时空变化(2012-2013年)

为评估长湖水体富营养化程度,2012-2013年分4个季度对全湖区20个采样点的物理、化学和生物要素进行监测,在评价水质现状的基础上采用综合营养状况指数法和浮游植物细胞丰度指数法综合评价水体营养状况,并应用典型相关分析(CCA)方法揭示水体富营养化状况与湖泊理化要素之间的典型相关性.结果显示:4个季节长湖全湖区的水质均处于地表水IV类~劣V类水标准;综合营养状态指数值在49.54~82.55之间,浮游植物细胞丰度在2.88×106~61.73×106cells/L之间,均显示其处于富营养化状态;长湖富营养化状况的分布呈现一定的时空差异性;CCA分析显示,长湖理化要素变量可解释68.6%的水体富营养化状况变量的变异,影响其富营养化状况的主要理化因素有水体总磷、总氮、溶解氧、亚硝态氮、硝态氮浓度,水深和沉积物总磷、总氮含量.长湖水体富营养化主要是由于外源的磷污染,其次是氮污染,富营养化最严重的夏、秋季浮游植物的生长主要受氮营养限制,而冬、春季则部分受磷营养限制,部分属于过渡类型.因此,建议大力削减围网/围栏养殖量,同时考虑结合水生植物栽种等生态工程建设措施以降低长湖水体发生严重富营养化的风险,并进一步改善长湖的水质现状.     

Evidence from isotopic geochemistry as an indicator of eutrophication of Meiliang Bay in Lake Taihu,China

In this paper, Lake Taihu, a large shallow freshwater lake in China, is chosen as an example of reconstruction of eutrophication through the comparison between stable isotopes from dissolved nutrients and plants and water column nutrient parameters and integration of multiple proxies in a sediment core from Meiliang Bay including TN, TP, TOC, C/N, δ ¹⁵N, δ ¹³C, etc. Differences in aquatic plant species and trophic status between East Taihu Bay and Meiliang Bay are indicated by their variations in δ ¹³C and δ ¹⁵N of aquatic plants and δ ¹⁵N of NH₄ ⁺. A significant influence of external nutrient inputs on Meiliang Bay is reflected in temporal changes in δ ¹⁵N of NH₄ ⁺ and hydro-environmental parameters. The synchronous change between δ ¹³C and δ ¹⁵N values of sedimented organic matter (OM) has been attributed to elevated primary production at the beginning of eutrophication between 1950 and 1990, then recent inverse correlation between them has been caused by the uptake of ¹⁵N-enriched inorganic nitrogen by phytoplankton grown under eutrophication and subsequent OM decomposition and denitrification in surface sediments, indicating that the lake has suffered from progressive eutrophication since 1990. Based on the use of a combination of stable isotopes and elemental geochemistry, the eutrophication of Meiliang Bay in Lake Taihu could be better traced. These transitions of the lake eutrophication respectively occurring in the 1950s and 1990s have been suggested as a reflection of growing impacts of human activities, which is coincident with the instrumental data.

     

1960年以来太湖水生植被演变

太湖的富营养化污染日益严重,针对太湖水生植被的研究工作非常重要,然而全面的太湖水生植被调查已经有将近二十年未见报道.基于2014年夏季全湖水生植被调查结果,结合历史资料,比较分析1960年以来太湖水生植被演变情况.结果表明,1960年以来,共有23种水生植物从太湖消失,其中1981、1997和2014年分别消失7、4和12种.从分布区面积来看,1960年以来太湖水生植被总体呈北部湖区水生植被消失,东北部、东部及南部湖区水生植被分布区面积持续扩张的态势,1981年全湖水生植被分布区面积占8%,到2014年已经有33.82%的水面有水生植被分布.从生物量组成来看,太湖水生植被先升后降,从1960年的10×10⁴ t,持续上升到1988年的44.72×10⁴ t,1997年下降到36×10⁴ t,2014年进一步下降到29.09×10⁴ t.但挺水植被以外的水生植被,尤其是浮叶植被的生物量一直保持上升态势.总生物量的下降与东太湖挺水植被大面积消失有关,到2014年全湖挺水植被生物量比重仅占5.15%,东太湖沼泽化问题已不复存在.从群落组成变化情况来看,苦草（Vallisneria natans）群落分布区面积锐减,马来眼子菜（Potamogeton malaianus）和荇菜（Nymphoides peltatum）分布区持续扩张.目前太湖水生植被管理面临的主要问题是北部湖区水生植被恢复和东部湖区水生植被过量生长.     

太湖渔业资源现状(2009-2010年)及与水体富营养化关系浅析

根据2009-2010年的太湖鱼类资源调查,结合历年渔业资料和水环境监测数据,分析太湖渔业资源的发展趋势和结构特征.结果表明:本次调查共采集到鱼类47种,隶属10目14科37属,原常见鱼类种类数明显减少,鲤科等定居性鱼类成为主体;同时,太湖渔业产量近年来增长迅速,渔获物中湖鲚等小型鱼类比重增加,渔业资源的单一化和小型化趋势加剧.根据湖泊水体环境特征的空间差异,对太湖东部湖区、北部湖区和湖心区3个不同类型湖区间的渔业资源特征进行比较.其中在北部湖区和湖心区,浮游食性的湖鲚成为绝对优势种,2008年其产量分别占湖区总产量的70.7％和80.4％,其他主要鱼类所占比重仅为0.2％ -3.0％;而东部湖区草食性和肉食性鱼类的比例较高,鱼类结构相对合理,不同湖区间渔获物的组成差别反映出湖区鱼类组成与环境特征相适应的特点.针对太湖渔业资源与水体富营养化关系进行探讨,提出需加强渔业与湖泊环境功能之间关系的研究,重视水生植被在太湖渔业可持续发展中作用的建议.     

太湖不同生态型湖区枝角类组成和丰度长期变化的差异性

枝角类作为淡水湖泊生态系统中的初级消费者之一,对生存环境的改变极为敏感.本文分析了太湖西、中和东部等湖区的钻孔沉积物、表层沉积物以及春夏秋季活体枝角类的组成与丰度.结果表明:活体枝角类组成以象鼻溞(Bosmina spp.)为优势种,秋季枝角类属种数量最多.太湖不同生态型湖区表层沉积物枝角类组成均以象鼻溞为优势种,其中西部与中心湖区的枝角类组成与丰度较为相似,种类单一,枝角类绝对丰度高;东部湖区枝角类属种较为丰富,绝对丰度低,优势种由浮游种象鼻溞以及沿岸种圆形盘肠溞(Chydorus sphaericus sl)和西方笔纹溞(Graptoleberis testudinaria)等种属构成.百年以来,太湖枝角类组成与丰度随着营养水平增加而改变,富营养指示种(Bosmina longirostris)丰度的增加与贫营养指示种(Bosmina longispina)丰度的下降,响应了湖区生态环境的演变过程.1970s末期,太湖西部与中心湖区在进入富营养化阶段,枝角类组成单一,象鼻溞占有绝对优势,与东部湖区相比,沿岸种、底栖种稀少.东部湖区在1960s以后,枝角类属种数量增加,但丰度下降,响应了1960s以来该区域营养水平提高、沉水植被生物量增加以及沼泽化加剧的环境过程.