2010年青海玉树Ms7.1地震地表破裂特征的高分辨率遥感分析

2010年4月14日Ms7.1青海玉树地震与北西向的甘孜—玉树活动断裂的活动有关,造成了沿断裂带分布的地表破裂以及房屋建筑设施的严重破坏.本文通过Landsat ETM+影像和SPOT影像分析了甘孜—玉树断裂的第四纪活动特征,即断层崖和拉分盆地,冲沟左旋错断现象.地震后获取的高分辨率航空遥感影像解译结果显示,地震造成的...     

2010年青海玉树Ms7.1级地震地表破裂带和形变特征分析

通过对SPOT卫星影像上地表破裂的目视解译,以及对ALOS PALSAR卫星数据进行D-InSAR形变提取和分析,结合地震活动性、震源机制、活动构造等资料,确定了发震断层空间分布、断层性质和同震形变场分布特征.结果显示,玉树地震发生在甘孜-玉树断裂带上,总体走向约为300°,断层近乎直立.根据相干性强弱将Ⅰ区地表破裂划...     

甘孜-玉树断裂带晚第四纪走滑速率与滑动分解作用

滑动速率是研究断裂运动学特征、地震活动性和区域应变分配的重要参数和依据。前人关于甘孜-玉树断裂带滑动速率的研究结果存在较大差异,因此,其晚第四纪滑动速率有待进一步调查研究。本文基于卫星影像解译和野外实地考察,对甘孜-玉树断裂带西段（玉树断裂）上典型断错地貌点进行测量分析,得到玉树断裂晚第四纪走滑速率为6.6±0.1-7.4±1.2mm/a。通过与前人对甘孜-玉树断裂带东段（甘孜断裂）滑动速率的研究结果进行对比,发现甘孜-玉树断裂带东、西段滑动速率不一致,其原因是甘孜断裂的左旋滑移在向西传递的过程中,一部分应变被分配到了巴塘盆地南缘断裂上。巴塘盆地南缘断裂的存在很好地解释了玉树断裂的走滑速率比甘孜断裂偏低的原因。但是,从区域变形来看,巴塘盆地南缘断裂分配的滑动速率恰好说明了甘孜-玉树断裂带东、西段及鲜水河断裂带的水平构造变形是协调一致的。     

2010年4月玉树M_S7.3地震序列的断层结构

利用双差定位方法对玉树地震序列2010年4月14日至10月31日间发生的ML≥1.0地震进行双差定位,得到1545个地震的重定位结果.综合分析地震双差定位结果和玉树地震序列中强地震震源机制解,发现玉树MS7.3地震发震构造由北西向和北东东向两条相交断层组成,主震发生在北西走向的甘孜—玉树断裂带上,5月29日的MS5.9余震序列发生在北东东走向的一条隐伏断裂上,两条断裂均接近直立.甘孜—玉树断裂是羌塘地块和巴彦喀拉地块的构造边界,由于羌塘地块和巴颜喀拉地块的差异运动使甘孜—玉树断裂强耦合段应力高度积累,在应变能超过岩石强度时破裂失稳发生了MS7.3地震.主震断层的左旋滑动导致北东东向断层的正应力减小,库伦应力增加,45天后触发了MS5.9余震序列的活动.     

青海玉树7.1级地震构造背景

本文简要论述了2010年4月14日青海玉树7.1级地震所处大地构造背景、区域地震活动性和区域地震构造特征,最后对玉树地震发震构造——甘孜—玉树断裂的展布、分段性和活动性进行概述。     

甘孜—玉树断裂南段浅层地震反射波法探测

2010年4月14日7时49分在青海省玉树藏族自治州玉树县发生7.1级地震,地震灾区的恢复重建工作受到隐伏断裂段和余震活动等因素的严重制约,尤其是NW走向的甘孜—玉树断裂的空间展布位置对选址重建及断裂合理避让起着决定性作用。本研究以甘孜—玉树断裂南段为探测目标,在探测工作中采取了小道间距、小偏移距、多道短排列接收、共反射点多次覆盖观测的工作方式,进行跨断层的浅层地震反射波法探测,查明了甘孜—玉树断裂南段的空间展布位置和近地表构造形态,地震剖面揭示出的地层反射具有较高的信噪比和分辨率特征,且在横向上反射波同相轴可以连续追踪,地层界面的起伏变化形态和断裂构造特征也非常清楚,解译出了3支断层在覆盖层中呈花状构造展布,符合大型走滑断裂的构造样式。探测定位结果为灾后恢复重建和工程选址工作中避开断裂带、减少未来可能造成的地震灾害损失提供了科学依据。     

Micro Landform Extraction Based on UAV Photography Technology?Taking Kunzhong Fault (Balong Wenquan Section) as An Example

无人机测量具有高清晰度、大比例尺、小面积、高现势性的优点,为地貌参数获取提供更准确可靠的活动构造定量参数,克服传统测量方法工作量大、效率低、受自然条件限制等缺点,可提供厘米级定位数据,从而显著提升图像元数据的绝对精度。利用大疆精灵4 RTK小型多旋翼高精度航测无人机,获取昆中断裂（巴隆-温泉段）在龙通村北的高精度DEM地貌数据,通过对微地貌的提取,初步确定断裂在该处的水平位错量为2.1～15.4 m。分析获取的8条陡坎剖面,认为其中5条陡坎形成后受到水流侵蚀作用较小,陡坎高度基本相似,断裂实际垂直位错量为0.6～0.9 m。研究结果表明,无人机航测技术是识别复杂地貌构造信息并提取相关活动构造参数的有效手段,可为断裂的定量研究提供可靠的数据基础。     

基于GPS结果的川滇地区地壳形变有限元数值模拟

依据川滇地区的主要活动构造,构建该地区现今地壳形变的有限元模型,以高精度的GPS速度场作为外部约束条件,以本研究区域内部主要断层的滑动特征作为内部约束条件,对川滇地区现今地壳变形进行数值模拟,得到该地区地壳运动的速度场和应力场。应力场模拟结果表明,在各断层交汇处,特别是甘孜—玉树和鲜水河断裂交汇处两侧、小江和红河断裂交汇处北侧、则木河和小江断裂交汇处应力集中现象明显。     

甘孜-玉树断裂东南段晚第四纪活动特征及古地震破裂行为

甘孜-玉树断裂是1条全新世强烈活动的左旋走滑断裂带,与鲜水河断裂共同构成了巴颜喀拉地块和羌塘地块、川滇菱形地块的边界断裂,研究其晚第四纪活动特征及大地震复发行为是认识甘孜-玉树断裂未来7级以上大地震危险性的重要基础工作。文中通过野外地质调查、微地貌测量等方法揭示出甘孜段和邓柯段除左旋运动性质外,还具有明显的拉张作用,而马尼干戈段运动性质则以左旋走滑兼逆冲性质为主,全新世地层最大垂直位移量2m。结合断裂的几何展布特征、古地震破裂行为和历史地震地表破裂分布范围等方面的研究结果,可以将垭口和邓柯盆地2个阶区作为甘孜-玉树断裂东南段的分段边界。由于垭口附近的山脊及邓科盆地的障碍体规模均较小,阶区宽度仅1~2km左右,为非持久性障碍体,在未来大地震的破裂中可能会被突破。文中在马尼干戈段上的竹庆乡进行了探槽开挖,通过样品年代学测试共识别出3次古地震事件,分别为3875~3455BC之间、晚于775BC和最新1次断错地表事件。通过与前人在甘孜段和邓柯段的古地震研究结果进行对比,揭示出马尼干戈段与甘孜段、邓柯段的古地震破裂事件具有明显的不同,但限于甘孜-玉树断裂东南段的古地震研究仍缺乏足够的数据支撑,各几何分段之间是否存在级联破裂仍需要进一步的探讨。     

玉树和汶川地震前后区域水平形变的空间分布

以1999—2007年和2009—2010年两个时间段的GNSS观测资料为基础, 借助于多核函数解析、 滤波和应变场的无偏算法以及区域无旋转基准, 在运动场连续变化的条件下获得了玉树M_S7.1和汶川M_S8.0地震前后青藏高原东南地域运动与形变场, 并得到如下基本认知: ① 玉树和汶川地震前震源区构造活动在空间和较长时间上明显弱化, 最大正应变和最大剪切应变均处在区域构造活动的最低水平。 ② 与地震破裂相应的旋剪形变最大部位既不位于震源区也不远离震源区, 似乎存在某种协调有序活动, 玉树地震发震构造断裂带基本上处在区域右旋活动与左旋活动的过渡区上, 而左旋活动最大条带却为平行于该断裂带且相距约150 km的东北构造活动区内; 汶川地震发震构造断裂虽处在右旋活动的龙门山断裂带上, 但右旋活动最大条带为平行于该断裂带且相距约200 km的西北活动区内。 ③ 玉树地震震时较大水平形变的范围较小, 汶川地震震后水平形变仍较突出。 ④ 理塘—德巫断裂带的北段及周边地区应给予关注, 面应变为象限分布图像, 最大正应变和最大剪切应变均显示闭锁的迹象。     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.     

Influence of the topography of the surface of the Earth on vertical sounding of the temperature profile

Atmospheric temperature and humidity fields as well as information on other meteorological parameters are nowadays retrieved from radiance measurements recorded by operational meteorological satellites. Up to now, the inversion procedures used only take into account crude information on the topography of the Earth’s surface. However, the applied radiative transfer codes have to consider the Earth’s surface as the lower boundary of the atmospheric model and, therefore, need a more precise mean elevation and a classification of the roughness of the Earth’s surface. The influence of the topography of the Earth surface on retrieved temperature profiles is studied by using a physico-statistical inversion method. An objective analysis is made of the more precise mean elevation and derivation of roughness parameters using a new high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 500 m×500 m. By means of a geomorphological process and a newly developed topography rejection test, areas with a high surface roughness are localized and singled out. The influence of topography on the retrieved temperature profiles is illustrated by case studies. Changes are found predominantly in areas with a high variation of topography. Using the new high-resolution DEM and the topography rejection test, the geographical position of the calculated temperature profiles tends to be shifted towards areas with a small vertical variation of topography. The mean elevation determined by the new elevation model better characterizes the area observed. Hence, the temperature profiles can be calculated down to lower atmospheric levels. Furthermore, a guess profile better describing the atmospheric situation is selected by the more precise elevation. In addition, the temperature profiles obtained near the coast are improved considerably by the more precise determination of the surface property ‘sea’ and ‘land,’ respectively. Integration of an independent physical information such as topography leads, on average, to a slight improvement of the results of the physico-statistical inversion procedure. In some cases, however, significant improvements have been achieved regarding the desired accuracy of temperature profiles of the order of 1 K. In future, the spatial resolution of new high-resolution sounding instrumentation on the next generation of operational meteorological satellites will be increased. To exploit the resolving power of this new instrumentation, the different variation of the topography of the Earth surface, especially in regions with a high variation of topography, can be taken into account more precisely by using a high-resolution DEM.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

---

---

Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

---

Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...