组合支护结构作用下反倾层状岩质边坡加速度响应振动台试验研究

设计并完成一个1∶30的大比例尺高陡反倾层状岩质边坡的振动台模型试验,坡体内部有6个软弱泥化夹层,研究在组合支护体系作用下EL Centro地震波和汶川-清屏地震波激振下泥化夹层含水量发生变化时边坡的加速度动力响应规律。试验结果表明:(1)坡面X、Z向加速度放大系数均具有非线性高程放大效应,但前者大于后者;(2)泥化夹层含水量的变化对坡面加速度放大效应影响显著,注水后X向减小而Z向增大;(3)支护体系作用下边坡临空面放大效应的现象受限制,预应力锚索抗滑桩以下边坡基本不存在加速度放大效应;边坡分级支护可有效降低X向加速度放大系数的高程增大效应,但对Z向会产生不利作用;(4)边坡的破坏模式为上部受软弱夹层滑动牵引而发生倾倒-拉裂变形,导致顶部框架梁有可能最先发生破坏,且破坏类型可能以绕坡顶为支点向坡体内侧转动,引起上部的锚索产生拔出破坏。     

强震作用下核电厂顺层软岩高边坡组合支挡结构抗震性能研究

在综述国内核电厂高边坡案例研究进展的基础上,以某核电厂含泥化夹层顺层软岩高边坡为例,探讨应用多种方法综合分析其在地震作用下的动态放大效应、抗震性能和加固效果的分析思路。首先,基于典型二维计算剖面,采用拟静力法对边坡进行初步加固设计;然后,基于振动台试验和数值计算,研究边坡动态放大效应、支挡结构的动力响应和抗震性能,探讨边坡抗震参数优化取值。研究结果表明:(1)原位边坡坡面的加速度放大系数随高度增加而增大,且泥化夹层饱水后的放大系数要大于饱水前,水平向最大值为1.90;(2)加固后边坡动态放大系数显著降低,水平最大放大系数为1.31,垂直向基本为1.0,锚索抗滑桩以下边坡基本不存在放大效应,说明软岩高边坡采用锚索抗滑桩和锚索框架抗震性能较好;(3)PGA=0.21g时,边坡整体抗震性能较好,仅最顶部锚杆和中部锚索受力超过设计锚固力,分别超过设计值的20%和5%,适当加强即可;(4)数值计算得到的加速度放大系数分布规律与振动台试验结果较为一致,且两者得到的坡顶加速度放大系数也十分接近。研究成果可为核电厂软岩高陡边坡抗震安全评价和工程设计提供技术支持。     

反倾边坡地震破坏模式及能量判识方法研究

利用大型振动台试验,基于HHT边际谱理论,本文对含软弱夹层反倾岩质边坡地震破坏模式及其能量判识方法进行研究。振动台试验结果表明含软弱夹层反倾岩质边坡的地震破坏模式为中部岩层挤压滑出型。边际谱峰值的变化能清晰地表征边坡内部的震害损伤发展过程,且边际谱的识别结果与试验中坡面位移监测结果吻合较好。振动台试验和能量判识方法表明边坡的破坏过程为:0.1 g和0.2 g地震作用下,边坡未出现震害损伤,边际谱峰值随高程增加近似呈线性增加;0.3 g地震作用下坡顶附近出现震害损伤,坡顶出现局部掉块;0.4 g地震作用下,坡内震害损伤位置发展至相对高度0.295~0.6之间,坡体中部出现水平向微裂隙;0.6 g地震作用时,震害损伤位置进一步向坡脚发展,坡内震害损伤位置发展至相对高度0.295以下,上部坡体(相对高程0.8附近)向坡面方向滑出,坡面出现纵向裂隙,并与水平向裂隙贯通,中部软弱夹层被挤出,坡顶被震碎。边际谱辨识结果显示,边坡坡面附近的震害程度弱于坡体内部。本文的研究对认识含软弱夹层反倾岩质边坡的地震破坏模式具有指导意义。     

地震作用下边坡动力响应及影响因素研究

利用ANSYS有限元软件建立了边坡数值模型,并结合汶川地震实例分析了边坡的共振特性、动力响应变化以及地震动三要素对边坡动力响应的影响,对汉源县高烈度异常现象从共振的原因做出了解释。通过分析发现:边坡的共振主要由前5阶固有频率被激发引起,坡体阻尼和地震波频率对共振作用有显著影响。边坡体对输入地震波低频部分存在放大作用,对高频能量具有滤波作用。坡体加速度和位移响应随高程增加而增大,沿水平方向从左至右,位移减小,加速度先增后减。坡体峰值加速度放大系数随频率的增加而减小,随持时变化不明显;坡体位移随振幅和持时增加而增大,随频率增大而减小;弹性范围内,加速度和位移动力响应绝对量随振幅增大呈明显的线性增长关系,而位移、加速度放大系数保持不变;坡面陡坎处动力响应突变效应明显。     

岩层倾角对顺倾向边坡地震效应的影响

利用FLAC3D软件模拟地震作用下不同岩层倾角的顺倾向边坡,对比坡面峰值加速度放大系数、峰值位移、地震作用结束后坡体剪应变增量的变化规律,探讨岩层倾角对顺倾边坡地震效应的影响。研究表明:(1)在水平地震波作用下,坡面水平峰值加速度放大作用随岩层倾角增大而线性减小;(2)当岩层倾角小于软弱岩层内摩擦角时,坡面峰值位移较小且变化规律受岩层倾角影响不明显,当岩层倾角大于软弱岩层内摩擦角且小于30°时坡面峰值位移增大,大于60°时减小;(3)岩层倾角小于坡角时,残余剪应变增量最大值集中在坡面中下部软弱岩层处,反之,剪应变增量最大值出现在整个坡面并呈弧形区。     

地震作用下均质土坡动力特性的振动台试验研究

设计并完成比例尺1∶100的边坡振动台模型试验,讨论模型的相似关系、传感器的布置及模型的建造,并编制相应的动荷载加载方案。通过输入不同类型、不同幅值、频率的动荷载,分析模型边坡在地震作用下的动力响应规律以及地震动参数对边坡动力特性和动力响应的影响。试验结果表明,在坡体的表面和坡内的竖直方向上,加速度放大系数均随着高程增加而明显增大。当输入不同压缩比的地震波时,压缩比越大坡体的动力响应越明显,即随着输入动荷载的频率增加,越接近土体的自振频率加速度放大效应越明显;在坡体的同一高程处,坡面的加速度放大系数略大于坡体内的加速度放大系数,表现出一定的趋表效应,同时随着输入地震波振幅的增加,加速度放大系数整体出现递减的趋势。实验结果分析有助于揭示土质边坡在地震作用下的失稳破坏机制,为今后边坡工程的抗震设计提供积极的参考。     

单体边坡地形的地震动力响应及其放大效应的数值分析

本文采用隐式动力有限单元法研究了不同的边坡角度和边坡高度对地形放大效应的影响,并以位移峰值放大系数为衡量地震动放大效应的标准,计算了不同边坡角度和边坡高度条件下的地震响应,在此基础上对模型关键监测点的输出波形以及位移峰值放大系数的变化趋势进行了分析,获得了不同监测点处的地震动时程曲线,揭示了坡角和坡高对单体边坡地震动放大效应的定量作用规律。数值结果表明,相同高度处坡面监测点的水平向位移峰值放大系数大于坡内监测点的,地形放大效应在水平方向具有趋表效应。由于坡面存在入射波和反射波的叠加,因此竖直向位移峰值放大系数的最大值出现在坡体内部。      

土钉支护抗震性能的振动台试验研究

为研究土钉支护结构体系的抗震性能,设计并完成了土钉支护边坡1：12比尺的振动台试验,研究了土钉支护边坡的动力反应特征和规律。结果表明：土钉支护边坡坡面的最大变形主要发生在边坡坡腹处,坡顶与坡趾的变形相对较小;增大土钉倾角会增大边坡的侧向位移,增加土钉长度以及减小土钉间距则会减小边坡侧向位移;土钉支护最大作用带基本位于土钉支护区的中前部,呈折线形,与计算假设的圆弧形不同,而且该作用带与滑裂面的位置并不相同;边坡土体中部和下部的加速度放大系数较小而且比较接近,边坡上部土体的加速度放大系数则较大。     

基于FLAC3D预应力锚杆抗滑桩支护边坡地震响应分析

建立预应力锚杆抗滑桩支护边坡三维模型,通过坡面监测点分析地震作用下边坡坡面监测点位移、加速度响应以及地震过程中抗滑桩所受剪力与弯矩的受力规律。结果表明:地震作用下边坡坡面产生永久位移,最大水平位移发生在边坡中下部;与无支护边坡相比,预应力锚杆抗滑桩支护边坡能有效抑制坡面峰值加速度PGA放大系数。地震作用下抗滑桩随地震历时的增加受力不断变大,最后趋于稳定,其中剪力呈现倒"S"型,桩身弯矩呈现"S"型。研究结论对预应力锚杆抗滑桩支护边坡的抗震设计有一定参考价值。     

地震动参数对边坡地震响应的影响规律

选取了具有不同峰值加速度、频谱和持时的6组地震动加速度时程作为输入,基于有限元数值模拟方法建立了二维均质边坡有限元模型,模拟分析了不同地震动作用下边坡模型的加速度和位移响应,揭示了地震动峰值加速度、频谱和持时对土坡地震响应的影响作用及其规律.研究结果显示:地震动峰值加速度、频谱和持时对土坡地震响应均有显著的影响,其中,边坡坡脚处和坡肩处的变形位移随地震动峰值加速度、特征周期和持时的增大而增大,坡体临空面各点的峰值加速度放大系数呈现随输入地震动特征周期的增大而增大、随输入地震动峰值加速度的增大而减小的规律.研究结果可为地震作用下边坡稳定性设计及防治研究提供参考.      

STUDY ON DYNAMIC RESPONSE AND INSTABILITY OF SOIL-ROCK MIXTURE DEPOSIT WITH DIFFERENT STONE CONTENTS AND SLOPE GRADIENTS

Soil-rock mixture deposit is an extremely heterogeneous loose rock-soil deposit formed since Quaternary, which is composed of blocks, fine-grained soil and pore with a certain engineering scale and high strength and has a certain stone content. These soil-rock mixtures accumulated on slopes have been completely destroyed and their mechanical strength is very low. They are widely distributed in the mountainous areas of Southwest China, which poses a great threat to the engineering. Earthquakes occur frequently in Southwest China, and the instability of soil-rock mixture deposit under seismic load is one of the important factors causing the damage to this type of deposit. The dynamic response of soil-rock mixture deposit under seismic load is an important index to study its instability mechanism under seismic load. Based on indoor shaking table model test, the influence of rock content and slope gradient on dynamic response characteristics of soil-rock mixture deposit was studied. In model tests, rock content is 30%, 40% and 50%respectively, and slope gradient varies from 20°, 30° and 40°. Two different seismic loading frequencies and three different excitation strengths were given. The peak acceleration(PGA)amplification coefficients in horizontal and vertical directions of soil-rock mixture deposit were analyzed under the change of rock content and slope gradient. The permanent displacement and deformation law of the top and foot of the slope of soil-rock mixture deposit were analyzed by model test. The experimental results show that the dynamic acceleration response characteristics of the soil-rock mixture deposits at the top and foot of the slope are different under different slope gradients and rock content conditions, and the horizontal PGA amplification coefficients of the soil-rock mixture deposits are also different. With the same seismic frequency and excitation intensity, the horizontal PGA amplification coefficient increases with increased slope gradient, and the rate gets faster. With the increase of stone content, the magnification coefficient of horizontal PGA decreases, and the higher the stone content, the slower the decrease rate of horizontal PGA magnification coefficient. When the slope gradient of soil-rock mixture deposit increases, the corresponding horizontal and vertical PGA amplification coefficients increase with the same seismic frequency and excitation intensity. The amplification coefficients of PGA in the vertical direction are different, but the overall magnification is weaker than that in the horizontal direction. The vertical PGA amplification coefficients of the foot, middle and lower parts of the slope are larger, while the vertical PGA amplification coefficients of the upper and middle parts of the slope tend to decrease. The higher the frequency of seismic wave is, the smaller the vertical PGA amplification coefficient corresponding to the same elevation will be, which indicates that the vertical PGA amplification coefficient is negatively correlated with the elevation. The variation trend of PGA magnification coefficient of soil-rock mixed deposit in vertical direction is different with the change of stone content. Under the same excitation intensity, the larger the slope gradient is, the larger the permanent displacement at the top of the slope will be, and the larger the rock content, the smaller the corresponding displacement at the top of the slope. The permanent displacement of the top of the slope is obviously larger than that of the foot of the slope, which indicates that the magnification effect of the top of the slope is obvious. After the vibration process and sliding of the landslide, the large-sized particles in the soil-rock mixture deposit move downward faster and slip on the surface of the deposit body. There was a very obvious phenomenon of particle sorting in the pile-up at the foot of the landslide body. The results of this study are of practical significance for the analysis of the dynamic response law of soil-rock mixture deposit under seismic load due to the change of rock content and slope gradient.     

强震作用下层状岩质斜坡破坏的大型振动台试验研究

以“5.12”汶川地震背景为基础,对不同岩性组合水平层状岩质边坡进行了大型振动台模型试验研究.文中介绍了振动台试验过程,通过对试验现象的观察处理分析,考察了边坡的破坏现象特征、变形破坏模式.实验结果表明,地震力作用下边坡的变形破坏程度、特征以及稳定性不仅与地震波的类型、加载方向、频率、振幅有关,同时还受边坡的岩体性质、...     

中层大气中重力波饱和机制的数值分析

通过对向上传播的重力波波包在中层大气中的非线性传播过程进行数值模拟,讨论中层大气中重力波的饱和机制.数值模拟结果表明,向上传播的重力波波包的扰动振幅在接近波包的本征水平相速度之前随高度单调增长,而当波振幅接近本征水平相速度时,在对流不稳定区域出现等位温面的翻转,同时波振幅的增长达到饱和（波振幅随高度不发生变化）.小尺度对流在等位温面的翻转和波饱和发生后产生,随后波包开始破碎,这些非线性过程的最终结果产生湍流.表明导致重力波饱和的关键因素是等位温面的翻转而不是诸如波破碎、湍流、波-流相互作用等其他的一些物理过程.     

强震作用下桩-土-断层非线性动力相互作用特性

为研究强震区跨断层桥梁桩基非线性动力相互作用特性,依托海文大桥实体工程,利用MIDAS/GTS有限元软件,建立了桩-土-断层相互作用模型,分析0.20~0.60g地震动强度下断层上下盘桩基加速度响应、桩顶水平位移、桩身弯矩以及桩身剪力响应情况。结果表明:覆盖层土体对桩身加速度放大作用明显,且随着输入地震动强度的增大,放大作用逐渐减弱;覆盖层对地震波的滤波作用显著,随着输入地震动强度的增大,滤波作用逐渐减弱;上盘桩基达到桩顶峰值加速度的时刻滞后于下盘;随着输入地震动强度的增大,上、下盘桩的桩顶产生的永久位移和水平位移峰值逐渐变大,上盘桩顶产生的永久位移和桩顶峰值位移均大于下盘,产生显著的"上盘效应";不同强度地震动作用下,断层上、下盘桩基弯矩均在上部土层界面处达到峰值,剪力均在基岩面处达到峰值,下盘桩基弯矩和剪力峰值大于上盘桩基,呈现出显著的"下盘效应"。在桥梁桩基抗震设计时,应着重考虑断层上、下盘桩基的差异和不同强度地震作用对桩基承载特性的影响。     

Analysis on residual strain of Zipingpu Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam after Wenchuan earthquake

The Zipingpu Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam (CFRD) was subjected to significant local damage in the “5.12” Wenchuan earthquake. It is the first rockfill dam of more than one hundred meters high to encounter a strong earthquake anywhere in the world. Based on the finite element smoothing method, the residual strains at a typical cross-section and a downstream slope of the dam were obtained by processing the dam monitored displacement data. The position of and reason for the dam settlement and deformation of rockfill dilatancy in the earthquake were analyzed according to the section residual strain. The results show that the maximum settlement ratio on the dam body approximately occurs at 2/3 of the dam height; dilatancy occurs from the dam crest to 25–30 m in the upstream and downstream slope; the immediate cause of the face slabs horizontal construction joint dislocation is excessive residual shear strain. Meanwhile, the position of and reason for the dam fissure in the earthquake were analyzed according to the dam slope residual strain.     

地震区跨活动断层桥梁桩基动力时程响应分析

为了研究强震区桥梁跨活动断层时,桩基在地震中的动力响应,以海文大桥为工程背景,利用Midas GTS有限元软件建立其强震区桩-海床岩土体-断层耦合作用的数值模型,研究不同强度(0.20g～0.60g)的50年超越概率为10%的地震波(后文简称5010地震波)作用下,桥梁桩基加速度、位移、弯矩及剪力的动力时程响应特性。结果表明：上部大厚度松散土体对桩身加速度有放大及滤波作用,而基岩对桩身加速度几乎不产生作用;断层上、下盘桩基础的桩顶水平位移随输入地震动强度的增大而增大,但达到振幅的时刻一致;上、下盘桩基础桩顶竖向位移时程响应都在50 s以后产生永久沉降;桩身最大弯矩截面处时程响应均在40 s以后产生永久弯矩;应重点考虑上部覆盖层软硬土体界面和基岩界面的抗弯承载力设计,及桩顶和基岩面附近的抗剪承载力设计;上盘桩基础按桩身加速度、弯矩、桩顶水平位移等动参数控制设计,下盘桩基础按动剪应力控制设计。     

Coseismic and postseismic subsurface displacements and strains for a vertical strike-slip fault in a three-layer elastic medium

A three-layer elastic-gravitational fault displacement model using dislocation theory has been developed and used to examine the effect of layering of earth elastic moduli on surface and subsurface displacement fields for a vertical strike-slip fault. The model has been used to examine the effect of depth variation of elastic properties at coseismic and postseismic time scales. For pure strike-slip motion the effect of gravity on coseismic and postseismic horizontal deformation is negligible. For coseismic deformation the model predicts that (for constant Poisson's ratio) an increase in elastic moduli with depth attenuates the displacements within the upper layers with respect to displacement distribution for a uniform half-space, while an inclusion of a soft layer between the top layer and lower half-space amplifies upper layer displacements. The effect of variation in Poisson's ratio on surface and subsurface displacements has also been examined.The effect of postseismic stress relaxation on surface and subsurface displacements for a three-layer model has been calculated and compared with that of a uniformly relaxed half-space model. Layer 1 is assumed to correspond to the upper crust, layer 2 the lower crust and layer 3 the upper mantle. The effect of postseismic stress relaxation within a uniform half-space and within just the lower crust and upper mantle has been examined. Stress relaxation within the whole half-space decreases the amplitude and shortens the wavelength of displacements, while stress relaxation within the lower two layers increases the amplitude and broadens the wavelength of displacements. The difference between uniform and layered postseismic relaxation is particularly pronounced at the base of the crust.Coseismic and postseismic normal and volumetric strains for a vertical strike-slip fault have also been examined. For a uniformly relaxed half-space model, an increase in normal strains is shown with respect to the coseismic elastic solution, whereas the postseismic volumetric strain is effectively zero. For a three-layer model with stress relaxation in the lower layers only, the normal and volumetric strains within the top elastic layer resemble coseismic strains, while in the lower layers which suffer a rigidity decrease, the postseismic volumetric strain is effectively zero.     

水平地震作用下黄土多级高填方边坡动力响应规律及稳定性分析

为研究水平地震作用下黄土多级高填方边坡动力响应规律及稳定性，本文以某高填方边坡工程为背景，利用GeoStudio2012有限元分析软件建立模型进行分析，并对比分析多级高填方边坡与单级填方边坡动力响应结果。计算结果表明，边坡坡面和挖填交界面上动力响应规律表现为:位移幅值基本随着高程的增加而增加；速度幅值随着高程的增加先增大后减小再增大；加速度幅值随着高程的增加有减小趋势；多级高填方边坡动力响应规律与单级填方边坡动力响应规律不同，单级填方边坡位移幅值、速度幅值、加速度幅值均随着高程的增加递增；地震波在坡体内传播时，随着高程的增加具有滞后性。边坡稳定性随着地震加速度峰值的增大有所下降，相比静力作用，水平地震作用下边坡稳定性下降明显。本文相关研究可为西北地区黄土高填方边坡工程抗震提供一定理论依据。     

基于数值流形法的反倾层状岩质边坡倾倒破坏分析

边坡破坏是累积性过程，从变形到破坏的过程中会产生永久位移，如果永久位移过大，极有可能产生滑坡。因此根据不同工况下采集到的位移数据，分析地震作用下反倾层状岩质边坡在不同内摩擦角下的破坏特征。利用二维数值流形法（NMM），以青藏高原金沙江流域西藏昌都地区芒康县索多西乡贡扎倾倒滑坡为研究对象，依据实地考察数据及室内力学试验得到的物理力学参数，建立数值计算模型，模拟地震作用下反倾层状岩质边坡倾倒破坏过程，并在边坡上布置3组监测点获取位移数据。模拟结果表明:随着内摩擦角的增大，边坡坡体从开始破坏到新的平衡状态和达到最大位移所需的时间越短，同时，滑动块体最大水平位移逐渐减小；内摩擦角＜40°时，坡体在前15 s呈整体移动趋势，大部分岩块产生整体滑移，靠近坡顶处的岩块发生轻微转动，推动前面的岩块加速滑动，呈倾倒-滑移模式；内摩擦角＞40°时，靠近坡顶的岩块首先产生滑动，并转动驱使前面的岩块，推动坡脚处岩块产生滑动，最终上部岩块达到新的平衡，呈渐进式倾倒破坏，产生整体性破坏的可能性较小。     

坡地地形对地震动特性的影响分析

采用有限元有限差分方法，结合人工透射边界理论，研究局部坡地地形对地震动特性的影响，分析坡高、坡角对地形放大效应的影响。研究结果表明:坡地地形斜坡段各点反应谱谱比最大值沿坡高逐渐增大，坡脚点对地震动反应谱谱比呈缩小效应；坡底段各点反应谱谱比接近1；坡起平台段空间点受地形效应的影响较大；坡高和坡角对地形效应的影响较明显，当坡角不变时，不同坡高反应谱谱比曲线形状基本相同，峰值点对应的特征周期随着坡高的增加呈增长趋势，峰值点对应的反应谱谱比随着坡高的增加呈增大趋势，斜坡顶点阿里亚斯烈度比值在地形坡高超过一定数值后随着坡高的增加呈增大趋势；当坡高不变时，大部分频段内反应谱谱比最大值随着坡角的增加逐渐增大，斜坡顶点阿里亚斯烈度比值在坡角达到一定数值后随着坡角的增加呈增大趋势。