砾石钙膜显微纹层定年方法及黄河黑山峡高阶地形成年代厘定

砾石钙膜是一种在干旱—半干旱环境中形成，反映环境和气候变化的沉积物，保留了比较完整的环境和气候信息，可用来分析古气候和测定形成年代．本通过砾石钙膜的沉积原理讨论，认为钙膜中的显微明暗纹层变化反映了气候变化过程，其明暗度变化曲线可与其它测年方法(深海岩芯氧同位素曲线、黄土剖面粒度曲线、古地磁变化、构造事件等)作对比，得到其形成年代的信息．而砾石钙膜形成年代可代表所在地貌面的年龄．本以此方法对黄河黑山峡高阶地的形成时代进行了厘定．     

砾石钙膜显微纹层的扫描图像分析及其测年意义

砾石钙膜作为一种反映环境变化的沉积物标志 ,记录了比较完整的环境和气候信息 ,其实物的直接表现形式就是沉积了明暗相间的纹层 ,而形成明暗纹层的主要原因是受沉积时碳酸盐的纯度和结晶物的粒度以及杂质等的影响。作者用普通的扫描仪获取钙膜纹层明暗度图像 ,通过计算机自动识别获取明暗度变化的特征曲线 ,并将其与深海氧同位素曲线、黄土 -古土壤序列、黄土粒度曲线、磁化率曲线等进行对比分析 ,从而达到确定砾石钙膜所代表的地貌面年龄的目的 ,同时分析其气候效应。初步研究表明 ,这种方法是可行的 ,它不仅提高了定年的精度和时间跨度 ,同时也拓宽了沉积物年代学方法在古环境及古气候研究中的应用     

土壤年代学方法及其应用

本文较详细地介绍和论述了土壤年代学方法及其测年原理，以及该方法的国内外研究现状和发展应用前景．作者将该方法的基本思路引入榆木山和阿尔金山山前地区的活动构造测年工作，并初步建立了土壤ＣａＯ、ＣａＣＯ３和ＣａＣＯ３累积指数值与发育年代之间的定量计算关系式，统计得到了土壤中砾石钙膜的平均累积速率．通过回检和应用对比分析，认为土壤年代学方法适用于中国西北地区，并具有广阔的应用前景．     

宜昌砾石层石英Ti-Li心ESR年龄及其对三峡贯通时限的指示

江汉盆地是长江贯通三峡后的第一个卸载盆地。前人的研究表明堆积于江汉盆地西缘的宜昌砾石层是三峡贯通后的直接沉积地层,因此,宜昌砾石层堆积的下限年龄可为长江贯通三峡提供重要的年代约束。但传统的相对年代学方法研究在宜昌砾石层中难以取得较好的成果。因此,直接对快速堆积的宜昌砾石层的形成年代和时间跨度开展年代学研究就需要寻找一种更可靠的绝对测年方法,同时这也是现有研究中的一个重点和难点。据此,文中在宜昌砾石层最具代表性的3个连续的沉积剖面上自上而下系统地采集了8个厚层砂质透镜体样品,采用石英Ti-Li心ESR测年方法对其堆积年代和地层时代跨度进行研究。结果显示:宜昌砾石层堆积的年代下限约1. 12Ma BP,上限约0. 73Ma BP,为早更新世晚期到中更新早期约0. 4Ma的沉积层。结合前人的物源示踪结果,分析认为至少在1. 12Ma BP之前长江就已经贯通三峡。     

湖泊沉积物XRF元素连续扫描与常规ICP-OES分析结果的对比及校正--以兹格塘错为例

岩芯X荧光光谱扫描仪(XRF)可以无需破坏样品,直接通过对剖开岩芯表面扫描获知沉积物的元素化学组成,但目前少有关于XRF连续扫描方法测试结果精度和准确性的研究.本文以高原封闭咸水湖泊兹格塘错湖相沉积岩芯为研究对象,利用XRF方法进行了高分辨率连续扫描,同时在岩芯不同层位选取了60个样品利用ICP-OES方法进行元素测定...     

光照作用对古陶瓷热释光年代的影响

用自然光（日光）和日光灯照射古陶器细颗粒样品发现，照射后的样品高温峰热释光信号明显衰退，而这种光照作用对样品中石英的前剂量效应并不产生影响。因此用改进了的前剂量测年技术测量光照后的样品，仍可得到合理的年代测定结果。实验中，采用不同的热释光测年方法对新石器晚期的陶器和唐代陶器的等效β剂量进行了测量，并对结果进行了讨论、研究中发现，在前剂量热释光测量程序中有必要在测量各项灵敏度之前，增加一个预热过程，以消除不稳定的因素；用饱和指数函数拟合前剂量热释光数据，可将该方法的测年范围拓宽到新石器时期的陶器。     

方解石变形温度回零微观标志的实验研究和相关问题讨论

为了判断变形方解石温度回零程度，设计了一组岩石破裂实验，对含方解石灰岩样品进行不同温度下的固定围压实验，对原态固结破裂样品进行微观观测，提出不同回零状态的微观识别标志，从而为方解石变形年代测定值可靠性评价提供微观依据。最后对未达到回零温度的变形样品年代测定值的修正问题进行了探讨。     

K—Ar法在第三纪地磁极性事件研究中的尝试

利用K—Ar年代学方法，对山西左云地区第三纪火山岩剖面进行了初步精细定年。经多次试验证明，采用60～80目粒级样品的测量重现性最好，对同一样品进行4～5次测量，误差可控制在3％以内。与地磁测量结果进行对比显示，利用K—Ar法与地磁学共同研究第三纪地磁极性事件是可行的。     

断层泥中石英碎砾溶蚀形貌的测年研究

考虑到同一条断层的同一个位置所取的断层泥中，不同碎砾的溶蚀形貌并不相同，即使是同一个碎砾，其不同的表面，溶蚀形貌也可能不同，将统计学参数估计的方法引入结果处理中，并把在金川水电站坝区F1断层一次所取得断层泥样品碎砾的各个表面的总体当作一个整体进行处理，得出此断层的活动时间可能为早更新世的结果。与ESR法测得的结果基本一致。     

K-Ar和Ar-Ar方法的精细测年及其检验

活动构造研究、近现代火山研究、古地磁研究等要求K-Ar和Ar-Ar年代学方法不断向越来越小的年龄尺度和越来越精细的方向发展。文中以腾冲等火山地区的K-Ar和Ar-Ar年代学研究结果及实验方法研究结果为根据,对K-Ar和Ar-Ar方法的精细测年及其检验进行阐述。说明K-Ar和Ar-Ar年代测定结果是单个样品的单次测量结果,其影响因素包括样品因素和实验因素。为了提高测年结果的准确度和精确度,必须有严格而合理的野外采样和实验过程,并且在具体的地质样品年代测量之外,还应经常利用一系列可能的方法对实验结果进行检验     

On the reliability of the Th-U dating method applied to young volcanic rocks — reply

Hemond and Condomines (1985) claim that our results on zero age volcanic materials of Vesuvius and Etna are incorrect, that no disequilibrium exists in those materials and that the validity of the ²³⁰Th-²³⁸U dating method is thus confirmed. We show that other researchers obtained similar results in zero age rocks. The validity of the ²³⁰Th-²³⁸U dating method is simply ruled out by a comparison of the ages obtained by this method with those obtained on the same samples by different methods.     

Effects of grain size on quartz ESR dating of Ti–Li center in fluvial and lacustrine sediments

The electron spin resonance (ESR) dating method has been introduced into the Quaternary chronology for nearly 40 years and has been successfully used for dating of fluvial and lacustrine sediments. In order to evaluate the possible effect of the sediment grain size on the dating estimate, the parallel ESR dating testing was carried out on quartz grains of five different size fractions ranging from 50 to 450 μm extracted from the same fluvial and lacustrine sediment collected close to the M/B boundary at the Donggutuo section, Nihewan Basin, China. The results show that equivalent doses and associated ages vary significantly. However the beta irradiation dose rate of the grains with different sizes accounts for only about 6% of the total deviation of the dating results. At the same time, the sensitivity of quartz Ti–Li center was calculated based on the additional irradiation. It shows that the larger grains are more sensitive than the smaller ones, which can leads to higher saturate ESR intensity and less equivalent dose. The variations of the sensitivity of quartz Ti–Li center of the grains with different sizes are responsible for the primary deviation of the dating results. The results also suggest that 100–150 μm grain size fraction would be priority size for the ESR dating of quartz Ti–Li center on fluvial and lacustrine sediments.     

北京延庆盆地湖相钙质层的电子自旋共振（ESR）测年研究

北京延庆盆地是一个小型的新生代断陷盆地，第四纪时期曾发育多期湖相层，而对这些湖相层的时代有着不同的认识。应用电子自旋共振（ＥＳＲ）测年方法对采自北京延庆盆地地表湖相沉积层的６个钙质样品作了年龄测定，结果表明，延庆盆地地表出露的较老湖相层的时代属于中更新世     

Sequential radiocarbon measurement of bulk peat for high-precision dating of tsunami deposits

Dates of tsunami deposits have been used to estimate paleotsunami recurrence intervals in areas affected by these natural events. The depositional age of tsunami deposits is commonly constrained by the radiocarbon (¹⁴C) dating of sediments above and below the geological event. However, because of calibration curve fluctuations, the depositional age sometimes has a wide error range. In this study, we conducted millimeter-scale high-resolution radiocarbon measurements of tsunami deposits at Urahoro in southern Hokkaido, Japan. The site faces the Pacific Ocean along the Kuril Trench. Eight event deposits were identified within peat at this site. We took sequential measurements for ¹⁴C dating using bulk peat samples. The results were validated based on comparison with the absolute and radiometric ages of tephra layers. Dating results were further constrained by stratigraphic order using statistical methods. We constrained the depositional age of the paleotsunami deposits better using this method than we did when using conventional methods. We proposed an efficient measurement strategy with respect to the radiocarbon calibration curve. This method is also applicable for other deposits formed by any natural hazard if bulk peat is obtainable so it can contribute to better hazard assessment worldwide.     

Age modelling for Pleistocene lake sediments: A comparison of methods from the Andean Fúquene Basin (Colombia) case study

Challenges and pitfalls for developing age models for long lacustrine sedimentary records are discussed and a comparison is made between radiocarbon dating, visual curve matching, and frequency analysis in the depth domain in combination with cyclostratigraphy. A core section of the high resolution 284-ka long temperature record developed from Lake Fúquene in the Northern Andes is used to explore four different age models (a–d). (a) A model based on 46 AMS ¹⁴C dates of bulk sediment is hampered by low concentrations of organic carbon. (b) A model based on the comparison of the radiocarbon dated pollen record to the well-established record from Cariaco Basin using curve matching and visual tie points. For the upper 26 m of the core this approach yields an age interval of 28–59.5 ka. (c) Another age model is based on curve matching and the Intcal09 radiocarbon calibration curve, yielding an age range of 22.5–80.4 ka for the same core interval. (d) Finally, a model is developed based on spectral analysis in the depth domain of the temperature-related altitudinal migrations of the upper forest line. This method identifies periodicities without a pre-conceived idea of age. The main frequency of 9.07 m appears to reflect the 41-kyr orbital signal of obliquity, which is tuned to the filtered 41-kyr temperature signal from the well-constrained LR04 marine benthic ∂¹⁸O stack record (Lisiecki and Raymo, 2005). Using this last age-modelling approach, the upper 26 m of core Fq-9C yields a temporal interval of 27–133 ka. Problems arising from radiocarbon dating carbon poor sediments from a large lake are addressed and the visual curve matching approach is compared to the analysis of cyclic changes in sediment records in developing an age model. We conclude that the frequency analysis and cyclostratigraphy model is the most reliable one of the four approaches. These results show that cyclostratigraphy may provide a useful method for developing an age model for long terrestrial records including multiple orbital cycles.     

中国西部甘、新边界地区岩石漆阳离子比率测年曲线的建立及其应用

岩石漆阳离子比率测年法是近年发展起来的一种新的测年方法,可广泛应用于干旱一半干旱地区第四系年代的测定。本文初步建立了中国西部甘、新边界地区岩石漆阳离子淋滤曲线,并据此对这一地区的第四纪中晚期地层的年代和断层活动年代进行了讨论     

Cross-check of the dating results obtained by ESR and IR-OSL methods: Implication for the Pleistocene palaeoenvironmental reconstructions

The consistency of the dating results obtained by different methods, both absolute and relative, is investigated. The main absolute methods referred to in this article are the mollusc-based electron spin resonance (ESR) and feldspar-based infrared optically-stimulated luminescence (IR-OSL) dating methods used in the Research Laboratory for Quaternary Geochronology, Tallinn University of Technology. It was shown that the parallel comparative dating by these two methods yield, essentially, consistent results. U–Th age determinations were performed in some cases for better understanding of the uranium behaviour in the shells during their burial history. ESR and U–Th dating results obtained on one and the same shell-type, both marine and land snails, coincide well in the case if shells behaved as a close system during their burial history. It is also shown that the numerical dating results obtained on warm and cold climate-related deposits, correlate well with the corresponding palaeoclimate signals derived from continuous records of the climate and environmental evolution, constructed on the base of the most common of the relative dating methods used in Quaternary studies. Based on good consistency of the results obtained by all methods used in the present comparative study, we conclude that there is a good potential to improve our understanding of the middle to late Pleistocene palaeoenvironmental evolution in Northern Eurasia, with a special focus on the climatically highly sensitive Eurasian Arctic palaeo-shelf area.     

Infrared stimulated luminescence and radiofluorescence dating of aeolian sediments from Hungary

Anomalous fading of the infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) signal from the polymineral fine-grain and K-feldspar fractions of aeolian sediments from Hungary has been studied. The samples in this study have previously been dated using the multiple aliquot additive dose (MAAD) protocol to measure the IRSL signal. The IRSL measurements using MAAD were conducted ～4 weeks after the irradiation, making it difficult to assess to what extent these age estimates were affected by anomalous fading. In this study, equivalent doses were obtained using the single aliquot regenerative dose (SAR) protocol. The fading rate for each sample was calculated using the different IRSL components and different parts of the decay curve. For each sample, the middle part of the decay curve always showed a lower fading rate than the initial part of the decay curve. The difference between the fading rates for different parts of the decay curve was greater for the K-feldspars than for the polymineral fine grains. Fading corrected ages were calculated by integrating both the initial and the middle part of the decay curve. These ages were compared with optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages from quartz, infrared radiofluorescence (IR-RF) ages obtained from K-feldspars and also with independent ages, provided by radiocarbon dating of shells and charcoal, and uranium-series dating of travertine.