河水动力侵蚀模型及其在构造地貌研究中的应用

正活动造山带的地形地貌是构造运动与气候变化相互作用的产物。在地貌演化过程中,河流作为对构造-气候相互作用最为敏感的地貌单元,无论是流域平面展布还是河道剖面形态,都深受构造、气候、岩性等的影响;同时,这些因素及其变化特征也被流域水系所记录。研究造山带河流水系,从中提取构造活动和气候变化信息,有助于理解区域地貌演化过程,是构造地貌     

江汉和洞庭盆地与周缘造山带盆山耦合研究进展

沉积盆地与造山带是大陆构造的2个重要的组成单元,具内在成因联系。对其耦合关系进行研究,可以恢复和重建岩石圈深部运动过程,了解近地表构造与气候之间的相互作用。江汉和洞庭盆地位于长江中游,与周缘造山带具有清晰的盆山边界,盆内河流水系十分发育,是一个多物源沉积盆地,是探讨从山(源)到盆(汇)沉积过程的天然实验室。文中对江汉盆地盆山耦合的研究结果进行了总结和梳理,介绍了造山带基岩、盆地和河流沉积物低温热年代学的应用方法,提出了新的研究切入点,建议今后在江汉和洞庭盆地开展盆山耦合研究时,将造山带基岩和河流碎屑矿物低温热年代学结果相结合,同时开展同一目标矿物的物源示踪研究,综合分析造山带隆升信息与物源信息,并与周缘构造和沉积学研究结果相互检验,可得到详细的盆山耦合演化过程。     

哈山冲断带构造变形数值模拟

岩石圈流变结构是控制大陆碰撞造山的重要因素.哈山冲断带的构造变形、地表地形与青藏高原周缘冲断带差异较大,指示需要开展地壳流变学研究.本研究采用二维数值模拟,设计了盆山上地壳强度横向差异的单因素实验,模拟结果分析表明：若上地壳强度“山弱盆强”,构造变形集中于造山带,断块垂向叠置造成造山带隆升,使地表地形的构造高点位于造山带;若上地壳强度“山强盆弱”,构造变形集中于冲断带和盆地,盆山相互作用造成地表地形的构造高点位于冲断带,而非后陆.本文基于此单因素实验,模拟了哈山冲断带构造演化,发现哈山冲断带晚二叠世发育推覆构造后,构造变形逐渐减弱,扩展方式由前展式变为后展式,基底倾向由向后陆变为向前陆.结合哈山及龙门山的多学科观测资料,本文认为哈山和龙门山冲断带的构造变形、地表地形分别符合地壳强度“山强盆弱”模式和“山弱盆强”模式.研究成果可以为中西部冲断带的地球动力学模型和实验模型的搭建提供一定启示,同时对研究区内构造控藏分析和油气勘探具有指导意义.     

秦岭造山带的造山过程及其动力学特征

秦岭是经过3个不同构造演化阶段,以不同构造体制发展演化而形成的复合型造山带.其主造山作用板块构造演化阶段(Pt_3-T_2)是3个板块沿两个消减带俯冲碰撞,经历了漫长复杂的造山过程.从裂谷构造体制转换为板块构造体制,从扩张、俯冲到碰撞.尤其从点接触初始碰撞经面接触碰撞到全面碰撞成山等造山的细节过程,反映了秦岭长期在特提斯构造域众多陆壳块体群分离、拼合、增生的过程中发展演化而形成,也显示出是在古今地幔动力学和圈层耦合关系变动过程中发展演化的,具有重要大陆地质与大陆动力学意义.     

山体轰然倒塌

正大地震可以产生造山作用,但是也可以触发滑坡从而消磨自然景观。根据2008年汶川地震的分析表明,滑坡毁坏了更多的地形,高于地壳抬升的方量。多山地带的地形演化被最简单地看作地形建造的构造过程与地形破坏并带走沉积物的侵蚀过程之间的竞争。在构造活动的山脉,这些侵蚀过程主要包括陡峭河流的下切和物质输送、以滑坡和冰川磨损形式的大规模物质输送。每种作用的贡献随时间而变化,受气候的变化而不同。当构造抬升的过程超过侵蚀过程时,造山带生长;当两者平衡时,造山带保持稳定;而当侵蚀超过抬升     

华北地区岩石圈类型: 地质与地球物理证据

根据华北地区的地质和地球物理特征, 区分出华北地区的克拉通型、造山带型和裂谷型3 种岩石圈类型, 依据岩石学方法以及地震波速与成分的关系, 建立了华北地区克拉通型、造山带型和裂谷型岩石圈的壳幔岩石学结构和化学结构. 研究表明, 华北地台具有与全球典型克拉通一致的特征, 鄂尔多斯为经历了中新生代地台“活化”和“改造”后残存的克拉通岩石圈, 陆壳主体成分由TTG构成, 岩石圈地幔主要由强亏损的方辉橄榄岩构成, 它于晚太古宙-早元古宙最终形成以后, 一直保持至今, 其壳幔岩石学结构可以作为华北乃至中朝地台克拉通型岩石圈的一个参照. 中生代时期, 华北地台中东部地区在燕山造山过程中被“活化”, 大量对流地幔物质与热输入使该区原来的TTG陆壳组分被改造成为花岗质陆壳, 岩石圈地幔被燕山期形成的方辉橄榄岩-二辉橄榄岩所代替. 燕山-太行山是华北东部地区新生代发育裂谷作用后残留的造山型岩石圈, 因为经历了新生代的伸展减薄, 现今的厚度不能代表燕山期造山时的地壳和岩石圈地幔厚度, 但岩石圈地幔和陆壳的物质及其结构仍然是燕山运动期间造山时形成的. 新生代时期, 华北东部的大陆裂谷作用形成以华北东部平原为代表的裂谷型岩石圈; 随着裂谷发育, 大量玄武岩喷发, 使燕山期的“酸性化”陆壳又被“基性化”, 燕山期形成的岩石圈地幔被破坏形成以二辉橄榄岩为主体的喜山期岩石圈地幔; 裂谷型地壳和岩石圈地幔经历了岩石圈尺度上伸展减薄和热侵蚀, 现今地球物理探测的岩石圈地幔和陆壳的物质和结构是新生代形成的. 华北地区岩石圈形成和演化表明, 大量对流地幔物质与热输入是不同类型岩石圈形成的关键, 壳幔岩石学结构是岩石圈演化的综合记录, 它们是中新生代中国大陆动力学系统与华北地台东侧的太平洋板块共同作用的结果.     

哈萨克斯坦东南部地台后的远程碰撞造山运动和地震活动

认识造山带及其构造的成因本质对研究地震分布规律非常重要。列出了国内外研究者的造山带分类。作者综合地槽说和板块构造说，提出了造山带分类类型。认为，哈萨克斯坦东南部地震活动造山带系属地台后的远程碰撞型，中亚造山带是在切向应力作用下形成的。阐述了哈萨克斯坦东南部的地貌构造和地震活动。不对称山脉是该区造山带构造的重要特征。地台后的远程碰撞造山带的最新构造特征，既可解释地震构造反常现象，又可确定地震活动规律，这些规律可用于判断孕震带和评定地震潜在区。     

若尔盖盆地及周缘褶皱造山带地壳结构—深地震测深结果

松潘-甘孜地块位于青藏高原东北部、由近东西向构造向近南北向构造转折的部位,若尔盖盆地位于该地块核心。利用近期在该区域完成的深地震测深结果,建立了若尔盖盆地及周缘褶皱造山带地壳结构模型,对若尔盖盆地基底结构、性质,若尔盖高原盆地与周缘褶皱造山带构造关系,青藏高原东北缘地壳形变增厚、壳内解耦松弛进行了研究。结果表明：若尔盖盆地近地表三叠纪岩层为高致密（2.65-2.75g·cm^-3）和高速度（约5.6km·s^-1）介质岩性,形成了特殊的“中生代基底”构造;松潘。甘孜地块在青藏高原隆升、物质东流以及周缘稳定地块的阻挡过程中被改造为相对稳定的若尔盖高原盆地和盆地周缘更为活动的褶皱造山两类不同地壳结构性质的构造单元;青藏高原东北部的地壳增厚、壳内解耦主要发生中下地壳,这种壳内以低速为主、多反射界面结构特征在若尔盖盆地周缘褶皱带造山带更为明显,突出了褶皱造山构造区域中下地壳内部经历了更为强烈的构造形变;若尔盖盆地及南北两侧褶皱造山带地壳厚度约50km,未发现“山根”构造,推测在褶皱造山后期,青藏高原地壳东流物质在周边刚性地块阻挡下围绕东构造结、沿着相对松弛的南侧方向顺时针转向流出,其结果使若尔盖盆地周缘褶皱造山带经历了强烈的伸展构造作用。     

龙门山地区类似2008年汶川大地震滑坡物质河流卸载时间的定量估算

定量研究地震滑坡物质河流卸载时间对理解地震与造山带地貌演化之间的关系有着十分重要的意义.本文以青藏高原东缘龙门山构造带内岷江流域为例,定量估算了2008年汶川大地震滑坡物质的河流卸载时间.研究结果表明,如果以位于龙门山构造带内的岷江河段现有搬运能力计算,并且岷江可以有效地搬运汶川地震滑坡物质,地震滑坡物质至少在3100 yr内被岷江卸载出龙门山.而龙门山构造带中段类似2008年汶川M_s8.0级大地震的复发周期约为3000 yr左右,暗示大地震所产生的滑坡物质量可以在大地震复发周期内基本上被侵蚀和剥蚀所平衡,并被卸载出龙门山构造带. 因此,我们推断:除了周期性大地震造成的地表抬升的累积外,龙门山地区地震及其它地表过程所产生的剥蚀物质通过河流快速卸载驱动了地壳均衡反弹和深部物质上涌,形成了青藏高原东缘的高陡地形梯度带. 相关的地球物理证据表明在青藏高原东缘可能存在由地表快速剥蚀(或侵蚀)所引发的地球深部地幔软流圈物质上涌.     

下地壳流变与造山带同挤压期地壳伸展的动力学关系

应用不可压缩非牛顿粘性流体的本构关系,对造山带同挤压期下地壳流变及其与上地壳构造伸展的动力学关系进行了二维有限元数值模拟. 结果表明,在板块侧向挤压下,当造山带山根下陷和地表隆起达一定程度后,地壳不同层圈岩石将发生复杂的粘性流变. 流变的运动学方式和分布范围不仅与时间有关、同时还受地壳厚度转变带形态的制约. 在构造挤压和山体荷载达到弹性平衡状态后,地壳流变首先发生在造山带下地壳山根,但经一定的Maxwell时间后,流变将不断局限于造山带前缘的厚度转变带. 这一流变方式的变化是导致造山带浅部地壳动力学转变的主要原因. 它造成造山带内上地壳最小主应力从近水平挤压不断转化为近水平拉张,由此使造山带前陆发生挤压冲断的同时,山体的核部发生上地壳的拉张伸展. 最后,应用这一结果讨论了青藏高原南缘南北向地壳伸展的动力学性质.     

An integrated approach for analysing earthquake-induced surface effects: A case study from the Northern Apennines, Italy

This paper illustrates research addressing the subject of the earthquake-induced surface effects by means of a multidisciplinary approach: tectonics, neotectonics, seismology, geology, hydrogeology, geomorphology, soil/rock mechanics have been considered. The research is aimed to verify in areas affected by earthquake-triggered landslides a methodology for the identification of potentially unstable areas. The research was organized according to regional and local scale studies. In order to better emphasise the complexity of the relationships between all the parameters affecting the stability conditions of rock slopes in static and dynamic conditions a new integrated approach, Rock Engineering Systems (RES), was applied in the Northern Apennines. In the paper, the different phases of the research are described in detail and an example of the application of RES method in a sample area is reported. A significant aspect of the study can be seen in its attempt to overcome the exclusively qualitative aspects of research into the relationship between earthquakes and induced surface effects, and to advance the idea of beginning a process by which this interaction can be quantified.     

The impact of groundwater–surface water interactions on the water balance of a mesoscale lowland river catchment in northeastern Germany

The glacially formed northeastern German lowlands are characterized by extensive floodplains, often interrupted by relatively steep moraine hills. The hydrological cycle of this area is governed by the tight interaction of surface water dynamics and the corresponding directly connected shallow groundwater aquifer. Runoff generation processes, as well as the extent and spatial distribution of the interaction between surface water and groundwater, are controlled by floodplain topography and by surface water dynamics. A modelling approach based on extensive experimental analyses is presented that describes the specific water balance of lowland areas, including the interactions of groundwater and surface water, as well as reflecting the important role of time‐variable shallow groundwater stages for runoff generation in floodplains. In the first part, experimental investigations of floodplain hydrological characteristics lead to a qualitative understanding of the water balance processes and to the development of a conceptual model of the water balance and groundwater dynamics of the study area. Thereby model requirements which allow for an adequate simulation of the floodplain hydrology, considering also interactions between groundwater and surface water have been characterized. Based on these analyses, the Integrated Modelling of Water Balance and Nutrient Dynamics (IWAN) approach has been developed. This consists of coupling the surface runoff generation and soil water routines of the deterministic, spatially distributed hydrological model WASIM‐ETH‐I with the three‐dimensional finite‐difference‐based numerical groundwater model MODFLOW and Processing MODFLOW. The model was applied successfully to a mesoscale subcatchment of the Havel River in northeast Germany. It was calibrated for two small catchments (1·4 and 25 km²), where the importance of the interaction processes between groundwater and surface waters and the sensitivity of several controlling parameters could be quantified. Validation results are satisfying for different years for the entire 198 km² catchment. The model approach was further successfully tested for specific events. The experimental area is a typical example of a floodplain‐dominated landscape. It was demonstrated that the lateral flow processes and the interactions between groundwater and surface water have a major importance for the water balance and periodically superimposed on the vertical runoff generation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

背景噪声面波与布格重力异常联合反演:山西断陷带三维地壳结构

讨论了利用面波与布格重力异常联合反演三维地壳速度结构的新方法,并利用该方法联合反演获得山西断陷带地壳S波速度结构.通过建立速度与密度之间的经验关系,利用非线性迭代反演方法获得最终速度模型.结果显示,联合反演获得的速度模型可以同时提高对面波及重力数据的观测拟合程度,而面波单独反演得到的速度模型则无法很好的拟合重力观测数据.相比较,联合反演速度模型中的大同火山区中下地壳的低速异常幅值小于面波单独反演模型中低速异常体的幅值.联合反演速度模型结果揭示,吕梁山地区在中下地壳存在低速异常,并且和北部的大同火山区低速异常相连接,说明可能导致新生代以来大同火山区岩浆活动的上地幔构造活动(上地幔局部上涌,地幔柱)可能对山西断陷带的形成和构造活动起到了一定的控制作用,并且导致了吕梁山地区中下地壳的低速异常.     

On the Relationship between the Latitudinal Hydrological and Landscape Zones

The closest correspondence between latitudinal hydrogeological and landscape zones is found to exist when the relationship between the heat and moisture received by the land surface is optimal. The lack of heat or moisture eliminates the correlation between the latitudinal hydrogeological and landscape zones. In this case, the major factors that control the area distribution of groundwater are neotectonics, hydrogeological zonality, and permafrost.     

INFLUENCES OF OBLIQUITY ANGLE DIFFERENCE ON THE EVOLUTION OF FEN-WEI RIFT: A STUDY FROM SEGMENTED TRANSTENSION CLAY MODEL

The Fen-Wei rift is composed of a series of Cenozoic graben basins, which extends in an S-shape and strikes mainly NNE. Two distinct types of basins are defined in the Fen-Wei rift. The NEE-striking basins(or basin system) are bounded by active faults of mainly normal slip while the NNE-striking basins are characterized by their dextral strike-slip boundary faults. The adjacent NEE-striking basins(or basin systems) are linked by the arrangement of NNE-striking basins and horsts that is called the linking zone in this study. The segmentation of the Fen-Wei rift shows that the geometry and the activity of different rift segments are varied. The southern and northern rift segments strike NEE and are characterized by tensile movement while the central rift segment strikes NNE with transtensional motion. Previous field surveys show that the ages of the Cenozoic basins in the Fen-Wei rift are old in the southern rift segment, medium in the northern rift segment, and young in the central rift segment. The sizes of linking zones are large in the central rift segment, medium in the northern rift segment, and small in the southern rift segment. In addition, the east tip of Xinding Basin propagates towards NEE along the northern rift segment and the west tip of the basin grows towards NNE, while the shape of Linfen Basin is almost antisymmetric with respect to the Xinding Basin. However, the previous laboratory or numerical simulations cannot explain these features because they didn't pay enough attention to the control of the rift segmentation on the evolution of NEE-striking basins and their linking zones. In this study, based on the previous field studies, we study the fracture process of a clay layer under the segmented dextral transtension of the basement. The spatiotemporal evolution of the deformation field of the clay layer is quantitatively analyzed via a digital image correlation method. The experiment reproduced the main architecture of the Fen-Wei rift. The results show that:(1) The chronological order of basin initiation and the different sizes of linking zones in deferent rift segments are caused by the different obliquity angles(the angle between the rift trend and the displacement direction between the opposite sides of the rift) among the southern, northern and central rift segments.(2) The interaction between adjacent NEE-striking basins leads to the formation of NNE-striking linking zones.(3) The interaction between adjacent rift segments may cause the special distribution of Xinding and Linfen Basins. Thus, we propose that the differences of the Fen-Wei rift segments are mainly controlled by the different obliquity angles. The lack of considering the influences of pre-exiting structures leads to the limited simulation of the details within the southern and northern segments of the Fen-Wei rift. Further studies may improve the model if this is taken into account.     

辽吉古裂谷部分地区深部地质结构特征

在4条实测高精度重、磁剖面及MT剖面探测的基础上,结合区域地质资料及野外地质研究,对辽吉古元古代裂谷（简称辽吉裂谷）边界、内部地质结构和基底组成等深部地质问题进行了论述。 新获取的非震地球物理剖面为揭示辽吉裂谷的深部地质结构提供了重要信息,在MT剖面上发现沿连山关—赛马一线存在一个明显的南倾构造界面,该界面为控制辽吉裂谷北部边界的伸展断裂构造面,以往认为在本溪市—本溪县一线辽河群分布的北部边界应为辽吉裂谷的古地理边界;证实南北辽河群岩相的差异主要是由相变造成的;MT剖面揭示出辽吉裂谷内部具有复式褶皱结构特征,基底埋深可达10km以上;区域地质研究及重磁电联合反演结果表明辽吉裂谷的基底主要发育2种类型：一是太古代表壳岩花岗岩型;二是太古代花岗岩-古元古代花岗岩型。     

Seismicity and neotectonic uplift in the Augrabies Falls National Park,Namaqualand,Northern Cape,South Africa

Gneissic rocks in the Augrabies Falls National Park are part of the Proterozoic Namaqua-Natal mobile belt. Finding neotectonic evidence in old terranes is always not an easy task. In South Africa, the mid-Miocene is believed to be the beginning of neotectonics. This study investigated the occurrence and recurrence of earthquake activity, occurrence of faulting, jointing, uplift, and potholes in the gneisses cropping out around the Augrabies Falls area that may account for neotectonics. A historic seismic event obtained from the United States Geological Survey(USGS), and seismic epicenters downloaded in October 2015 from IRIS earthquake browser and overlaid on a satellite image with digitised faults and lineaments,indicates that the area is seismically active and is a zone of seismic risk. Potholes occurring today on a dry surface at approximately 613 m above sea level are a direct consequence of the Griqualand-Transvaal neotectonic uplift,which generated a major fault along which water flows continuously. It is concluded that the Augrabies Falls National Park area is a zone of neotectonics. This zone should not be considered for the storage of nuclear wastes.     

青藏高原东北缘及周边地区基于程函方程的面波层析成像

利用"中国地震科学台阵探测"在南北地震带北段布设的670套宽频带地震台站记录到的面波资料,使用新近发展的程函方程面波层析成像方法,获得了青藏高原东北缘及周边地区12~60 s周期范围比以往成像结果具有更高分辨率的瑞利面波相速度分布图像.青藏高原东北缘的祁连褶皱系西段、秦岭褶皱系西段和松潘一甘孜褶皱系,在16~60s周期范围内均显示出明显的低速异常分布,表明该地区的地壳力学强度较低,在强烈的构造应力作用下易发生形变.与西段不同,祁连褶皱系东段和秦岭褶皱系中段的相速度分布特征揭示,其中下地壳的速度明显高于高原内部区域.鄂尔多斯块体整体上表现为稳定块体具有的高速特征,但其西部边缘在中上地壳的速度比块体中部地区偏低,且存在一定的不均匀性.鄂尔多斯块体西北缘的临河断陷盆地和西缘的银川断陷盆地,在较短的周期范围内(12~20 s)表现为局部低速特征,但与银川断陷盆地不同,临河断陷盆地的低速特征可一直延续至60 s周期以上,表明该盆地下方地壳及上地幔速度明显偏低,可能与深部热作用有关.阿拉善块体与其北部地区的速度差异主要表现在中上地壳,这一现象值得今后进一步探讨.基于程函方程面波层析成像方法给出了青藏高原东北缘及周边地区高分辨率的成像结果,揭示了以往面波层析成像难以获得的深部细节特征,为该地区的深部构造研究提供了新的信息.     

青藏高原地球科学研究中的核心问题与理念的厘定

在青藏高原的地球科学研究中,国外科技界曾提出过六大论点——喜马拉雅山脉是地壳均衡的典范;青藏高原地壳乃是两个地壳的垂向重叠;雅鲁藏布江是印度洋板块和欧亚板块的缝合带;青藏高原西部的南北走向断裂带全为裂谷带;青藏高原腹地深部物质的向东逃逸;青藏高原下地壳物质通道流以及汶川MS8.0大地震的发生.这一系列论点确为国人广为引用与跟随,并发表了若干篇论著.然而在不断理解和深化研究的基点上提出了质疑,并基于新的认识提出了新的论点与论据,且在科学理念上给予了重新厘定.因为科学是为宇宙提供真正的写真.     

Accordant Summit Levels (ASLs) and Their Tectonic Deformation in the Denudational Areas of the North China Rift Zone

The North China rift zone,including the North China Plain rift zone and the middle Shanxi graben-rift zone,is a continental rift;geomorphologically,its most common and important characteristics are the multiple accordant summit levels (ASLs) in the denudational area.In this study three methods based on geomorphic analysis,that is,(1) unified topographic profiles,(2) cyclic knickpoints along longitudinal river profiles,and (3) depth contours of river downcutting,are used to identify the ASLs and analyze their tectonic deformation.The formation time of the ASLs is determined by geological and geomorphological evidence,the correlation with the sedimentary facies in the Plain rift zone,and K-Ar ages of basalts on the ASLs,indicating the rates of tectonic uplift.The North China rift zone has five ASLs,of which the highest and oldest ASL I is the remnant of a fossil peneplain formed before rifting and the other four lower and younger ones are pediplain-typed formed contemporaneously with rifting.Study of ASLs