无伸缩缝桥梁的动力特性计算与试验研究

福建省永春县上坂大桥是目前我国修建桥长最大，采用整体式桥台的无伸缩缝桥梁。本文通过该桥的动力试验研究了该桥在天然脉动荷载作用下的自振特性，采用结构分析软件ANSYS建立全桥的空间模型，计算该桥的自振特性，与实测结果进行了分析比较。实桥试验还测试了无障碍行车试验和跳车试验这2种车辆激振作用下桥梁的强迫振动特性，并把实测的荷载冲击系数与新桥规的计算结果进行比较。研究结果有助于对该类桥梁动力特性的认识，有利于进一步开展无伸缩缝桥梁的抗震性能研究。     

结构参数对高低墩刚构连续梁桥体系地震响应的影响

地震作用下,相邻主梁间的碰撞会改变桥台-引桥-刚构连续梁桥结构体系的动力响应。为了探究主桥结构形式、墩高、引桥跨数和伸缩缝间距等结构参数对伸缩缝处碰撞效应和桥梁结构地震响应的影响,以某实际桥梁为背景,考虑碰撞能量耗散、桩土相互作用、桥台与台后填土相互作用以及支座和桥墩的非线性行为,采用CSIBridge建立桥台-引桥-刚构连续梁桥结构体系的有限元模型进行碰撞弹塑性动力分析。研究结果表明：不同主桥结构形式的主桥墩受力区别较大,相邻主桥墩高差较大时,选择连续梁桥结构体系更加合理。墩高增加使主引桥间动力差异增大,碰撞效应更加显著,仅对刚构墩受力影响较大。引桥跨数增多和伸缩缝间距增大分别使伸缩缝处碰撞效应增大和减小,碰撞抑制作用的增强和减弱也使得刚构墩内力和变形分别减小和增大,但对于其他桥墩基本无影响。     

桥梁非线性地震反应分析若干问题研究现状

评述了钢筋混凝土桥墩非线性地震反应分析模型与损伤评估、桩－土－桥梁结构动力相互作用试验与理论研究和伸缩缝处的碰撞效应等问题的研究现状，指出了进一步的发展趋势。     

环境温度对桥梁结构动力特性影响的试验研究

本文以两跨钢-混凝土连续组合梁模型和刚架拱桥的环境振动测试为基础,分析了环境温度变化对桥梁动力特性的影响。结果表明:环境温度变化会引起桥梁动力特性的显著变化,同时温度变化对结构动力特性的影响受到桥梁边界约束条件的很大影响,此类测试和分析对桥梁健康监测与损伤识别具有借鉴意义。     

地震作用下简支梁桥非线性碰撞分析

采用能量原理建立了能考虑梁薄壁特性的桥梁上部结构梁段单元动力分析模型,利用非线性接触单元Kelvin碰撞模型,考虑非线性支座的滞回特性(采用W en模型),选择适合不同场地条件的地震波,以京港澳高速公路孟姜女河桥(3跨简支梁桥)为例,进行了桥梁结构纵向碰撞非线性地震响应分析。计算结果表明,随着地震波强度的增加,桥梁上部结构碰撞次数明显增加,结构响应峰值均有所增大;跨间碰撞发生对地震响应值影响较大;伸缩缝间距大小及各跨长度比变化对跨间碰撞效应影响很大;结构碰撞响应对输入地震波具有较强的频谱敏感性;桥梁碰撞计算时桥台铅芯橡胶支座不能简单按简支约束处理。所得结论可供桥梁抗震设计参考。     

地震作用下高速铁路车-线-桥耦合系统动力响应分析

地震激励对高速车辆-简支箱梁桥系统动力响应的影响关系到高速铁路运营安全。基于车辆-轨道耦合动力学和列车-轨道-桥梁动力相互作用理论,运用有限元和多体动力学方法,建立高速铁路桥梁区段车辆-轨道-桥梁耦合系统动力学模型,分析在人工地震波作用下高速铁路车-线-桥耦合系统动力响应。结果表明:地震激励对轨道板、支撑层和桥梁的横向振动特性的影响大于对垂向振动特性的影响,桥梁结构对地震激励的敏感程度大于轨道结构;车辆运行速度对系统垂向振动特性的影响大于对横向振动特性的影响。研究结论可为地震荷载作用下高速铁路安全运营提供理论依据。     

多层地基-非线性结构系统地震响应的分叉与突变

根据系统能量，由拉格朗日方程导出多层地基-非线性结构系统地震响应分析的动力方程，利用突变模型分析了系统地震响应的分叉和突变特性，讨论了振幅响应的跳跃现象和”路径”效应等非线性动力特性以及地基参数对分叉集和突变性质的影响，得出了对地基-结构动力系统设计有一定参考价值的结论。     

改善桥梁结构地震性能的措施研究

为了提高结构的抗震性能,可以从结构自身的动力特性着手,在明确了不同结构在地震作用下的响应特性的基础上,通过对结构进行合理调整,使得结构在地震作用下的内力分布达到较为合理的状态.通过对一座拱桥结构体系进行地震响应分析,探讨了伸缩缝和固定墩的设置位置对结构地震响应的影响.分析研究显示,合理选择伸缩缝和固定墩的设置位置,可以显著改善全桥结构的抗震性能.     

伸缩缝刚度对大跨度悬索桥动力特性的影响

伸缩缝作为大跨度桥梁与引桥之间的重要连接构件,其抗推刚度及可能存在的变异性对主桥及引桥动力特性的影响不可忽略。本文建立了大跨度悬索桥及引桥的有限元模型,采用弹簧单元模拟加劲梁与引桥箱梁之间的伸缩缝,分析伸缩缝刚度对悬索桥及引桥自振特性及其地震响应的影响规律。分析结果表明:伸缩缝刚度对加劲梁的横弯振型、竖弯与纵飘耦合振型的频率有明显的影响;伸缩缝刚度的变化会导致加劲梁与引桥的振型相互耦合,同时这些振型的频率发生相应的突变,当伸缩缝刚度较大时,加劲梁两个竖弯与纵飘的耦合振型解耦成为独立的竖弯和纵飘振型;当引桥与悬索桥加劲梁的纵飘振型发生耦合时,在纵向和竖向地震作用下的悬索桥及引桥的地震响应达到最小。伸缩缝刚度对悬索桥动力特性影响的分析可为悬索桥的模态参数确认、损伤识别、抗震性能分析提供有价值的借鉴。     

桥梁隔震体系振动试验研究（Ⅰ）—试验意义与模型设计

本文归纳了桥梁结构采用隔震技术时存在的主要问题，指出了模型桥梁进行模拟地震振动台试验研究的意义，简要介绍了模型试验设计情况及三种隔震体系模型桥梁动力特性测试结果。     

大跨桥梁结构损伤诊断与安全评估的多尺度有限元模拟研究

探讨了以结构损伤诊断与安全评估为目标的大跨桥梁结构多尺度有限元模拟的策略与方案。在有限元模型误差来源分析的基础上,提出了大跨桥梁结构模型误差的分层次修正方法。通过对润扬长江大桥斜拉桥的有限元建模和模型修正过程,提出了大跨斜拉桥结构以损伤诊断与安全评估为目标的多尺度有限元模拟方法。研究表明,大跨桥梁结构的多尺度有限元模拟必须建立在模型误差分析的基础上,并采用模型误差的分层次修正方法才能较好的满足多尺度有限元模拟的技术要求。     

Extending the application of integral frame abutment bridges in earthquake‐prone areas by using novel isolators of recycled materials

Integral abutment bridges (IABs) are jointless structures without bearings or expansion joints which require minimum or zero maintenance. The barrier to the application of long‐span integral abutment bridges is the interaction of the abutment with the backfill soil during the thermal expansion and contraction of the bridge deck, that is, serviceability, or when the bridge is subjected to dynamic loads, such as earthquakes. The interaction of the bridge with the backfill leads to settlements and ratcheting of the soil behind the abutment and, as a result, the soil pressures acting on the abutment build up in the long term. This paper provides a solution for the aforementioned challenges by introducing a novel isolator that is a compressible inclusion of reused tyre‐derived aggregates placed between the bridge abutment and the backfill. The compressibility of typical tyre‐derived aggregates was measured by laboratory tests, and the compressible inclusion was designed accordingly. The compressible inclusion was then applied to a typical integral frame abutment model, which was subjected to static and dynamic loads representing in‐service and seismic loads correspondingly. The response of both the conventional and the isolated abutment was assessed based on the settlements of the backfill, the soil pressures and the actions of the abutment. The study of the isolated abutment showed that the achieved decoupling of the abutment from the backfill soil results in significant reductions of the settlements of the backfill and of the pressures acting on the abutment. Hence, the proposed research enables extending the length limits of integral frame bridges subjected to earthquake excitations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

抗震设计与加固效果的实震检验

本文以１９９４年１月１７日美国加州北岭地震对各类结构选成的破坏，分析了公路桥梁、建筑物，工业设施，水坝以及基底隔震结构等的不同抗震设计和加固措施的有效性及存在的问题，为今后改进抗震设防和加固措施提供参考。     

Inelastic seismic response of stiffening systems and development of demand spectrum: Application to MSSS bridges

A stiffening system is a system that increases its stiffness as it goes under large displacements. Such behavioural characteristic can result from constitutive behaviour or at the structural level often from closure of gaps between various components (sub‐systems) of the structure. An example of the latter situation is multi‐span simply supported (MSSS) bridges under horizontal earthquake ground motion. Unlike softening systems, stiffening systems have not been studied. In addition to the need for more understanding of the seismic response of stiffening systems, there is a need to develop response spectrum that can be used in design. Several parameters including gap size and ratios of sub‐systems stiffness, strength, and mass control the behaviour of a stiffening system. In this study, a simplified stiffening model is developed and over 367 000 cases are analysed to investigate the nonlinear stiffening behaviour and pounding. Parameters considered also include ground motion characteristic. Results are evaluated and compared in terms of displacement and dissipated hysteretic energy. Parameter study results show that, on average, the displacement response is lower for stiffening systems, however, they dissipates higher hysteretic energy, due to higher yield cycles and yield excursions, and can possibly sustain more damage than a bilinear, elastic–plastic system. Using parameter study database, design response spectrum for stiffening systems is also proposed and its practical application is demonstrated through its application to an MSSS bridge. Results of this study goes beyond MSSS bridges and will have application for many structural systems where response is characterized by a stiffening behaviour. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analytical models for the rigid body motions of skew bridges

The rigid body motions of the bridge deck, along with the impact between the bridge deck and the abutments, were the source of extensive damage on skew highway bridges during the 1971 San Fernando earthquake. In this paper, a model for the rigid body motions of skew bridges is presented and analysed. The focus of the model is the appropriate representation of the impact between the bridge deck and the abutments and the explanation of the inducement of in-plane rotational vibrations of the bridge deck as the result of this impact. A simplified model is briefly described first, and the kinematic mechanism of the problem is explained. Then, the analysis of a more detailed and realistic model follows. This model is applied on a short skew bridge located in Riverside, California. The response of this bridge to several earthquake shakings revealed that the planar rigid body rotations of the deck are induced primarily as a result of the skewness of the deck and the impact between the deck and the abutments.     

Structural identification of Egnatia Odos bridges based on ambient and earthquake induced vibrations

The dynamic characteristics of two representative R/C bridges on Egnatia Odos motorway in Greece are estimated based on low amplitude ambient and earthquake-induced vibrations. The present work outlines the instrumentation details, algorithms for computing modal characteristics (modal frequencies, damping ratios and modeshapes), modal-based finite element model (FEM) updating methods for estimating structural parameters, and numerical results for the modal and structural dynamic characteristics of the two bridges based on ambient and earthquake induced vibrations. Transverse, bending and longitudinal modes are reliably identified and stiffness-related properties of the piers, deck and elastomeric bearings of the FEMs of the two bridges are estimated. Results provide qualitative and quantitative information on the dynamic behavior of the bridge systems and their components under low-amplitude vibrations. Modeling assumptions are discussed based on the differences in the characteristics identified from ambient and earthquake vibration measurements. The sources of the differences observed between the identified modal and structural characteristics of the bridges and those predicted by FEMs used for design are investigated and properly justified.     

A simple non-linear model for the investigation of the effects of the gap closure at the abutment joints of short bridges

Closure of the gap at the abutment joints of bridges has been the source of extensive damage during the 1971 San Fernando and more recent earthquakes. In this paper a model for the investigation of the effects of this gap closure is presented and analysed. The focus of the model is the representation of the non-linear response of the bridge abutments, the foundation and the columns. The model is used for the investigation of the response of a short bridge located in California.     

声发射技术在桥梁结构健康监测中的应用研究进展

声发射技术作为一种被动的、动态的监测手段,在工程和材料领域得到了广泛的应用,正日益受到桥梁结构健康监测研究者的关注。本文回顾了近年来国内外基于声发射技术的桥梁结构健康监测研究状况。首先,简要介绍了声发射的基本原理和声发射信号处理方法;其次,详细分析了声发射技术在桥梁结构健康监测中的研究成果,包括钢筋混凝土桥、钢结构桥、桥梁结构关键构件和无线声发射传感器及其网络等;最后,分析了声发射技术在桥梁结构健康监测领域应用中存在的一些问题,并对声发射技术的应用前景进行了探讨。     

唐山地震桥梁震害回顾

对唐山桥梁震害加以回顾分析,并参照国内外地震有关桥梁的震害规律,为今后灾区破坏桥梁的修复和重建工作提供一些参考。