降雨型与地震型滑坡试验研究

为了研究和探索降雨和地震诱发滑坡灾害的成因机理,对降雨型滑坡和地震型滑坡进行了物理模拟试验,系统地研究了坡度、坡体结构、降雨量、振动强度等因素对斜坡破坏变形的影响规律,探讨了降雨和地震诱发斜坡失稳破坏的主要模式和过程.对于降雨型滑坡,通过实验确定不同坡度滑坡的临界降雨量,发现临界降雨量与滑坡坡度呈幂指数关系.对于地震型...     

四川岷江上游滑坡触发因素分析

以高山峡谷为地貌特征的岷江上游地区人口密集,在晚更新世以来发生了数以万计的滑坡,探讨该地区滑坡发生的主要触发因素对该地区的地质灾害防治意义重大。文中从区域降雨特点、滑坡坡形特点、地震震级大小与滑坡面积的对应关系以及叠溪已恢复地震记录的周期性分析等方面入手展开探索性研究。在降雨方面,与滑坡灾害严重的尼泊尔相比,岷江上游无论是累积降雨量还是日降雨量均未达到触发滑坡的关键阈值。在坡形方面,岷江上游的滑坡不具有暴雨触发滑坡形成的坡底峡谷地形特征,而具有地震触发滑坡形成的自上而下较为平坦的坡面特征。在震级大小与滑坡面积的对应关系中,岷江上游的大面积滑坡分布支持地震触发,与暴雨触发的局部小面积滑坡形成鲜明对比。在叠溪已恢复地震记录的周期分析中,我们获得能够导致该地区软沉积物变形的5.0或5.5级地震的复发周期集中于二三十年,而引发大面积滑坡的可能类似汶川特大地震的平均复发间隔为2.6ka。这与中等—特大地震以及滑坡面积随地震震级一般呈现指数增长关系相吻合。据此,我们初步认为,岷江上游地区晚更新世以来发育的大量滑坡由降雨触发的可能性很小,绝大部分可能为地震触发。这一初步认识有待今后的细致研究进一步验证。     

基于降雨入渗的Newmark模型改进及地震滑坡危险性预测研究

滑坡是一种破坏性非常强的地质灾害,其中地震与降雨均为诱导滑坡发生的关键因素。从降雨期间发生地震的角度考虑,基于Green-Ampt降雨入渗模型对Newmark模型进行改进,推导两因素耦合作用下的边坡安全系数F_S。以云南省鲁甸县某一区域为例,分别开展无降雨、降雨无积水与降雨积水三种情况下的地震滑坡危险性预测及坡度与入渗深度因子对位移影响分析。通过比较上述三种情况,得到研究区域内的Newmark累积位移分布及危险性区划。结果表明：与未降雨情况相比,后两种情况下地震滑坡高危险程度区域面积占比计算区域随着降雨时间的增加从1%分别提高至9%、12%,滑坡低危险程度区域面积从51%分别降低至35%、33%;坡度值与入渗深度值越大,滑坡位移越大,危险性越高。Newmark改进模型充分考虑了降雨对地震滑坡产生的促进作用,能更好地反映出研究区每个场点相对的滑坡危险性,对滑坡危险性预测具有一定指导意义。     

云南鲁甸溶蚀堆积体滑坡研究——以龙头山镇葫芦桥滑坡为例

中国西南山区的可溶岩地区侵蚀、溶蚀谷地的溶蚀堆积体斜坡坡面露头看似完整,内部实则松散、透水且易滑。云南鲁甸县龙头山葫芦桥滑坡属于典型溶蚀堆积体滑坡,通过对其水文地质条件、工程地质条件和降雨等影响因素的分析,认为持续降雨和地震是该滑坡灾害发生的主要诱发因素。在取样测得岩土层物理力学参数的基础上,采用Geo-Slope软件进行稳定性分析。计算结果表明,该滑坡在天然状态下处于较稳定状态,稳定性系数为1.287;降雨、地震、降雨+地震三种工况下稳定性系数均小于1,处于不稳定状态。计算结果与该滑坡实际滑动状况相符,可为同类型滑坡的调查研究提供实例借鉴。     

降雨和地震耦合作用对滑坡稳定性的影响——以甘肃西和Ⅲ号滑坡为例

以甘肃省西和县西山Ⅲ号滑坡为例分析了地震与降雨耦合作用对滑坡稳定性的影响。采用GEOSTUDIO软件对其进行了天然及地震降雨耦合作用两种条件下的数值模拟。通过计算结果对比可知,西山Ⅲ号滑坡在天然状态下处于稳定状态;地震降雨耦合作用对西山Ⅲ号滑坡的稳定会起到很强的削弱作用,滑坡将处于失稳状态。在此处采用的计算条件下,相同降雨量下地震与不同降雨强度的耦合作用显示,降雨强度越小雨水入渗相对越多,地震作用下超孔隙水压力影响区域越大,滑坡越不稳定。     

玉树地震滑坡分布调查及其特征与形成机制

2010年4月14日青海省玉树县发生了MS7.1地震.文中基于现场考察与遥感影像目视解译的方法,对玉树地震滑坡进行分析,并制作了玉树地震滑坡空间分布图.结果表明,该地震触发了约2 036处滑坡灾害,总面积约1.194km2;地震滑坡分布受主地表破裂控制作用强烈;滑坡类型多样,但以崩塌型滑坡为主;滑坡有5种成因机制:人工开挖坡脚型、地表水入渗致坡体震动滑动型、断裂错断震动型、震动型、后期冰雪融化或降雨入渗型;除地震主地表破裂外,还有许多坡体裂缝,主要分布在主地表破裂带SE端的SW盘,该部位在地震中受到了强烈的挤压作用.     

岷县漳县6.6级地震典型滑坡特征及其诱发机制

地震和降雨是滑坡产生的两大诱因。一般认为二者的耦合作用概率小,在现实中也较少发现有此种实例。岷县漳县6.6级地震中黄土地震滑坡广泛发生,本文通过现场调查,在相关降雨量数据、航空影像空间分析的基础上研究了两个地点(永光村滑坡和堡子村滑坡)的典型地震黄土滑坡的空间展布特征和发生、发展过程,分析了诱发机制。结果发现:(1)地震滑坡呈带状分布与地震发震构造走向一致;(2)位于极震区范围的永光村黄土滑坡具有泥流特征,土体含水量可达塑限以上,是由于过量降水和强地震动耦合作用下发生;(3)堡子村黄土地震滑坡则主要为强地震动所诱发,滑距较短,并具滞后发生特性。本结果对未来地震中滑坡的预防与防治具有借鉴意义。     

降雨型滑坡时空预报新方法

地质条件和降雨是引起重庆地区山体滑坡的两个最主要条件. 文中在分析降雨型滑坡形成条件的基础上, 提出了将地质条件和降雨因素进行分级叠合的降雨型滑坡时空预报新方法. 首先, 利用多因素相互作用关系矩阵, 对某个地区或者某个边坡所在位置的地质条件进行半定量的评价和分级. 然后, 根据日最大降雨量和降雨过程的总降雨量, 对该地区降雨的严重程度进行分级. 最后将“地质条件影响因子”和“降雨影响因子”进行分级叠合, 得到了“滑坡易滑程度判别因子”, 并据此将滑坡按照其易滑度分为滑坡极易发生、滑坡易发生、滑坡不易发生和滑坡基本不发生4级. 通过对某个地区的一些危险边坡进行地质勘察, 结合比较准确的天气预报, 可以对该地区的降雨型滑坡进行较为准确的时空预测预报. 以鸡扒子滑坡为例, 验证了利用“双因素”分级叠合方法进行降雨型滑坡时空预报的可靠性和可行性.     

黄土地震滑坡卫星影像识别方法

为获得详细的地震滑坡数据和分布特征,揭示黄土地震滑坡的成灾模式和防治措施,需要对黄土地区地震滑坡进行详细的编录,利用卫星影像的识别方法是重要的手段之一。通过总结黄土地震滑坡特有的空间分布特征、平面形态特征、地震滑坡发育特征和伴生水文特征,归纳利用卫星影像识别黄土地震滑坡的7种识别标志。利用该方法,研究通渭地区黄土地震滑坡的空间分布与规律,结果表明：黄土地震滑坡卫星影像识别方法获得的滑坡与野外现场调查结果相近;通渭地区滑坡拥有缓坡发育、低角度、中远滑距、大体积、方向性明显等特点。     

四川德阳地区龙风水库西岸滑坡稳定性分析及防治

本文在对四川德阳地区龙风水库西岸滑坡的地质地貌条件及变形迹象进行深入调查的基础上,对该滑坡的主要成因及稳定性进行了分析与评价,并有针对性地提出了工程防治方案。研究表明,疏松透水的土层、较强的降雨以及人类耕作活动是导致滑坡发生的主要因素。在天然状态下该滑坡稳定或基本稳定;在天然＋地震状态下,该滑坡欠稳定或不稳定;在连续高强度降雨状态下,该滑坡不稳定。故采取截、排水及抗滑桩等工程措施是防治该滑坡的有效方案。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.