广西灵山地区断裂活动性与土壤中汞气含量变化

本文介绍了广西灵山地区土壤中汞气含量测定的结果，通过对比分析含汞量的变化，指出罗阳山西北麓北东东向断裂是测区最活动的断裂，其次是北西向的蕉极坪断裂。在历史强震区，土壤中汞气含量高，变化幅度大，断裂活动性强。     

过程法数字岩心建模与弹性参数模拟研究

在数字岩石物理中数字岩心是弹性参数模拟的基础,现有的数字岩心建模方法虽然较多,但一般不能满足弹性参数模拟对骨架所提出的要求.过程法以岩石粒径分布曲线为约束条件构建数字岩心,是一种比较灵活的数字岩心建模方法.本文根据前人研究结果在过程法的压实过程中用一面状像素层表示颗粒与颗粒间的接触边界,使相邻的骨架颗粒能够相互区分,提高了数字岩心骨架结构的精细程度.在弹性参数模拟中,当变化数字岩心中的颗粒、颗粒接触边界和胶结物的弹性模量时,数字岩心的弹性模量发生相应的变化.数字岩心弹性模量的变化量与组成物质的体积含量及其弹性模量赋值有关.这说明能够利用数字岩石物理研究各种地质和环境因素对岩石弹性性质的影响.进一步分析认为,目前的建模方法对数字岩心的定义还不够充分,利用数字岩石物理解决实际地质问题尚有难度.     

磁性矿物的磁学鉴别方法回顾

磁性矿物的组成和颗粒粒径的分布决定了岩石或沉积物的基本磁学性质及其所携带的天然剩磁在地质时期内的稳定性.由于自然界中磁性矿物的复杂性和多样性，如何有效的确定磁性矿物的成分和粒径分布一直是岩石磁学的基础和难点.本文对确定磁性矿物成分和粒径分布的常见方法进行了较为详细的总结和分析，并对常见磁性矿物在高温和低温下的磁学性质进行了详细的论述.最后对如何应用综合方法判定样品中的磁性矿物种类以及粒度分布进行了探讨.     

福建三明地区被污染土壤的磁学性质及其环境意义

对福建三明某钢铁厂和火电厂附近的污染表土样品进行了多参数的岩石磁学测试分析,包括χ T曲线、磁滞回线、等温剩磁获得曲线等. 三明地区污染表土中的磁性矿物有磁铁矿、赤铁矿和磁黄铁矿. 样品中磁性矿物的平均粒度较粗,为较大的准单畴,甚至多畴,粒度明显大于成土作用所产生的磁性颗粒. 粗粒的磁铁矿颗粒是污染物的主要磁性组分. 虽然磁化率测量可以作为一种简单、快速而且廉价的检测污染土壤的方法,但同时辅以必要的岩石磁学测量将有利于提取更多的污染信息. 对于低磁化率的污染土壤,亚铁磁性硫化物的存在可以作为土壤可能被污染的证据之一.     

岩石在破裂孕育过程中声发射变化特征的物理机制研究

根据声发射原理，并假设岩石中颗粒断裂的总几率符合Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ型极值函数，由此导出声发射总数Ｎ与应变能Ｗ，材料断裂构造形状参数ｍ，试样几何尺寸Ｂ及颗粒总数Ｌ的关系。对同一材料的同一试件而言，ｍ对Ｎ的变化形态有显著影响，而应变能的大小则对Ｎ的大小有显著影响，并同时导出声发射率与上述变量及能率的关系。同样，的变化形态受ｍ的制约，的大小则与应变能的大小及能率大小有关。进一步推导还表明，在岩石主破裂前，前兆时间ｔ和的变化不仅与极值应力前后的应变硬化及应变软化程度有关，且与环境刚度（压机刚度）及岩石自身的力学性质有关。摸拟了几条理论曲线，它与实验结果非常一致。     

非滞后剩磁各向异性

由于非滞后剩磁各向异性和等温剩磁各向异性的参数直接与岩石中的携磁矿物颗粒有关,它比传统的磁化率各向异性更明确地指示岩石组构,在构造地质研究中有较大应用前景．本文介绍了非滞后剩磁及其各向异性的测定方法,并以一个实例阐述了它在构造地质中的应用．     

利用土壤信息检验地质雷达的应用

在美国，自１９７８年以来，地质雷达已经作为一种土壤学工具在使用，国家合作土壤测量大纲曾经使用地质雷在突测土壤的性质，这些性质影响到土壤的利用，管理和分类，地质雷达主要用于估测土壤的变化性和分类的成分组成，图示横向范围，估测土壤层位和地质层的深度与厚度，以及对土壤进行测绘和解释，并非所有土壤同样适合地质雷达技术，土壤测量报告中发表的土壤绘图和分类被用来评价土壤和场对地于地质雷达的适用性，此外，用于定     

杭州城区土壤的磁性与磁性矿物学及其环境意义

对杭州城区四个不同功能区块土壤进行了系统的环境磁学测定,结果表明城市土壤的磁化率平均值为128×10^-8m³·kg^-1,频率磁化率平均值3.6%(样品数=182),城市土壤呈现明显的磁性增强. 城市土壤的磁化率与频率磁化率呈极显著指数负相关,表明城市土壤磁性增强明显区别于自然成土过程引起的以超顺磁性(SP)颗粒为主的表土磁性增强机理. 统计分析表明,城市土壤磁化率与软剩磁和饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)呈显著直线正相关,说明亚铁磁性矿物是城市土壤剩余磁性的主要载体. 综合等温剩磁获得曲线、热磁曲线、磁滞回线等岩石磁学测定和SEM/EDX分析,城市土壤的磁性矿物以磁铁矿和赤铁矿为主,磁性矿物以假单畴-多畴（PSD-MD）颗粒存在,粒度明显大于成土过程形成的磁性颗粒,这些磁性颗粒主要来自燃料燃烧、汽车尾气等环境污染物. 因此,城市土壤磁测可作为城市土壤污染监测、污染空间分布和污染物来源判断的新手段.     

土壤-微生物-植物系统中矿物风化与元素循环

土壤是地球关键带的重要组成部分,土壤-植物系统是连接岩石圈、生物圈、大气圈和水圈的纽带.土壤作为地球上生物多样性最丰富的生境之一,在地球表层生物地球化学过程中担负重要的作用.本文主要从地球生物学的角度来探讨土壤生物在地球表层(风化壳)岩石矿物风化、物质转化与运输中的作用及其相关机制,包括土壤微生物对岩石矿物的风化,以及土壤-根系的相互作用和土壤-微生物-根系相互作用对岩石矿物风化的影响.     

碘的生物地球化学迁移及其定量模式

揭示碘的环境与生物地球化学行为对建立人体科学补碘方法具有关键性意义.在盆栽和模拟条件下,应用同位素(125I)示踪技术,通过淋溶试验和青菜吸收碘的实验,在系统研究碘的生物地球化学转移特征及其影响因素的基础上,建立了碘生物地球化学迁移的定量模式.结果表明:作物可以吸收土壤外源碘,并通过根系将大部分碘输送到茎和叶,作物吸收碘的程度除了受土壤外源碘含量的控制外,还受土壤对碘吸附能力的影响;土壤中碘的淋失量大小决定于土壤对碘的固定能力以及淋溶液的酸碱度,而与淋溶水量的大小无关;土壤和植株中的部分碘可以挥发释放到空气中去,土壤和植株的含碘量越高,碘的释放量也就越大,这些研究结果为开辟生产化防治碘缺乏病(IDD)的新途径提供了重要的科学依据.     

Factors influencing the growth of miniature ice lenses

Experiments involving six soil types indicated that the production of miniature ice lenses is dependent on soil moisture content and grain size with lenses being produced in finer-grained soils at lower moisture contents than is possible in coarser soils. Explanation of the results involves consideration of the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of the unfrozen soil through which water migrated to the freezing plane to allow ice lens growth.     

沉积物金属元素变化的粒度效应—以太湖沉积岩芯为例

水体沉积物中金属元素含量变化除了与人为污染有关之外,在很大程度上受沉积物粒度、矿物组成等沉积物性质的影响．在进行沉积物金属元素研究中,要充分考虑沉积物金属元素含量变化的粒度效应．本文通过对太湖MS岩芯中17种金属元素、沉积物粒度、矿物组成等指标的分析,研究了金属元素变化特征以及与沉积物粒度组成的关系．MS岩芯金属元素变化可分为两类,第一类主要为Al、Fe、K等,该类元素在沉积岩芯中下部含量较高,岩芯上部含量较低;第二类为Na元素,在沉积岩芯中下部含量较低,岩芯上部含量升高．MS岩芯中金属元素与粘土含量之间具有显著相关关系,经沉积物粒度(粘土含量)校正后,沉积岩芯中金属元素含量趋于稳定．因此,沉积物粒度组成(粘土含量)是影响金属元素含量的主要因素,在研究太湖沉积物金属元素变化规律及进行金属污染评价时,应对金属元素含量进行粒度校正．     

Characterizing incipient motion of low fines content soils with varying compositions,water contents,and relative densities

Laboratory flume experiments were conducted to quantify the effects of the soil characteristics on the critical shear stress of low fines content soil samples collected from the Montauk shores in New York. The collected soils were reconstituted at five different fines contents, ranging between 0 and 20%. These soil mixtures were composed of two initial water contents, dry of optimum and optimum moistures, and two relative densities, one moderate dense and the other dense. The strength indices of the soils, including the effective cohesion and effective angle of internal friction, were measured using the consolidated undrained (CU) triaxial test. The initiation of erosion tests was conducted on the soil mixtures under a unidirectional steady current condition. The near-bed flow velocity, at the onset of erosion, was used to determine the critical velocity and shear stress for each soil sample. The results indicate that the critical shear stress increases with the fines content and effective cohesion. The soils with the optimum initial water contents demonstrate a higher erosion resistance than those with the initial water contents dry of optimum. The higher relative density appears to overshadow the effects of the fines content such that the critical shear stress of the denser soils remains relatively insensitive to the soil composition. The denser soils compacted at the optimum initial water content show the highest resistance against erosion. The critical Shields parameter is modified to include the fines content, relative density, and initial water content.     

内陆盐沼湿地土壤碳氮磷剖面分布的季节动态特征

本文以向海湿地为例探讨了内陆盐沼湿地土壤剖面中碳氮磷等生源要素的季节动态变化特征及其影响因素.结果表明,内陆盐沼湿地土壤中有机碳、全氮和全磷含量与土壤深度之间存在显著负相关,在剖面中均表现为由表层向下层其含量不断减少的趋势,且具有明显的季节波动特征,除表层土壤碳氮含量随季节变化呈持续增加外,生源要素剖面分布的季节变化基本表现为先减少后增加的趋势.有机碳、全氮和全磷含量之间关系密切,且三者受土壤粒度的影响都非常显著.土壤pH值仅与土壤有机碳之间存在显著的相关关系,而对全氮和全磷含量的影响则不显著.     

三峡库区消落带土壤有机质和全氮含量分布特征

在三峡库区消落带落干期间(2010年4月),对库区巫山-重庆主城区段消落带土壤有机质(OM)和全氮(TN)含量分布及与土壤理化性质的相关性进行了调查研究.结果表明该区域消落带土壤OM和TN含量均较低,分别为10.70±4.03和0.84±0.39 mg/g,且服从正态分布.消落带土壤碳氮比(C/N)较低,推测消落带土壤无机氮在淹水期间存在向上覆水体释放的可能性.在与其它关于土壤OM和TN含量研究的比较中,研究区域内土壤OM和TN含量处于偏低的水平;而在与对照带样品的比较分析中发现,消落带样品的OM和TN含量变异系数均偏低,因此消落带干湿交替可减小不同区域消落带之间土壤OM和TN含量差异.相关性分析表明,消落带土壤pH、ORP、TN与OM之间呈显著正相关,可见研究范围内消落带土壤氮形态可能主要以有机氮的形式存在于有机质中,而C/N与TN呈负相关,与OM相关性不显著,表明C/N的大小主要取决于TN含量.     

Laboratory technique for measurement of spectral induced polarization response of soil sampies1

Laboratory measurements of soil samples are necessary to assess the effect of mineralogy, grain size distribution, moisture content, and electrolyte composition on the resistivity spectrum of soil material. Laboratory results are also required for the interpretation of field data. Induced polarization phenomena in glacial soils are poorly understood and so far no convenient laboratory techniques are available for its measurement. Coarse grain size and the need to measure unsaturated samples and to monitor the homogeneity of the sample require a sample holder–electrode construction that differs from those presented in Clay mineral Studies. This study presents a spectral induced polarization laboratory system that is suitable for measuring fine- and coarse-grained and both saturated and unsaturated soil samples. The noise caused by the electrode–electrolyte interface is studied in detail. It is shown that easy-to-use platinum or acid-free steel potential electrodes are convenient over a broad frequency band ranging from 0.016Hz up to more than 1000 Hz. The laboratory experiments and comparisons between laboratory and field results also indicate that sampling and sample packing procedures have only a minor influence on the phase spectrum of glacial soils.     

盐分及含水率对甘肃黑方台黄土强度的影响研究

文章以甘肃黑方台灌区黄土滑坡区黄土为研究对象,开展了滑坡区盐分调查及水土化学特征分析,进行了不同易溶盐含量及不同含水率条件下的重塑黄土三轴固结不排水剪切试验,探讨盐分及含水率对黄土强度的影响。结果表明：滑坡区土样中易溶盐含量范围为0.15%～4.55%,易溶盐主要是以Na₂SO₄和NaCl为主;水化学分析显示灌溉水入渗及溶滤台塬黄土中的可溶盐,经优势通道在坡脚以泉点渗出等方式排泄并富集;试样抗剪强度随易溶盐含量的增加而提高,随含水率的增加而降低;不同易溶盐及含水率条件下,抗剪强度参数黏聚力变化范围为4.2～57.1 kPa,内摩擦角变化范围为23.1°～33.5°,黏聚力对易溶盐及含水率的变化更敏感。     

Measurement of near surface soil water content using a capacitance probe

The portable surface capacitance insertion probe was used to measure the in situ water content of near surface soil layers. The probe readings were calibrated against gravimetric samples collected over a wide range of water contents, and were found to be very closely correlated. The capacitance probe was used repeatedly in time and space at a field site where ridges and furrows ensured a regular pattern of soil water variations. The observed spatial variations of the water content were related to topography and land mangement. The degree of variability was dependent on the average water content.     

Experimental study of loess disintegration characteristics

Loess structures with large joints and fissures often undergo natural disintegration when subjected to contact with water. The slaking of loess results in the formation of loess gullies, caves, and landslides. To study the disintegration properties and the factors influencing them, we carried out field and laboratory tests. First, we carried out an in situ disintegration test using different sample shapes obtained from Heifangtai and analysed the effect of soil sample shape on loess disintegration. We then developed an improved disintegrator and tested the effect of different factors on the disintegration of loess. The effects of water content, salinity, and composition on disintegration are discussed. The results show that the loess disintegration process can be divided into three broad stages – wetting, softening, and subsidence – the disintegration is mainly concentrated in the third stage, while the first two stages are short and show very weak disintegration. The main factors influencing the disintegration of loess samples are shape, size, and clay mineral content. During the in situ disintegration test, the edge angles of soil samples are disintegrated, to soften all their edges. Disintegration duration increases with increasing sample size, but the extent of disintegration was found to decrease. Disintegration duration is inversely proportional to the loess disintegration rate. The loess disintegration rate is positively correlated with water temperature within a certain range; however, the reverse is observed with soil sample size and initial water content, and salinity was found to have little effect on the disintegration rate. Higher clay content of cohesive soil and weaker permeability leads to a slower disintegration rate. Additionally, lower cementation may easily cause loess disintegration. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新疆泥火山发育区场地震陷灾害机理探讨

粒度组分是影响黄土震陷的重要因素之一。通过采集新疆艾其沟泥火山泥质碎屑喷出样品和泥火山发育区域出露的沉积剖面泥质碎屑样品,利用激光粒度分析测试的实验方法对样品进行粒度测试,分别对样品中值(Md)、均值(Mz)、标准偏差(σφ)、偏度(SK1)、峰度(KG)等粒度参数进行分析。研究结果显示:艾其沟泥火山泥质沉积物粒度组分中以粉粒为主,占56%左右,黏粒含量约为44%,粒度分布以偏众数,正偏态;周缘沉积剖面样品粒度组分以粉粒为主,占60%~70%左右,黏粒含量差异较大,部分地层沉积物中黏粒含量在15%~20%之间,极细粒含量占10%,粒度特征与天山黄土类型相似。黄土内黏粒含量影响其抗震陷性,含黏粒黄土抗震陷性能随黏粒含量的增加而增加。经泥火山沉积改造后的沉积粒度表现为黏粒组分显著增多,因此泥火山活动对沉积物的改造将粉质黄土逐渐向黏质黄土过渡,而黏质黄土的稳定性较高,从而提高了沉积物的抗震陷性能,但是黄土抗震陷性受多因素影响,定量分析泥火山活动对场地地震陷灾害的影响还需要进一步研究。