基于统计特征参数的叠前地震随机反演方法研究（英文）

常规的地震随机反演方法一般用变差函数表征地下地层的空间结构信息,但是变差函数很难有效表征实际复杂地层的非均质特性。本文利用多参数的思想充分发掘已知地震和测井资料中蕴含的地下地层信息,利用多个统计特征参数更全面地描述地下复杂储层的空间结构特征,并与地震随机反演相结合,提出了基于统计特征参数先验信息的叠前地震随机反演方法。该方法基于随机介质理论从已知的地震和测井资料中求取多个统计特征参数,选取符合实际地质特征的椭圆自相关函数,构建满足地层空间结构特征的先验信息模型,并将多参数约束融入似然函数中构建目标函数,用非常快速量子退火算法进行优化更新,实现目标函数的求解得到最终的反演结果。由模型试算可知,相比于传统的先验模型构建方法,本文基于多个参数构建的先验模型包含更丰富的地层信息,能更好地实现对地下复杂储层的描述。实际资料分析表明,基于统计特征参数先验信息的随机反演方法能够有效地进行地下复杂储层的地球物理预测,且具有较高的分辨率。     

异常地层压力声波衰减分析及地层压力地震数据外推反演

澳大利亚西北大陆架卡拉汶盆地含有丰富的油气资源, 但其地质条件复杂, 普遍存在异常地层高压分布,特别是该区区域盖层-中深层巨厚的Muderong页岩层内存在局部异常高压带,给石油钻井带来巨大困难.本文根据卡拉汶盆地北部地区10余口井的实测地层压力资料、声波测井数据和联井地震剖面, 研究该页岩层内异常压力千赫兹尺度声波响应的衰减特征,及其与地层有效压力之间的关联计算模型.通过联井地震数据的井-震相关性分析进行井-震过渡,研究井旁地震数据在异常高压带的衰减特征,及其与地层有效压力之间的关联计算模型,从而实现井震资料联合进行地层压力地震外推反演.研究表明,Muderong页岩层地层有效压力与井中声波速度/阻抗品质因子和井旁地震阻抗品质因子具有良好的正向相关性,根据二者交汇数据拟合经验公式反算得到的各井有效压力结果基本反映出实测有效压力曲线的变化特征.卡拉汶盆地北部地区地震数据具有良好的井-震相关性,地震资料品质相对可靠,确保了声-压相关分析的井-震过渡.最后,通过地震阻抗品质因子与地层有效压力之间的关联计算模型,进行该区异常地层压力地震外推反演,预测结果与钻井证实的异常压力分布特征基本符合.本研究为卡拉汶盆地中深部区域盖层局部异常高压带的地层压力外推反演提供了一种有效途径.     

伽马拟声波分频重构反演在储层预测中的应用

在地质和地震资料研究基础上,通过岩心、录井和测井分析,探索不同频率尺度测井曲线的储层意义,优选研究区内钻穿古近系底砂岩段砂泥薄互层储层5口探井的储层敏感曲线.在曲线预处理、标准化和敏感性分析的前提下,利用曲线分频拟合,对储层敏感曲线和声波曲线做小波多尺度分解,提取反映薄互层储层岩性变化的中频中尺度伽马曲线和反映地层速度的低频大尺度声波曲线.利用统计模型信息融合构建具有声波量纲的拟声波曲线.在地质研究和沉积演化模式的指导下,运用井约束反演的方法补充地震资料的高频和低频信息,提高地震资料的质量,预测有利储层分布.研究表明,伽马拟声波分频重构反演能有效的提高地震资料的纵向和横向分辨率,刻画复杂地质条件下的薄层储层分布.     

面向油藏开发地质问题的精细储层反演研究

垦71开发区块的主要产油层系为新近系的馆陶组河流相和古近系的东营组三角洲相地层,具有被断层复杂化的多油水系统。该区井网密集,储层厚度薄,横向关系复杂,储层与非储层速度差异小,后续开发方案调整所要求的精细储层描述难度较大。本文展示了以精细储层描述为目标的地震约束反演实例,利用多井地震、地质标定,结合三维构造解释成果,建立三维多断层精细约束地质模型。在此基础上,采用随机地震反演方法,进行了波阻抗、岩性等多种地层参数反演,较好地解决了该区薄互层储层精细描述问题,证实了精细储层反演技术在油田开发中的重要作用。     

Detailed reservoir inversion addressing geological problems in reservoir development

垦71开发区块的主要产油层系为新近系的馆陶组河流相和古近系的东营组三角洲相地层,具有被断层复杂化的多油水系统。该区井网密集,储层厚度薄,横向关系复杂,储层与非储层速度差异小,后续开发方案调整所要求的精细储层描述难度较大。本文展示了以精细储层描述为目标的地震约束反演实例,利用多井地震、地质标定,结合三维构造解释成果,建立三维多断层精细约束地质模型。在此基础上,采用随机地震反演方法,进行了波阻抗、岩性等多种地层参数反演,较好地解决了该区薄互层储层精细描述问题,证实了精细储层反演技术在油田开发中的重要作用。     

地震资料约束下大地电磁资料反演

应用地震资料约束下大地电磁资料反演古潜山或基底内部结构的新方法. 首先利用地震及井资料,反演得到古潜山或基底之上各层的厚度及电阻率,建立了古潜山或基底以上的地电模型;并利用大地电磁一维反演资料,建立了古潜山或基底及其以下的地电模型. 在初始模型建立的基础上,应用高效快速的二维大地电磁正演算法——模式匹配方法,进行正演计算. 利用共扼梯度迭代方法,进行正反演迭代计算. 通过对胜利油田南北618剖面反演, 基底以下在地震资料没有显示的构造信息,在反演结果中得到了较好地反映.      

等时地层模型控制下的砂砾岩体岩相预测

砂砾岩体是陆相断陷湖盆陡坡带广泛发育的岩性类型,亦是东营凹陷最重要的一种增储上产储层类型.地质上,该类沉积储层非均质性强,不同相带储层物性差异大,油气分布相控特征明显;地震上,砂砾岩体内幕反射杂乱、空白,成层性差,空间上识别可靠的等时地层界面困难,导致后期有利相带、储层描述精度低,失去了沉积学理论基础和方法支持.本次研究创新在井震频谱分析、Fischer曲线和耦合系数三因子联合井震标定基础上,探索形成了EMD地震层序格架约束下的基于价值函数的等时地层模型建立方法,客观快速的建立了研究区三维相对地质年代模型,极大提高了砂砾岩体层序划分精度,并在该模型约束下通过门槛值约束敏感属性融合法对影响砂砾岩体非均质性的岩相进行了预测,实现了油气优势相带精细刻画,有效指导了砂砾岩体井位部署及后期开发方案编制.     

利用地层空间的相对稳定性、井资料、地震资料模拟高分辨率波阻抗资料

由于地震资料是带限的,而井资料约束反演过程中的地震反演频带的展宽也是有一定限度的,使得反演地震波阻抗也是带限的。如何进一步拓宽反演地震波阻抗的频带宽度,提高地震资料的分辨率是文中研究的内容。利用井约束下的地震反演波阻抗资料、地震资料及井资料,借鉴地质模拟技术,研究如何利用地层的空间相对稳定性特征,通过相关函数的分析,估计反演更高分辨率的地震波阻抗资料。考虑到地质体空间的相关性及分辨率,相关半径取相关函数从最大点到第1个极值点的范围。在目标函数的计算过程中,既考虑当前计算点的权系数信息,又考虑井外推时的权系数信息,这样使计算结果更加稳定可靠。通过综合模拟计算,能够识别较小砂体     

浅层结构不确定性对广角地震走时正演模拟结果的影响——以西沙地块OBS2011-1测线为例

海洋地球物理勘探中常使用多道地震数据建立浅部地层模型,结合海底地震仪广角地震数据进行射线追踪和走时反演求取地层速度特征.受采集环境和成本限制,部分海底地震仪测线缺少同步采集的多道地震数据,建立的初始模型其浅层结构有较大不确定性,可能会对正演模拟结果造成严重影响.本研究针对海底地震仪广角地震走时模拟中浅部结构的不确定性因素,使用RayInvr软件构建了理论模型和走时数据体,分析讨论了初始模型沉积层厚度与速度变化对正演模拟结果的影响.之后进行实测数据处理,在MCS2019-3测线数据的约束下建立初始模型,对OBS2011-1测线震相重新进行了走时拟合,将得到的模型结果与先前结果进行对比,得到以下结论:沉积层厚度及速度不确定性对走时模拟结果的浅部结构影响较大,深部结构影响较小;使用错误的速度与基底深度组合来拟合沉积层反射震相PsP,会使台站下方的地壳和地幔折射震相Pg和Pn,以及莫霍面反射震相PmP都出现走时小起伏,走时提前对应沉积层速度与厚度偏大,走时延后对应沉积层速度与厚度偏小;PsP震相缺失时,不同的速度-深度组合都可以很好地拟合震相,但会增加结果的不确定性.     

稀疏约束反褶积方法实验分析与应用研究(英文)

稀疏条件约束下的反褶积方法突破了地震资料有效频带的限制,能够获得较常规反褶积方法更高的分辨率。但这类反褶积方法存在较强的多解性,且对于弱反射有压制作用。柯西约束、修正柯西约束和Huber约束是稀疏反褶积方法常用的约束准则,本文利用模型数据对不同约束准则条件下稀疏约束反褶积恢复反射系数和保护弱反射的能力进行了实验分析。实验结果表明,稀疏约束反褶积的效果取决于约束准则与反射系数概率分布特征的一致程度,修正柯西约束较其它约束准则能够更好地保护弱反射信号。在模型实验的基础上,利用测井数据对碎屑岩地层和碳酸盐岩地层的反射系数概率分布特征进行了统计分析,采用修正柯西约束反褶积方法对实际地震资料进行了实验处理,较大幅度地提高了地震数据分辨率。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.