土-箱形基石础-框架结构相互作用的顶部小幅激振试验研究

设计并完成了野外大比例(1:2)土-箱形基础-框架结构相互作用系统顶部小幅激振试验.通过改变上部结构质量和基础侧限埋深,激振试验得到了同一基础不同上部结构质量与同一上部结构不同基础侧限埋深等5种工况下相互作用对系统自振频率及箱形基础阻抗函数的影响.由试验结果分析可知,当上部结构质量增加时,上部结构与土体间的相对刚度降低,相互作用对系统自振频率的影响减弱;同时由于上部结构和基础间惯性相互作用的影响,基础阻抗函数随上部结构质量的增加而增加.随着基础侧限埋深的减小,基础刚度降低,相互作用体现得更加明显.与理论结果相比,无侧限埋深基础的平动和转动基础阻抗值和理论值吻合较好.由于基础侧边回填土剪切模量小于基础底部土体剪切模量,所以同理论值相比试验得到的基础侧限埋深对基础阻抗影响系数相对较小.     

隔震板柱结构-基础-地基相互作用地震反应分析

对广州地区一例地基-基础-隔震板柱结构动力相互作用体系进行了计算分析.通过与常规设计方法及非隔震体系的比较,研究了该体系地震反应的变化规律,并分析了阻尼比、地基土特性、基础刚度、基础型式、基础埋深、土体深度、上部结构刚度和地震波等因素对相互作用体系动力特性及地震反应的影响.     

考虑水-桩-土相互作用的单桩式海上风机结构系统自振频率解析解

海上风机结构系统频率是海上风机结构和基础设计考虑的关键因素之一,桩-土相互作用对海上风机结构系统频率影响显著。基于欧拉-伯努利梁理论和传递矩阵方法,考虑水-桩-土相互作用及塔筒变截面特性,建立单桩式海上风机结构系统横向振动自振频率特征方程;将桩-水相互作用等效为附加质量、桩-土相互作用等效为线性弹簧,变截面塔筒等效为多段均匀梁,利用MATLAB中fsolve函数求解固有频率。通过与有限元分析结果进行对比,验证本文方法精度与有效性,并将本文方法应用于实际工程中,研究桩基础埋深、上部质量、转动惯量和桩-水相互作用对单桩式海上风机结构系统自振频率的影响。     

考虑土-结构相互作用的高层建筑抗震分析

本文采用通用有限元程序ANSYS,针对上海地区一例土-箱基-高层建筑结构进行了三维有限元分析,计算中土体的本构模型采用等效线性模型,利用粘一弹性人工边界作为土体的侧向边界,并研究了土体边界位置、土性、基础埋深、基础形式以及上部结构刚度等参数对动力相互作用体系动力特性及地震反应的影响。     

分层土-基础-高层框架结构相互作用体系振动台模型试验研究

本文设计实现了分层土－基础－高层框架结构相互作用体系的振动台模型试验，再现了地震动激励下上部结构和基础的震害现象和砂质粉土的液化现象。通过试验，研究了相互作用体系地震动反应的主要规律：由于动力相互作用的影响，软土地基中相互作用体系的频率小于不考虑结构－地基相互作用的结构频率，而阻尼比则大于结构材料阻尼比；体系的振型曲线与刚性地基上结构的振型曲线明显不同，基础处存在平动和转动。土层传递振动的放大或减振作用与土层性质、激励大小等因素有关，砂土层一般起放大作用，砂质粉土层一般起减振隔振作用；由于土体的隔震作用，上部结构接受的振动能量较小，各层反应均较小。上部结构顶层加速度反应组成取决于基础转动刚度、平动刚度和上部结构刚度的相对大小。     

不同底面积与埋深的结构-土体系地震反应分析

对结构-土相互作用体系中结构基础底面积和结构基础埋深对体系地震反应的影响进行了研究.基于有限元分析方法建立了结构-土相互作用三维计算模型,通过改变结构底面积及基础埋深在不同地震动下进行了地震反应分析.结果表明,考虑相互作用时,在同一种地震动作用下,结构顶层总位移及基础转动随着结构底面积的增大而明显减小,上部结构本身位移在总位移中所占比例随着底面积的增加而增大;底面积相同,结构顶层总位移及基础转动均随着埋置深度的增大而减小,上部结构本身位移在总位移中所占比例随着埋置深度的增加而增大.比较不同特性的地震动,不同底面积及埋深结构顶层总位移、基础转动、基础平动和结构自身位移的变化规律趋势相同.     

风荷载作用下的土-结构动力特性分析

结构的动力特性直接影响到动力荷载的作用效应。动力特性分析中,土体的影响不可忽视。与地震荷载不同,动风荷载自结构向土体传播,土体的惯性力可以忽略。无质量地基法可以满足针对风荷载的土-结构动力分析的要求。本文首先推导土-结构动力相互作用的运动方程,在此基础上,以剪力墙箱型基础结构为基本分析对象,确定有限地基域的范围,分析土-结构整体动力特性。认为：足够的基础埋深,可以有效控制建筑物的摆动;为控制建筑物的动力特性,可以采取措施适当使地基土增加一定的刚度;如何在上部结构的质量和刚度之间建立对应关系以控制土-结构系统的动力特性,有待进一步研究。     

水平向不均匀土对箱基动力阻抗的影响

采用薄层元素法和有限单元法,建立了地基-箱形基础动力相互作用的三维分析模型,该模型可考虑箱形基础周围土的不均匀性影响.利用该模型,分析了水平方向不均匀土对箱形基础的水平和摇摆阻抗的影响.分析了水平方向不均匀土的厚度、剪切弹性模量以及材料阻尼比的影响.分析结果表明:水平方向不均匀土使得箱形基础的各种阻抗均降低,特别是阻抗的虚部.水平方向不均匀土对摇摆阻抗的影响较大.水平方向不均匀土的剪切弹性模量的影响较大而其材料阻尼的影响较小.随着水平方向不均匀土的厚度的增加和基础埋深的增加,其影响增大.     

土-结构动力相互作用结构自振周期的研究

土与结构动力相互作用(简称SSI)存在于大多数的建筑物,在普通结构设计中,并没有考虑SSI,这和缺少一种简单有效的计算方法有关.通过调整结构的自振周期,可以很好地考虑SSI,实际情况是,一般的计算方法都偏于保守,计算结果与实测结果的误差离散性比较大.土是非线性很强的材料,结构振动过大,土容易进入非线性状态,使得计算变得复杂.找出由于土的非线性导致结构自振周期的增大的规律,对于实际工程很有意义.本文通过对刚性基础与土槽中柔性地基上的钢框架模型进行激振,分别测得上部结构在不同刚度以及不同激振加速度时的结构自振周期.并根据实验结果,拟合结构自振周期与激振加速度、上部结构与地基相对刚度比的关系.通过拟合后的公式对两个文献中的试验模型的自振周期进行计算,结果显示,本文拟合的公式能很好的考虑土的非线性,有效地减少简化模型计算与实测的差别.     

三层轻木-混凝土混合结构足尺模型模拟地震振动台试验研究

轻型木结构在地震作用下的性能已有了一定的研究基础,但轻木混合结构的抗震性能研究尚未得到充分认识。本文重点介绍了首次进行的3层轻木-混凝土混合结构振动台试验,试验房屋下部一层为钢筋混凝土框架结构,上部二层为对称轻型木结构,模型平面尺寸为6.1m×3.7m。对5个上下抗侧刚度比不同的足尺模型,采用3种地震动沿房屋纵向激振,峰值加速度依次为0.1g~0.5g。每次激振后测定房屋自振频率及对应的阻尼,各层加速度和水平位移,木结构底部与混凝土结构顶部之间竖向相对位移以及螺栓锚固力等。试验结果表明:(1)轻木-混凝土混合结构具有良好的抗震性能;(2)上部木结构与底层混凝土结构间连接可靠;(3)5个模型的振动均以第1振型为主,但对于刚度比大的模型,下部混凝土结构的2阶振动较明显;(4)刚度比大的模型其地震反应小于刚度比小的模型。     

Investigation of seismic behavior of fluid–rectangular tank–soil/foundation systems in frequency domain

Main purpose of this study is to evaluate the dynamic behavior of fluid–rectangular tank–soil/foundation system with a simple and fast seismic analysis procedure. In this procedure, interaction effects are presented by Housner's two mass approximations for fluid and the cone model for soil/foundation system. This approach can determine; displacement at the height of the impulsive mass, the sloshing displacement and base forces for the soil/foundation system conditions including embedment and incompressible soil cases. Models and equations for proposed method were briefly explained for different tank–soil/foundation system combinations. By means of changing soil/foundation conditions, some comparisons are made on base forces and sloshing responses for the cases of embedment and no embedment. The results showed that the displacements and base shear forces generally decreased, with decreasing soil stiffness. However, embedment, wall flexibility, and soil–structure interaction (SSI) did not considerably affect the sloshing displacement.     

Effects of the site dynamic characteristics on soil–structure interaction (I): Incident SH-Waves

In this paper, the role that the site dynamic characteristics play in soil–structure interaction is studied on a simple model in which the site is represented as a soil layer over bedrock (half-space), and using the indirect boundary-element method (IBEM). For the purpose of comparison with published analytical solutions, the structure is represented as a shear wall supported by a semi-circular rigid foundation, subjected to incident plane SH waves. The accuracy of the method is verified, numerical results are analyzed, and the model response is compared with earthquake observations at the Hollywood Storage Building. It is shown that the effects of dynamic soil–structure interaction may become more significant near the characteristic frequencies of the site, and that the resonance of the system shifts to lower frequencies. The thickness of the soil layer, the stiffness of the bedrock, and the mass and the stiffness of the superstructure all influence the values of the system frequencies and system amplitudes.     

Soil‐structure system frequency and damping: Estimation from eigenvalues and results for a 2D model in layered half‐space

This paper presents a formulation for estimation of the frequency and damping of a soil‐structure interaction system based on the classical modal analysis and solving the system eigenvalue problem. Without loss of generality, the structure is represented by a single degree of freedom oscillator, while the soil effects are included through impedance functions for in‐plane motion of a 2D rigid foundation. For the results presented in this paper, the impedance functions were computed by the indirect boundary element method for a rectangular foundation embedded in a soil layer over elastic bedrock. The study shows that the classical modal‐analysis approach works well, with the exception of squat, stiff structures, even though the impedance functions are frequency‐dependent and the soil‐structure interaction system does not possess normal modes. The study also shows that system frequency and damping are independent of the wave passage effects, contrary to findings of some previous studies, and that the site conditions, represented by the soil‐layer thickness and stiffness contrast between bedrock and soil layer, have significant influences on both system frequency and system damping. Finally, the paper examines the accuracy of some of the simple methods for estimation of these two system parameters and comments on some conflicting conclusions of previous studies about the effects of foundation embedment.     

Approximate soil–structure interaction analysis by a perturbation approach: The case of soft soils

An approximate solution of the classical eigenvalue problem governing the vibrations of a relatively stiff structure on a soft elastic soil is derived through the application of a perturbation analysis. The full solution is obtained as the sum of the solution for an unconstrained elastic structure and small perturbing terms related to the ratio of the stiffness of the soil to that of the superstructure. The procedure leads to approximate analytical expressions for the system frequencies, modal damping ratios and participation factors for all system modes that generalize those presented earlier for the case of stiff soils. The resulting approximate expressions for the system modal properties are validated by comparison with the corresponding quantities obtained by numerical solution of the eigenvalue problem for a nine-story building. The accuracy of the proposed approach and of the classical normal mode approach is assessed through comparison with the exact frequency response of the test structure.     

A new simplified approach for assessing nonlinear seismic response of plan-asymmetric structures considering soil-structure interaction

An innovative approximate method is presented to consider the plan asymmetry, nonlinear structural behaviour and soil-structure interaction (SSI) effects simultaneously. The proposed method so-called Flexible base 2DMPA (F2MPA) is an extension of 2 degrees of freedom modal pushover analysis (2DMPA) approach to consider foundation flexibility in seismic response analysis of plan asymmetric structures which itself were developed based on Uncoupled Modal Response History Analysis method for inelastic fixed-base asymmetric structures. In F2MPA for each mode shape using 2DMPA procedure, the elastic and inelastic properties of 2DOF modal systems corresponding to the fixed-base structure are initially derived. Then in each time step, displacements and inelastic restoring forces of the superstructure are computed from modal equations of the flexibly-supported structure. In each time step, the nonlinear secant stiffness matrix corresponding to the n-th MDOF modal equations of soil-structure system is updated using the corresponding modal 2DOF system of fixed-base structure. To update the transformed modal stiffness matrix of the SSI system, this matrix is partitioned and it is assumed that the non-linear variation of the superstructure can be estimated from the variation of modal stiffness matrix of the fixed-base structure. Accuracy of the proposed method was verified on an 8-story asymmetric-plan building under different seismic excitations. The results obtained from F2MPA method were compared with those obtained by nonlinear response history analysis of the asymmetric soil-structure system as a reference response. It was shown that the proposed approach could predict the results of the nonlinear time history analysis with a good accuracy. The main advantage of F2MPA is that this method is much less time-consuming and useful for the practical aims such as massive analysis of a nonlinear structure under different records with multiple intensity levels.     

Isolation of soil-structure interaction effects by full-scale forced vibration tests

Forced vibration tests designed to isolate the effects of soil-structure interaction are described and the results obtained for the nine-storey reinforced concrete Millikan Library Building are analysed. It is shown that it is possible to determine experimentally the fixed-base natural frequencies and modal damping ratios of the superstructure. These values may be significantly different from the resonant frequencies and damping ratios of the complete structure-foundation-soil system. It is also shown that forced vibration tests can be used to obtain estimates of the foundation impedance functions. In the case of the Millikan Library it is found that during forced vibration tests the rigid-body motion associated with translation and rocking of the base accounts for more than 30 per cent of the total response on the roof and that the deformation of the superstructure at the fundamental frequencies of the system is almost entirely due to the inertial forces generated by translation and rocking of the base.     

考虑SSI效应的层间隔震结构自振特性及随机响应分析

基于水平摇摆阻尼系统模型,建立土-层间隔震结构简化分析模型,将地基土等效到上部结构,推导得到简化模型动力特性参数表达式,并通过对结构周期比及振型参与位移进行分析,讨论质量比及土体剪切波速对层间隔震结构自振特性的影响规律。利用虚拟激励法及均匀调制非平稳随机响应分析方法,分别从时域和频域角度分析不同场地条件下SSI效应对层间隔震结构的振动响应影响。结果表明：在刚性地基下,结构质量比对结构周期比及振型参与位移的影响较小,SSI效应放大了各子结构响应,尤其对下部子结构响应影响最大,各子结构在场地土差异下变化明显,软土场地下各子结构响应变大。     

Systematic assessment of irregular building–soil interaction using efficient modal analysis

In this paper an efficient methodology applying modal analysis is developed to assess systematically the combined soil–structure interaction and torsional coupling effects on asymmetric buildings. This method is implemented in the frequency domain to accurately incorporate the frequency‐dependent foundation impedance functions. For extensively extracting the soil–structure interaction effects, a diagonal transfer matrix in the modal space is derived. A comprehensive investigation of asymmetric building–soil interaction can then be conveniently conducted by examining various types of response quantities. Results of parametric study show that the increasing height‐to‐base ratio of a structure generally amplifies its translational and torsional responses. Moreover, both the translational and torsional responses are reduced for the case where the two resonant frequencies are well separated and this reduction is enhanced with the decreasing values of the relative soil stiffness and the height‐to‐base ratio. The most noteworthy phenomenon may be the fact that the SSI effects can enlarge the translational response if the structure is slender and the two resonant frequencies are very close. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.