地理国情普查成果在海绵城市中的应用初探

分析比较了地理国情普查成果中相关属性特征和海绵城市建设中相关控制指标,为海绵城市建设提供了新的数据来源,同时也为地理国情普查成果应用拓展了思路,为城市建设的生态文明和可持续发展提供了新想法。     

天宝TX8三维激光扫描仪在立式金属罐容量计量中的应用

三维激光扫描仪为实现立式金属罐容量计量的高效率和高准确度提供了依据。本文通过分析天宝TX8三维激光扫描仪的工作原理,对150 m3立式金属罐容量计量的实测数据进行了建模分析。试验数据表明,天宝TX8在立式罐罐体容积测量方面与基本的容量传递法数据方面符合性较高,且更加全面、高效、直观。特别是它对采样数据的全面直观性可以拓展应用到罐体变形、应力分析建模等方面,并为拓展到其他异型罐相关容积值以及其他相关分析测量提供了可能。     

“多规合一”空间规划底图编制方法

实现空间性规划"多规合一"需要统一、标准的空间规划底图(地理信息数据库、技术规范等),可为划分城镇、农业、生态三类空间并准确划定边界提供基础数据,也可为相关规划的空间管制分区的细化提供技术支撑。为此,本文分析"多规合一"存在的空间基准、用地分类标准、规划底图、规划基础平台等主要技术问题,提出基于地理国情普查成果编制空间规划底图的方法,并进行黑龙江、海南"多规合一"试点应用,为相关工作提供参考。     

Java手机地图服务系统研究与实现

基于位置的服务（LBS）是指为移动设备的用户提供一系列个性化的与位置相关的服务。在分析了JSR-179规范的基础上,详细讨论了基于JSR-179规范的J2ME手机应用开发架构,并给出了J2ME手机地图服务系统的实现方法及相关程序代码。系统的实现为用户移动地、快速地提供地理信息获取支持。     

基于地理国情普查的生态环境动态监测方法研究

综合利用第一次全国地理国情普查数据、多时相遥感影像资料、基础地理信息数据,结合相关专题资料,利用空间分析、统计分析、地理相关分析等方法,开展水源地水域、植被、居民点、道路、点污染源及防治设施5个方面的专题分析,研究丹江口库区生态环境动态监测方法,为后续监测提供理论基础和技术指导;同时发挥地理国情普查成果的作用,为地理国情普查(监测)数据挖掘及信息服务应用积累经验。     

关于建立GNSS连续运行基准站网相关规范的思考

国内GNSS连续运行基准站网建设全面展开,很多省、市建成或正在建设基准站网,部分地区已经开始对社会提供服务。介绍基准站网建设情况和相关规范的现状,对站网进行分类,并就基准站网的建设、技术和服务的相关技术问题进行探讨和分析。     

遥感在查处违法建设中的应用研究

提出了一种将遥感影像用于查处城市违法建设的方法。本文根据遥感影像变化检测相关理论,对当前常用的遥感影像变化检测方法进行了对比和分析。通过实验验证,本文结合城市建筑物目标变化状况和相关信息,为查处违法建设提供快速、精确、有效的方法。     

广州市农业地理信息系统的设计与应用开发

将GIS技术应用于农业中, 实现Internet上农业相关资源信息的分析、决策、监测与展示,本文给出了系统的设计与特色,为GIS的农业应用提供了实际参考.     

地面沉降信息管理系统中的空间分析功能

城市地面沉降信息管理系统的空间分析模块是系统的核心内容之一,可以对相关资料进行定量计算和分析,并对地面沉降进行预测,为有关部门决策提供参考。介绍系统中采用的空间分析方法的原理、数学模型及其使用方法。     

一种可用于GNSS干扰分析的FDR计算方法

针对目前电磁兼容分析领域中频率相关抑制(FDR)计算偏理论化、计算精确度不足和可操作性不强的特点,引入一种基于高斯勒让德积分算法的FDR计算方法并介绍其相关软件的使用方法,该软件与目前常用的计算方法相比,具有计算精度高、操作简易、实用性强等特点,采用典型案例分析对方法进行了说明,可为无线电管理人员在开展全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)干扰分析工作提供有效辅助支撑.      

北斗在地壳形变监测中的应用进展

北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)于2020年建成并开始向全球提供服务。如何提高其在防灾减灾领域的应用是目前关注的焦点。本文梳理了国内外采用BDS数据开展地壳形变(包括同震和震间形变获取)研究的现状,总结了BDS数据的定位精度,归纳出基于BDS数据的地壳形变监测需要进一步解决、有待拓展的关键问题:①扩展GNSS地壳形变监测的内涵,采用GPS与BDS双模或多模算法提高形变解算精度;②开展BDS实时形变监测在地质灾害早期识别中的应用;③开发、发布相关数据处理算法与软件系统,切实推进BDS在高精度地壳形变监测领域的应用。     

1999-2020年长江经济带(江苏段)生态环境变化监测及人类活动驱动分析

协调区域城镇化与生态环境保护之间的关系,是推动我国长江经济带可持续发展的核心问题之一。针对现有研究中,生态环境变化与人类活动驱动之间的响应关系缺少时空对应的数据支持、影响过程不明的问题,本文充分利用多源卫星遥感技术在处理和提取时空信息上的优势,以长江经济带江苏段沿江县区为例,利用1999-2000年、2009-2010年和2019-2020年3期Landsat系列遥感影像,通过RSEI模型定量分析研究区1999-2020年间区域生态环境时空变化规律,并引入人工不透水面（IS）及夜景灯光（NTL）等时空信息指标,定义各县区IS面积占比和IS区域NTL辐亮度均值,用于定量探究不同区域、不同强度下人类活动（城镇化）对生态环境的影响。研究结果表明：①1999-2020年间,江苏省沿江各区县城镇化区域及其周边区域生态环境质量下降趋势明显。其中,2000-2009年间,研究区各县区IS区域面积快速增加,导致其区域生态环境质量明显下降。而2010-2020年间,部分城镇化区域绿化面积增加,促使其区域生态环境质量缓慢提升。②研究区各县区IS面积占比与其RSEI均值呈现明显函数负相关性,而IS区域NTL辐亮度均值与其RSEI均值的函数负相关性相对减弱,尤其是IS面积占比超0.3的县区,城镇化与生态环境交互耦合关系复杂性增强,其详细函数模型需进一步研究。     

Evaluating the performance of high-resolution satellite imagery in detecting ephemeral water bodies over West Africa

Pastoralism is a major occupation in Africa’s Sahel region, which spans from Senegal in the west to Ethiopia in the east and has a semi-arid climate. Pastoralists from the region are usually nomadic, moving regularly in search of water and pasture, often for hundreds of kilometers. Traditionally, pastoralists have relied on historical knowledge and transhumance pathways to reach the water bodies (WB). Due to climatic conditions, a vast majority of the WBs in this region are small, sporadic, and ephemeral, therefore there is a need to map and frequently monitor water availability. Remote sensing observations can be used to complement current monitoring efforts. High-resolution near-daily imagery from the recently launched PlanetScope (PS) constellation of small satellites has the potential to complement the existing medium-resolution and infrequent but well established and extensively calibrated sensors like Landsat. The aim of this study is to investigate the performance and applicability of high-resolution PS data to detect and monitor WBs in the Ferlo region of West Africa, in comparison to Landsat-8 imagery. The results indicate that for cloud-free days, PS data was comparable (r >0.88; ubRMSE <0.01) to Landsat, but due to inadequate cloud masking, the results were poor for cloudy days (r < 0.49 and ubRMSE>0.058). The PS images were able to detect nearly 95% of the WBs, whereas Landsat was able to identify only 32% at the water fraction threshold >40%. Initial results from this study show that the high spatial and temporal resolution PS datasets show promise in monitoring WBs in arid regions of West Africa.     

Using hyperspectral reflectance data to assess biocontrol damage of giant salvinia

Field hyperspectral reflectance data were studied at 50 wavebands (10-nm bandwidth) over the 400- to 900-nm spectral range to determine their potential for distinguishing among giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta Mitchell) plants subjected to four population levels of salvinia weevils (Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands) to develop feeding damage to the plants. The four populations included a control with no insects and those with low, medium and high insect populations. The plants were studied in two experiments on each of two dates: 14 October 2010 and 21 July 2011. Two procedures were used to determine the optimum bands for discriminating among treatments: least significant difference (LSD) and stepwise discriminant analysis. The LSD comparison test results for both October and July experiments showed that generally the best bands for separating among treatments occurred in the green (505–595 nm), red (605–635 nm), red-near-infrared (NIR; 695–745 nm) edge and NIR (755–895 nm) regions where three to four treatments could be distinguished. Stepwise discriminant analysis identified four bands in the green, red and red-NIR edge to be significant to discriminate among the four treatments in Experiment 1 in October. For Experiment 2 in October, discriminant analysis identified five bands in the blue, green, red and NIR regions to be significant for distinguishing among the treatments. In Experiment 1 in July, five bands in the blue, green, red-NIR edge and NIR regions were found to be significant to discriminate among the treatments. For Experiment 2 in July, discriminant analysis identified four bands in the blue, green and red-NIR edge regions to be significant to discriminate among the treatments.     

Integrating Sketch Maps with GIS to Explore Fear of Crime in the Urban Environment: A Review of the Past and Prospects for the Future

Understanding the spatial dimension of fear of crime in the urban environment is important to understanding behaviors in response to this concern. Making this connection between perception and action has long been a goal of scholars in the social and health sciences, though this complex relationship has yet to be fully elucidated. Specifically, in studies on fear of crime and its influence on behavior, a variety of definitions and methods have been employed. This situation has yielded insights, as well as inconsistencies. In the past decade, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has been added to this methodological mix, though it too has contributed limited understanding of the environmental perception-behavior nexus. During this time, some scholars have integrated a traditional technique for accessing environmental perception, the sketch map, with this newer technology. This article provides a review and critical assessment of the way GIS has been used to understand fear of crime, specifically through the integration of sketch maps. This focus is framed by an overview of substantive and methodological concerns and concludes with a discussion of continued research needs. As behavioral responses to fear of crime are acknowledged to impact physical and mental health and overall well-being, in addition to the viability of neighborhoods, research in this area will continue apace. However, for integration of sketch maps in GIS to be a valuable methodological contributor to this line of inquiry, users of the approach must understand its complexities. This article outlines these issues so that they may be considered in future research and may improve the ability for this approach to yield new understanding of fear of crime.     

地图可视化系统中图标设计研究

图标是地图可视化系统一个重要组成部分,图标设计是实现用户和地图可视化系统交互的关键环节,但对这一情况目前地图学界还没有给予足够的重视。文中阐述了图标在普通软件中的应用、作用以及用户如何去认知图标,并对地图可视化系统中图标设计常见的问题进行了分析,提出了地图可视化系统中图标设计的一般原则,并给出了图标设计实现的一个实例。     

Detecting the changes in rural communities in Taiwan by applying multiphase segmentation on FORMOSA-2 satellite imagery

Agricultural activities mainly occur in rural areas; recently, ecological conservation and biological diversity are being emphasized in rural communities to promote sustainable development for rural communities, especially for rural communities in Taiwan. Therefore, since 2005, many rural communities in Taiwan have compiled their own development strategies in order to create their own unique characteristics to attract people to visit and stay in rural communities. By implementing these strategies, young people can stay in their own rural communities and the rural communities are rejuvenated. However, some rural communities introduce artificial construction into the community such that the ecological and biological environments are significantly degraded. The strategies need to be efficiently monitored because up to 67 rural communities have proposed rejuvenation projects. In 2015, up to 440 rural communities were estimated to be involved in rural community rejuvenations. How to monitor the changes occurring in those rural communities participating in rural community rejuvenation such that ecological conservation and ecological diversity can be satisfied is an important issue in rural community management. Remote sensing provides an efficient and rapid method to achieve this issue. Segmentation plays a fundamental role in human perception. In this respect, segmentation can be used as the process of transforming the collection of pixels of an image into a group of regions or objects with meaning. This paper proposed an algorithm based on the multiphase approach to segment the normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI, of the rural communities into several sub-regions, and to have the NDVI distribution in each sub-region be homogeneous. Those regions whose values of NDVI are close will be merged into the same class. In doing so, a complex NDVI map can be simplified into two groups: the high and low values of NDVI. The class with low NDVI values corresponds to those regions containing roads, buildings, and other manmade construction works and the class with high values of NDVI indicates that those regions contain vegetation in good health. In order to verify the processed results, the regional boundaries were extracted and laid down on the given images to check whether the extracted boundaries were laid down on buildings, roads, or other artificial constructions. In addition to the proposed approach, another approach called statistical region merging was employed by grouping sets of pixels with homogeneous properties such that those sets are iteratively grown by combining smaller regions or pixels. In doing so, the segmented NDVI map can be generated. By comparing the areas of the merged classes in different years, the changes occurring in the rural communities of Taiwan can be detected. The satellite imagery of FORMOSA-2 with 2-m ground resolution is employed to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach. The satellite imagery of two rural communities (Jhumen and Taomi communities) is chosen to evaluate environmental changes between 2005 and 2010. The change maps of 2005–2010 show that a high density of green on a patch of land is increased by 19.62 ha in Jhumen community and conversely a similar patch of land is significantly decreased by 236.59 ha in Taomi community. Furthermore, the change maps created by another image segmentation method called statistical region merging generate similar processed results to multiphase segmentation.     

Characterization and spatial modeling of urban sprawl in the Wuhan Metropolitan Area,China

Urban sprawl has led to environmental problems and large losses of arable land in China. In this study, we monitor and model urban sprawl by means of a combination of remote sensing, geographical information system and spatial statistics. We use time-series data to explore the potential socio-economic driving forces behind urban sprawl, and spatial models in different scenarios to explore the spatio-temporal interactions. The methodology is applied to the city of Wuhan, China, for the period from 1990 to 2013. The results reveal that the built-up land has expanded and has dispersed in urban clusters. Population growth, and economic and transportation development are still the main causes of urban sprawl; however, when they have developed to certain levels, the area affected by construction in urban areas (Jian Cheng Qu (JCQ)) and the area of cultivated land (ACL) tend to be stable. Spatial regression models are shown to be superior to the traditional models. The interaction among districts with the same administrative status is stronger than if one of those neighbors is in the city center and the other in the suburban area. The expansion of urban built-up land is driven by the socio-economic development at the same period, and greatly influenced by its spatio-temporal neighbors. We conclude that the integration of remote sensing, a geographical information system, and spatial statistics offers an excellent opportunity to explore the spatio-temporal variation and interactions among the districts in the sprawling metropolitan areas. Relevant regulations to control the urban sprawl process are suggested accordingly.     

MapGIS与AutoCAD数据转换浅析

随着MapGIS在地勘工作中的广泛运用,MapGIS 6.5数据与AutoCAD 2004数据的相互转换,成为地勘成果数字化工作中的重要一环,实现了数据资源的共享。本文针对MapGIS 6.5系统与AutoCAD 2004系统两种软件,详细地介绍了二者之间的相互转换及注意事项。     

Retrieving Hierarchical Information from Maps: The Role of Metric and Configurational Variables

Abstract

One of the most important challenges for cartographers is to be able to transmit information appearing in maps in a simple manner to users. The commonest strategy to do so consists in displaying visual information in a hierarchical way, that is, making it some elements to appear as being more important than others. Nevertheless, recent research has shown that people also pay attention to configurational information, or information about relationships among elements appearing in a map, to retrieve hierarchical information of it. This is the topic of this paper. It aims to investigate the role of metric and configurational information in enabling people to retrieve hierarchical information from maps. The main problem consisted in identifying ‘the main street’ of different layouts whose paths were sometimes widened to make them appear more important. The main findings show that people retrieved hierarchical information by paying attention to a combination of metric and configurational factors.

One of the main challenges that cartographers face is to transmit information in a way that is simple to understand for everyone. The most frequent strategy for this is to display the information in a hierarchical way; that is, by exaggerating the size or width of specific elements and thus assigning them a greater degree of importance. Nevertheless, recent research has shown that when reading maps, people also read configurational information. This is the topic of this paper. It aims to investigate the role of metric and configurational information in enabling people to retrieve hierarchical information from maps. For this, a set of exercises was designed and carried out where people were asked to identify the main street of different specially designed layouts. The main findings show that people retrieved hierarchical information by paying attention to a combination of metric and configurational factors.