广西思旺地区水系沉积物(土壤)地球化学特征及找矿方向

广西思旺地区位于钦杭成矿带西南端大瑶山金多金属成矿带上,1∶50 000水系沉积物测量成果表明该区Au、Ag、As、Hg、Sb、Pb、Cu、Sn、Mo、Bi等元素含量明显高于全国水系沉积物元素含量水平,Au、Ag、As、Pb、Cu、Sn、Bi、Mo等元素高于广西区背景含量;异常元素主要沿凭祥―大黎深大断裂两侧呈近EW和NE向带状展布。主要异常区均分布在凭祥―大黎深大断裂与近SN向断裂交汇处。根据异常特征与成矿地质条件,圈定了5个找矿远景区,为该区下一步找矿工作指明了方向。     

青海迪恰地区水系沉积物测量地球化学特征及找矿方向

对青海迪恰地区1/5万水系沉积物测量结果进行初步分析,发现迪恰区以Au、Ag、Sb元素异常为主,伴有As、Hg、Bi、Cd、Cu、Sn等多元素组合异常,其形态主要受NW和近东西向断裂构造控制。对元素分布特征,相关性分析,因子分析,异常展布特征进行了探讨,认为Au、Ag、Sb为区内具有一定找矿潜力的元素,进而优选出滑日以金找矿远景区,龙特金锑多金属找矿远景区,鲁干隆哇银砷多金属找矿远景区。     

滇西北香格里拉翁水地区水系沉积物地球化学特征及找矿预测

翁水地区位于滇西北义敦岛弧南段,属于香格里拉弧斑岩型Cu-Mo-W成矿带,区内已发现大型休瓦促Mo-W矿床及多处金属矿床(点),具寻找Mo、 W、 Pb和Zn等多金属矿前景。1∶50 000水系沉积物地球化学测量成果显示,翁水地区Cu、 W、 Pb、 Zn、 Sn、 As、 Sb、 Bi、 Co和Ni等元素丰度显著高于西南三江成矿带水系沉积物背景值;元素异常明显受控于构造和岩性,Au元素主要富集在喇嘛亚组三段(T_3lm~3);W、Mo和Bi元素主要富集在二长花岗岩;Pb, Zn元素主要富集在图姆沟组二段(T_3t~2)。综合研究区元素异常特征、成矿地质条件及异常查证结果,圈定29处地球化学综合异常,优选2处找矿预测区,即休瓦促Mo-W A级找矿预测区和磨莫亚Pb-Zn-Ag B级找矿预测区,为进一步找矿工作提供了勘查方向和重要参考。     

青海省纳日宗地区水系沉积物地球化学特征及找矿远景

纳日宗地区位于南祁连岩浆弧和宗务隆山—夏河—甘加裂谷的接触部位,该区及其周边已发现金属矿床(点)10余处,具有良好的金、铅、铜矿找矿前景。以该区1∶5万水系沉积物测量的16种元素含量数据为基础,统计分析了水系沉积物地球化学参数、元素相关性、成矿有利度系数等指标,总结了元素组合、富集贫化规律及其与地质背景、地质构造与成矿作用的关系。区内主要富集元素为Sn、Pb、Bi、As、Sb,成矿有利度系数高的元素有As、Pb、W、Au、Bi、Sb。结果显示,水系沉积物元素异常沿NW—NWW向断裂构造分布,初步认为构造发育地段具有较好的Au、Pb、W找矿潜力。依据单元素异常特征和成矿地质条件,圈定综合异常74处,划分出3个找矿远景区,指出了各找矿远景区的找矿方向。     

西秦岭常家山地区水系沉积物地球化学特征及其地质意义

西秦岭成矿带北亚带是重要的多金属成矿单元。为缩小找矿靶区,在常家山地区开展了1:2.5万水系沉积物测量工作,对采集到的1 141件样品中的Au、Ag、As、Sb、Bi、Cu、Pb、Zn、W、Mo 10种元素进行核密度估算等数理统计分析,结果显示它们的浓度高于全国水系和区域水系沉积物的平均值,表明研究区成矿潜力大。通过因子分析得到F1(Bi、Cu、Zn)、F2(Au、As、Sb)、F3(Ag、Pb)、F4(W、Mo)4个主因子。使用浓度-面积(C-A)分形模型得到各元素和因子的异常阈值,并利用克里金插值法得到相应的地球化学空间分布图;结合区域控矿因素和异常分布特征圈定出Hz1、Hz2、Hz3 3处综合异常,前缘晕、近矿晕和尾晕显示出自西北向东南分布的趋势。水系沉积物地球化学异常分析结果表明,区内构造控矿特征明显,北西方向的礼县—闾井断裂是常家山地区有利的找矿部位。     

老挝普老地区多金属矿地球化学异常特征及找矿前景

普老地区Pb、Zn、Sn多金属异常区位于老挝北部长山成矿带,1∶5万水系沉积物地球化学测量发现了以Pb、Sn为主,伴生Zn、Ag、W、Sb、Bi、As、Hg、Cu、Au等元素异常。1∶1万土壤地球化学测量圈定了3个综合异常带,Pb、Zn、Sn等元素具有异常强度高、规模大、浓集中心明显的特点,经异常检查发现铅锌、锡多金属矿化点13处。研究和分析异常区元素的地球化学分布和异常特征,认为该区多金属异常为矿致异常,具有寻找热液型铅锌、锡及多金属矿的潜力。     

青海格尔木红石山地区水系沉积物测量异常特征及优选找矿靶区

通过对红石山地区1∶2.5万水系沉积物资料处理,圈定了W、Sn、Bi、Au、As、Sb、Cu、Pb、Zn等异常,揭示了区内异常的分布特征,评价异常的找矿意义,划分了元素组合。结合地质成矿背景,依据化探综合异常及元素组合特征,确定钨、金、铜多金属的3个找矿远景区,其中优选1号综合异常为最佳钨、金找矿靶区。     

甘肃武都赵家庄地区水系沉积物地球化学特征及评价

赵家庄地区位于南秦岭加里东—印支褶皱带南缘,文县—康县—略阳断裂带北侧,属迭部—武都成矿带东段。笔者从区域地质背景和矿区地质特征入手,重点分析了赵家庄地区的水系沉积物金异常晕,表明该区水系沉积物晕分布与构造展布方向一致,金异常晕对地层的选择性明显;通过对水系沉积物测量中Au、Ag、As、Cu、Zn、Mo、Pb、W、Sb、Bi、Hg等11种元素指标进行R型聚类分析和相关性分析,得出Au和As的相关性最好,Mo与Zn、Bi与Pb相关性密切,Sb、Cu、Ag、相关性较好;而Hg与其它元素相关性不显著。区内可选用Au,As,Mo,Zn 4种元素做为代表性指标进行综合分析成矿预测。     

甘肃省夏河县甘加贡玛—阿姨山地区水系沉积物地球化学特征

夏河县地区位于中秦岭断褶带西段,观音大庄—力士山断裂带南侧、夏河—合作断裂带中部,属夏河—合作成矿带。通过开展1 ∶ ５万水系沉积物测量工作,并对异常进行查证解释,从区域地质背景和矿区地质特征入手,重点分析了甘加贡玛—阿姨山地区的水系沉积物金异常,表面该区水系沉积物异常分布与构造展布方向一致,金异常对地层的选择性明显;通过对水系沉积物测量中Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn、As 、Sb、Hg、Cr、Ni、Sn、W、Mo、Bi等14种元素分析结果进行R型聚类分析和相关性分析,得出区内可选用Au、Cu、Pb、Zn 4种元素作为主成矿元素进行成矿预测。     

河北省怀安县朱家洼矿区地球化学特征与找矿方向

河北怀安朱家洼矿区位于华北板块北缘中段太古宙、元古宙、中生代金银铅锌铁硫铁矿成矿带,为火山热液型金多金属矿。为查明该区成矿规律,明确找矿方向,在区内开展了水系沉积物测量、土壤地球化学测量等工作。通过对元素分布、元素相关性、元素异常等特征研究表明,Au、Mo为本区主成矿元素;各元素异常平面分布具有分带性,高温元素W、Sn、Bi异常位于骆驼山火山机构中心,中低温元素Pb、Zn、As、Ag等异常分布于火山机构边部及周边围岩中,成矿元素Au、Mo异常主要位于火山机构西侧围岩中。异常查证发现金钼矿化体2条,金钼矿化受火山机构和北西向构造带控制。依据成矿地质条件、地球化学异常及查证成果认为,朱家洼矿区Au、Mo成矿潜力大,火山机构西侧围岩区是该区重点找矿地段。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.