测井高分辨率层序地层对比在苏里格气田S井区盒8段中的应用

苏里格气田S井区单砂体的空间分布复杂,进一步高效开发气藏难度较大。基于S井区的区域地质、沉积相、测井、钻井、岩心资料,以Cross高分辨率层序地层学理论及其技术方法为指导,采用多级旋回层序划分方案,结合测井相分析技术,对苏里格气田S井区下的石盒子组盒8段,进行了高分辨率层序地层学及测井相研究。通过精细划分和对比,共识别出二个长期、四个中期和十一个短期基准面旋回层序,建立了区内高分辨率地层对比格架。上述沉积相划分和小层对比格架的建立,加深了对S井区砂体纵横向展布规律的认识,为合理制订下一步滚动勘探开发方案提供了地质依据。     

高分辨率层序地层学应用中的问题探析

高分辨率层序地层学自诞生以来, 由于其基本原理和分析技术的广泛适用性、可行性、高精度和可预测性, 得到了广大石油地质工作者的认可并在油气勘探与开发研究中得到了广泛的应用,对中国油气勘探与油田开发挖潜起着至关重要的作用。但在应用过程中,还存在一些对概念理解的偏差以及模糊不清的认识,须要更深入的探讨以加深认识。作者主要从概念和方法上分析探讨了高分辨率层序地层学在储集层规模的地层划分与对比中存在的一些问题,包括基准面旋回与准层序概念的差异性;基准面旋回的级次划分;基准面旋回的界面识别与基准面旋回对比等,旨在通过对这些问题的分析,与运用该理论和方法的学者达成一定的共识并提供一些思考。     

特约主编致读者

在油气勘探进入岩性隐蔽油气藏的今天,沉积学正发挥越来越重要的作用。当前,全球的油气勘探都面临开源的困难,针对现今油气勘探需要,在层序地层学及油气沉积地质方面亟需新的理论和方法支撑。近年来,有关层序地层学理论、研究方法及油气沉积地质方面的研究取得了较多进展。“层序地层学及油气沉积地质”专辑旨在介绍国内外研究现状和方法及国内目前开展的工作,以引起同行关注和兴趣,促进层序地层学及油气沉积地质的发展。     

咸化湖盆致密油储层“甜点”预测方法研究:以柴达木盆地扎哈泉地区上干柴沟组为例

柴达木盆地致密油勘探起步较晚,但勘探潜力巨大。扎哈泉地区上干柴沟组致密油储层受咸化湖盆的影响,砂体单层厚度薄,纵向上叠置明显,侧向变化快,储层"甜点"预测是研究的重点和难点。地震沉积学在沉积体系研究和薄层砂体预测中扮演着重要作用,文中以地震沉积学思想为指导,利用相位转换、地层切片、定量地震沉积学等技术,在建立高分辨率层序地层格架的基础上,开展了扎哈泉地区上干柴沟组4个准层序组砂体的地震沉积学研究,并结合钻井、测井等资料对典型地层切片进行了精细地质解释与标定,预测了不同沉积时期薄层滩坝砂体的分布和演化。研究表明:研究区主要以滨浅湖相沉积为主,滩坝砂体分布广泛。在分析致密油储层性能主控因素基础上,提出利用伽马反演技术可预测储层"甜点"的分布,并指出了有利勘探区,预测结果与实际钻井吻合程度高,有效指导了研究区致密油勘探,并对其他有类似地质特征的地区储层预测具有借鉴意义。     

层序地层学的起源及其发展

层序地层学脱胎于地震地层学，它已经在石油及其它沉积矿产勘探中得到了广泛的应用。目前，国际上层序地层学的应用和研究大体上可以分成3个学术组，即Vail为代表的Exxon组、Callo-way组及Cross组。他们有共同的术语，但概念模型及思路方法又各不相同。本文探讨了层序地层学的起源和演化及各学术组的特点和优势。     

四川通江-南江-巴中地区长兴组层序地层特征及演化模式

本文以Vail的经典层序地层学和Cross的高分辨率层序地层学理论方法为指导,通过对层序界面、相序、叠置结构、测井曲线等标志的综合识别分析,将研究区长兴组划分为两个三级层序。在长兴组三级层序格架剖面建立的基础上,建立了长兴组层序地层演化模式,并从层序演化的角度探讨了长兴组沉积时期礁滩体的发育分布规律。     

层序地层学回顾与展望

充分肯定了层序地层学的兴起、发展和成熟是对地层学、沉积学乃至地质学领域的一次革命,层序地层学对油气勘探具有重要的预测意义。回顾了层序地层学的发展历史,认为大致可以分为三个阶段,即萌芽阶段、孕育阶段和理论系统化阶段。分析了层序地层学的诞生和发展受到很高评价的原因在干它的科学性、先进性、预测性和定量性。层序地层学目前建立了三大学派概念体系。三大体系域概念的建立、全球海平面和相对海平面变化有助于对沉积层序发育的控制、各类叠置模式的指导和可容空间概念的确立。层序地层学在其发展过程中建立了三大理论体系(海相层序地层学、陆相层序地层学和高分辨率层序地层学)和四大方法体系(地震层序地层学分析、露头层序地层学分析、测井层序地层学分析和层序地层学模拟分析)。对陆相层序地层学的难点进行了分析,初步提出了陆相层序地层学边界确定、体系域命名、层序级别划分、层序等时性研究等陆相层序地层学发展中必需解决的问题。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部上三叠统延长组层序地层格架内沉积相特征与演化*

应用高分辨率层序地层学和沉积学的原理与方法,综合岩心、钻井以及测井和地震资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地南部上三叠统延长组进行了深入的研究,识别出5个层序界面,划分出4个三级层序和11个四级层序,建立了鄂尔多斯盆地南部上三叠统延长组层序地层格架。在研究区识别出曲流河三角洲、辫状河三角洲、深水重力流和湖泊4种沉积相。分析了层序格架内沉积相时空展布特征,揭示了层序格架内沉积相的时空演化规律,归纳了层序格架内砂体发育与展布的特点。讨论了层序界线划分与以往地层界的区别及其实际意义,探讨了重力流沉积对鄂尔多斯盆地油气勘探的重大意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区二叠系山西组高分辨率层序地层学研究

运用高分辨率层序地层学原理,详细分析了鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区二叠系山西组地层沉积的基准面旋回特征,共识别出了2个长期旋回、4个中期旋回和8～12个短期旋回,并得出了两类可容空间的短期旋回识别特征。对不同井基准面旋回联井分析得出,储集层段多发育于短期基准面上升半旋回的水下分流河道、河口坝和浊流沉积砂体中,且砂体与前三角洲泥呈指状交叉,形成岩性油气藏。建立的研究区高分辨率层序地层格架对进一步的油气勘探具有指导性的意义。     

尼日尔Agadem区块古近系层序地层及沉积体系研究

古近系是尼日尔Termit坳陷Agadem区块目前油气勘探的主要目的层位,但研究区目前整体勘探程度低,对古近系有利沉积相带及砂体的展布没有系统的认识,这些都极大制约了进一步的油气勘探。因此在研究区古近系开展层序地层和沉积体系的研究,预测有利砂体分布具有重要的理论及实践意义。文章以层序地层学及沉积学理论为指导,依据录井、测井及地震等资料,运用准层序组叠加样式、ΔlogR、地震反射终止关系及地震时频分析等方法,在Agadem区块古近系识别出2个二级层序界面、4个三级层序界面,将古近系划分为1个二级层序、5个三级层序（ESQ1-ESQ5）。在建立的层序地层格架内,综合岩心相、测井相及地震相特征分析了Agadem区块古近系的沉积环境,认为古近系层序ESQ1-ESQ3沉积时主要发育三角洲湖泊沉积体系,层序ESQ4-ESQ5沉积时主要为湖泊相沉积。在层序格架内沉积体系综合研究的基础上建立起本区古近系的两种沉积模式：层序ESQ1-ESQ3的拗陷期沉积模式及层序ESQ4-ESQ5的断陷期沉积模式。     

南秦岭下地壳组成及岩石圈的拆离俯冲作用

根据新提供的Pb同位素组成及岩石地球化学研究成果，本文进一步证实了位于北秦岭北界的明港地区发育的早中生代安山玄武质火山角砾岩岩筒所携带的下地壳捕虏体属于南秦岭。所恢复的南秦岭下地壳剖面自下而上为：底侵成因的变辉长岩-基性麻粒岩(其中含有榴辉岩及辉石岩的透镜体)-酸性麻粒岩。秦岭造山带总体的岩石因模型为：南秦岭(扬子块体)向北拆离俯冲，北秦岭地壳向华北仰冲，华北岩石因呈楔状插入秦岭造山带，拆离面约在中、下地壳之间。南秦岭俯冲岩片延伸的范围在平面上有可能达到400km。     

青藏高原综合观测研究站的回顾与展望

中国科学院青藏高原综合观测研究站从１９８８年建站到１９９８年以来,在各个方面均取得了长足的发展,横向生产性项目的开展和完成不仅解决了部队和地方的实际问题,而且缓和了观测研究站在运行过程中所面临的经费严重不足的问题,同时也为我所冻土专业研究人员提供了在生产中实践的机会,在基础理论研究方面,承担了国家攀登计划项目,国家基金项目,中国科学院重点项目和中国科学院冰冻圈专项项目等的研究工作,在多年冻土变化,     

铀钍的地球化学及对地壳演化和生物进化的影响

本文论述了在含挥发份和贫挥发份条件下Ｕ、Ｔｈ的迁移行为及其对地球和行星演化的影响,并阐述了造成地球独特地质演化历史的原因。提出了Ｕ、Ｔｈ在地球中的迁移模式以及该模式对地壳形成、演化的控制作用和对生物发展演化的可能影响。     

Principles of spatial organization and evolution of the biosphere and the noosphere

In his last lifetime essay, “A Few Words about the Noosphere”, Academician V.I. Vernadsky (1944) wrote that all living organisms on the planet, including man, are integral to the biosphere of the Earth, its material and energy structure and cannot be physically independent of it even for a minute. However, the substrate that generates all living beings and is no less tightly bound to the biosphere has always been characterized by a significant geochemical heterogeneity, traced both in the vertical and in the lateral structure of all geospheres.

The present work is devoted to three most important aspects of modern geochemistry and biogeochemistry:

• — evolution of the ecological and geochemical state of the environment under conditions of a virgin (anthropogenically untouched) biosphere;
• — structural features of the geochemical organization of the modern noosphere;
• — specificity of the interaction of living matter with the environment under increasing anthropogenic load.

On the basis of theoretical concepts of biogeochemistry and geochemical ecology, formulated in the works of V.I. Vernadsky, A.P. Vinogradov, A.E. Fersman, B.B. Polynov, A.I. Perel’man, M.A. Glazovskaya, V.V. Kovalsky, E. Odum, B. Commoner, E.I. Kolchinskii and others, the author puts forward a hypothesis that there exist two qualitatively different stages in the evolution of the biosphere.The first stage is recognized as the period of natural evolution of the biosphere during which it evolves successively into a more complex and more biogeochemically specialized object. In the course of the geological time, this constantly results, on the one hand, in an increase in species diversity and the perfection of individual species, and, on the other hand, to directed improvement and a greater differentiation of the geochemical conditions of the environment. At this stage, the evolution of all systems of the biosphere that were controlled by the mechanisms of self-organization and self-regulation resulted in the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium, which was responsible for the cycling of all essential chemical elements and therefore providing ecologically optimal geochemical conditions in all ecological niches and for all species and biocenoses inhabiting the biosphere at any given moment.The beginning of the second stage is related to the appearance of reason and qualitative changes in the biosphere caused by the goal-directed activity of the human mind, as an entirely new geological force that appeared to be able not only to disrupt the functioning of natural mechanisms of self-regulation and selforganization, but also to transform the environment in the intersts of a single biological species, Homo sapiens. A direct consequence of this change was the uncontrolled transformation of the natural environment, during which the primary structure (geochemical background) created in the course of billions of years was eventually superimposed by a qualitatively new layer of anthropogenically-derived chemical elements and compounds, thus building an interference pattern of a new geochemical field with which practically all modern living organisms are now forced to interact.An outstanding feature of the new evolutionary stage of the natural environment, called by Vernadsky the noosphere, is that biogeochemical changes at this stage proceed at a rate which exceeds that required for the living matter to adapt to these changes. The result is the disruption of the existing parameters of the biological cycle, leading to the emergence of a significant number of endemic diseases of geochemical nature.The proposed approach was used to prove the anthropogenic genesis of existing geochemical endemic diseases and explain the mechanisms of their appearance. In addition, this approach allowed us to develop a new methodology for mapping zones of ecological and geochemical risk and noticeably simplify the procedure of monitoring distribution and prevention of all diseases of geochemical nature.     

共和盆地层状地貌系统与青藏高原隆升及黄河发育

利用卫星遥感影像,结合实地调查和测年结果,对共和盆地层状地貌系统进行了解译、分析。研究表明,共和盆地层状地貌系统由山麓剥蚀面、洪积扇面、盆地面以及黄河阶地面构成,其空间结构、物质组成对发生于早更新世早期的青藏运动C幕和中更新世末期的共和运动反映清晰。青藏运动C幕使青藏高原主夷平面在高原差异性隆升中彻底解体,垂直变形量高达1700m。共和运动使黄河在0.11Ma进入共和盆地,其后黄河平均以3.5mm/a的侵蚀速率下切盆地,同时在盆地边部的山前古冲洪积扇以大致相近的速率被抬升,最终导致高差在2000m左右的层状地貌系统的出现。     

Wavelets and the Generalization of the Variogram

The experimental variogram computed in the usual way by the method of moments and the Haar wavelet transform are similar in that they filter data and yield informative summaries that may be interpreted. The variogram filters out constant values; wavelets can filter variation at several spatial scales and thereby provide a richer repertoire for analysis and demand no assumptions other than that of finite variance. This paper compares the two functions, identifying that part of the Haar wavelet transform that gives it its advantages. It goes on to show that the generalized variogram of order k=1, 2, and 3 filters linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomials from the data, respectively, which correspond with more complex wavelets in Daubechies's family. The additional filter coefficients of the latter can reveal features of the data that are not evident in its usual form. Three examples in which data recorded at regular intervals on transects are analyzed illustrate the extended form of the variogram. The apparent periodicity of gilgais in Australia seems to be accentuated as filter coefficients are added, but otherwise the analysis provides no new insight. Analysis of hyerpsectral data with a strong linear trend showed that the wavelet-based variograms filtered it out. Adding filter coefficients in the analysis of the topsoil across the Jurassic scarplands of England changed the upper bound of the variogram; it then resembled the within-class variogram computed by the method of moments. To elucidate these results, we simulated several series of data to represent a random process with values fluctuating about a mean, data with long-range linear trend, data with local trend, and data with stepped transitions. The results suggest that the wavelet variogram can filter out the effects of long-range trend, but not local trend, and of transitions from one class to another, as across boundaries.     

Palaeoecology and the origin of the coconut

While botanists, archaeologists, historians and linguists have contributed to the debate on the origin of the coconut pollen analysts have been silent. This article attempts to integrate the results of recent palaeoecological research with findings from the other disciplines.