人类活动影响下娘子关岩溶水系统地球化学演化

娘子关泉是我国北方最大的岩溶泉之一,也是阳泉市工农业生产和人民生活的重要供水水源。地下水地球化学演化分析表明,在地下水由补给区向排泄区运移过程中,除固有的水岩相互作用外,由于受采矿活动和地表水入渗补给的影响,岩溶水由低离子含量的HCO3-SO4或HCO3型水逐渐成为SO4型、SO4-HCO3型和SO4-HCO3-Cl型水。在泉群集中排泄区,区域流动系统与局部流动系统的地下水发生混合作用,最终形成了水质相对良好的HCO3-SO4型或SO4-HCO3型岩溶泉水。在此过程中,地下水对方解石和白云石也由最初的溶解作用演变为沉淀再结晶。尽管石膏呈持续溶解现象,但在采煤活动严重影响区域,石膏的沉淀也可能出现。地球化学模拟表明,在岩溶含水层中,地下水首先以方解石（白云石）的溶解为主;随着石膏溶解数量的增加,方解石（白云石）的溶解开始受到抑制,进而发生沉淀,石膏的溶解成为控制地下水水化学的主导过程。当矿坑水混入时,地下水相对石膏过饱和,地下水对碳酸盐岩含水介质的溶蚀能力得到增强。随着水岩反应的演进,铁氢氧化物大量沉淀,通过共沉淀和吸附作用去除了地下水中的重金属类污染物。      

大同盆地孔隙地下水化学场的分带规律性研究

本文通过对大同盆地2004年孔隙地下水水化学资料的分析发现,盆地内孔隙地下水的水化学特征在水平方向上具有以盆地中部为中心,呈环状分布的特点,且与盆地水动力分区具有很好的一致性。由山前冲洪积倾斜平原到中部冲湖积平原,地下水依次经历了补给区、径流区和排泄区,相应的主要水化学类型分别为HCO3型、HCO3.SO4型和HCO3.SO4.Cl型。与中深层孔隙水相比,浅层孔隙水由于水位埋深浅,蒸发浓缩强烈,易受人类活动的影响,各组分的含量较高,变化幅度较大,水化学类型也相对复杂。浅层地下水的水质呈好转趋势,深层地下水水质基本保持稳定。     

河南平原浅层地下水总溶解固体和水化学类型的分布特征

利用75件地下水样品的水化学数据(丰水期38件,枯水期37件)分析了丰、枯水期河南平原第四系浅层地下水总溶解固体(TDS)和水化学类型的分布特征。结果表明:河南平原浅层地下水淡水(TDS<1g/L)发育。枯水期TDS>1g/L的地下水主要分布在新乡-开封-太康县一线以东地区、项城以及太行山东麓安阳市境内;丰水期TDS>1g/L的地下水分布在新乡以东的部分地区、兰考县城东镇以及太康县以东地区。枯水期地下水主要以HCO3型水为主,丰水期河南平原的北部、南部主要以HCO3型水为主,而中部主要以HCO3-SO4型水为主。丰、枯水期地下水水化学特征的差异是在气候(降水、蒸发)及人类活动等因素的影响下形成的。     

中国北方高砷地下水分布特征及成因分析

本文分析了银川平原北部饮水型砷中毒分布、水文地质条件和水化学特征,并探讨了地下水中砷离子分布规律和富集环境。研究表明:高砷地下水区呈两个条带状分布于冲湖积平原,主要为埋藏深度小于40m的潜水,水化学环境呈弱碱还原环境,水化学类型主要为HCO3-Na·Ca,Cl·HCO3-Na,Cl·HCO3-Na·Ca型;最后对比分析了中国北方内蒙古平原、山西大同盆地、新疆、吉林西部高砷地下水分布和环境地质特征。     

川东观音峡背斜地区地下水水化学分类研究

地下水化学特征合理的分类有利于更好地认识区域水文地质条件。本文通过采用spss聚类分析软件对观音峡背斜区地下水水化学特征进行分类研究。当并类距离取2时,将研究区所取水样分为5类,研究区地下水化学特征主要表现：岩溶水化学类型主要为HCO3＆#183;SO4- Ca或SO4＆#183;HCO3-Ca型水,碎屑岩裂隙水化学类型则主要为HCO3＆#183;SO4-Ca＆#183;Mg型水。     

滦河下游河水及沿岸地下水水化学特征及其形成作用

了解地表水和沿岸地下水的水化学特征及其形成作用,对地下水水资源保护和可持续开发利用具有重要意义。在系统采集滦河河水及沿岸地下水的基础上,运用描述性统计、相关性分析、阴阳离子三角图、Gibbs图、离子比例系数等方法对水样的离子特征和水化学类型的形成作用进行了分析。研究结果表明:(1)从出山口到入海口,浅层地下水化学类型由HCO3型过渡到HCO3·SO4(SO4·HCO3)型,再逐渐转变为Cl·HCO3型,而阳离子则由Ca(Ca·Mg)向Na·Ca(Na)型转化。(2)浅层地下水化学的形成受地形地貌以及地质结构的控制,在山间盆地和冲洪积扇,溶滤作用是控制地下水水化学变化的主要作用,向下游随着含水介质颗粒变细,地下水径流速度变缓,溶滤作用减弱,蒸发浓缩作用逐渐增强,从出山口到入海口,河水和地下水的钠吸附比(SAR)不断增大,说明溶滤作用逐渐被阳离子交替吸附作用代替。(3)河水的水化学类型主要为HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg(SO4·HCO3-Ca·Mg)型。水化学形成以蒸发浓缩作用为主,同时受河床中的碳酸盐矿物和硅铝酸盐矿物溶滤作用的影响,在冲积海积平原可能存在蒸发盐岩的溶解。     

滦河下游河水及沿岸地下水水化学特征及其形成作用

了解地表水和沿岸地下水的水化学特征及其形成作用,对地下水水资源保护和可持续开发利用具有重要意义。在系统采集滦河河水及沿岸地下水的基础上,运用描述性统计、相关性分析、阴阳离子三角图、Gibbs图、离子比例系数等方法对水样的离子特征和水化学类型的形成作用进行了分析。研究结果表明:（1）从出山口到入海口,浅层地下水化学类型由HCO3型过渡到HCO3?SO4（SO4?HCO3）型,再逐渐转变为Cl?HCO3型,而阳离子则由Ca（Ca?Mg）向Na?Ca（Na）型转化。（2）浅层地下水化学的形成受地形地貌以及地质结构的控制,在山间盆地和冲洪积扇,溶滤作用是控制地下水水化学变化的主要作用,向下游随着含水介质颗粒变细,地下水径流速度变缓,溶滤作用减弱,蒸发浓缩作用逐渐增强,从出山口到入海口,河水和地下水的钠吸附比（SAR）不断增大,说明溶滤作用逐渐被阳离子交替吸附作用代替。（3）河水的水化学类型主要为HCO3 ? SO4-Ca ? Mg（SO4 ? HCO3-Ca ? Mg）型。水化学形成以蒸发浓缩作用为主,同时受河床中的碳酸盐矿物和硅铝酸盐矿物溶滤作用的影响,在冲积海积平原可能存在蒸发盐岩的溶解。     

泾惠渠灌区地下水硫酸盐水文地球化学演化过程研究

泾惠区具2200多年的灌溉历史,灌区人口密度大,地下水不仅是工业和农业的主要水源,也是当地主要饮用水源.为了查明灌区地下水硫酸盐的水文地球化学特征、成因及其演化过程,在分析灌区1982年、1990年和2009年地下水水化学特征、SO4 2-时空分布特征的基础上,通过灌溉试验和Hydrus-1D模拟灌溉对地下水SO4 2-的影响.结果表明,灌区地下水水化学类型由HCO3(1982年)向SO4 2-(2009年)型演化.2009年SO4 2-是地下水中主要阴离子组分,具有西部低,北部、东部和南部高的区域分布特征.虽然地下水中最初的SO42-主要来源于地层中Na2SO4和CaSO4等硫酸盐的溶解,但灌溉试验和模拟计算表明,近年来地下潜水中高硫酸盐主要是由于灌溉水源引起的.     

重庆市南川区南部岩溶地下水水文地球化学特征

以重庆市南川区南部地区岩溶地下水为研究对象,通过野外调查和取样测试分析,对研究区内149件地下水样品进行水化学常规分析和微量重金属元素分析,结果表明:研究区内地下水化学类型以HCO3-Ca·Mg、HCO3-Ca和HCO3-SO4-Ca型为主。地下水中主要阴阳离子HCO3-、SO42-、Ca2+和Mg2+浓度均表现出与含水岩组相对应的关系,即碳酸盐岩类岩溶水＞碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩水＞碎屑岩水。地下水中Mg2+ /Ca2+摩尔比值表明研究区内绝大部分地下水径流过程中以方解石和白云石的共同溶解为主。地下水中微量重金属元素含量整体偏低,绝大部分水质都在Ⅲ类水标准以内,只有极个别点受到污染导致部分重金属组分偏高      

渭北岩溶水的化学特征及其地质背景

渭北东、西部岩溶水的化学特征各不相同。这种不同,是由于含水介质的差异而造成的。东部岩溶水的含水介质为中奥陶统的滨海相、潮间泻湖相与广海陆棚相的灰岩夹膏盐地层,水化学类型为HCO3·SO4、SO4·HCO3或SO·4HCO3·Cl型,矿化度一般为1g／L左右;西部岩溶水的含水介质以中、上奥陶统浅海相或浅海深海相的灰岩、白云质灰岩、粒状灰岩为主,水化学类型为单一的HCO3型,矿化度一般为0．5g／L左右。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.