渝东南—黔北地区牛蹄塘组页岩微-纳米级孔隙发育特征及主控因素分析

以渝东南-黔北地区牛蹄塘组页岩岩心及野外新鲜露头样品为研究对象,运用低温液氮吸附实验和氩离子抛光扫描电镜观察,划分页岩微纳米级孔隙类型,并对其发育程度和形态结构进行定量表征,结合页岩样品地球化学测试数据,明确页岩微观孔隙发育主控因素,试图建立微纳米级孔隙发育程度与主控因素定性或半定量关系。结果表明：研究区牛蹄塘组页岩微纳米级孔隙分为有机孔、无机孔和微裂缝3大类,包括7个亚类。有机质粒内孔结构特征为球状、细瓶颈状和墨水瓶状,无机孔主要为串珠状、球状和楔状,微裂缝呈四方开口的平行板状、夹板状。有机质粒内孔、矿物粒间孔和微裂缝为主要孔隙类型,且具有较好连通性,可作为页岩气赋存空间和渗流通道。页岩孔隙以中孔为主,其次为宏孔,孔隙直径分布范围主要在1~50 nm。比表面积主要由孔径≤5 nm孔隙所提供,页岩孔隙孔径越小,对比表面积贡献越大,越有利于页岩气吸附聚集,随着孔隙体积的增加,比表面积不断增加。有机碳含量是控制页岩微纳米级孔隙发育和比表面积的最重要内因,特别体现在对微孔和中孔发育的控制上;黏土矿物含量增加能增强页岩吸附能力,但对孔隙体积和比表面积主控作用不明显;脆性矿物含量主要控制宏孔发育,对页岩吸附的贡献可以忽略;热演化程度过低或过高均不利于有机质孔隙的发育,微纳米孔隙体积随着成熟度增加呈现出先增后减的趋势,对于高过成熟页岩,不同干酪根类型的有机质孔隙发育程度和比表面积大小次序为Ⅰ型＞Ⅱ型＞Ⅲ型。     

扬子北缘中二叠统孤峰组不同岩性孔隙特征及其地质意义

孔隙是页岩层系是否具有生烃能力、储气能力和开采价值的主要标志。采用场发射扫描电镜对鄂西建始扬子北缘中二叠统孤峰组硅质页岩、泥质灰岩和碳质页岩3类岩石采取二次电子模式扫描,发现并分析了5大类9小类孔隙,即①絮凝作用孔隙;②有机质化石孔;③有机质碎片沥青孔;④黄铁矿粒间孔;⑤矿物颗粒晶间孔;⑥微型通道;⑦微裂缝;⑧钙质化石孔;⑨碎屑与围岩之间孔。研究表明,硅质页岩中发育较多的黄铁矿微球粒以及絮凝结构,有机质孔隙从纳米级至微米级;泥质灰岩中以矿物质孔隙为主,微裂缝比较发育,脆性矿物多;碳质页岩中存在大量蜂窝状孔洞和广泛分布的微裂缝,孔隙类型主要为有机质纳米孔。碳质页岩与传统储层孔隙特征具有很大差异,是页岩气勘探最为有利的岩层。     

页岩热成熟过程中残余干酪根演化特征

用低熟的页岩样品进行半开放体系压机热模拟实验,研究页岩热演化过程中残余干酪根的赋存演化特征。实验结果表明页岩中残余干酪根可分为微米级粒间有机质、微米级粒内有机质和纳米级粒间有机质。不同赋存形式有机质的热演化特征不同,微米级残余干酪根在Ro,Easy值为0.82%时已发生热裂解,到Ro,Easy值为1.45%时,微米级粒间残余干酪根被消耗殆尽,微米级粒内残余干酪根仍有一定生烃潜力;而纳米级粒间残余干酪根在Ro,Easy值为1.45%时才开始热裂解,在Ro,Easy值为2.66%时,仍有部分干酪根残留在孔隙中。伴随有机质热裂解过程,页岩中矿物组成特征也发生变化,矿物溶蚀和再沉淀作用使得页岩矿物组成整体上沿着长英质矿物含量增加、碳酸盐矿物减少、黏土矿物含量基本不变的趋势演化。干酪根热裂解生烃使得其体积缩小,在干酪根和矿物之间形成收缩有机孔,随着热演化程度的升高,收缩有机孔的孔径逐渐变大,最后转变为矿物粒间孔/粒内孔。长石和碳酸盐矿物易发生溶蚀,成熟阶段,矿物溶蚀孔开始形成,在之后的演化阶段,溶蚀孔的发育程度逐渐变强。有机质孔的发育具有非均质性,温度(成熟度)是影响其发育的重要因素。     

柴达木盆地鱼卡凹陷侏罗系泥页岩地球化学特征及储集条件——以柴页1井为例

柴达木盆地北缘鱼卡凹陷发育的侏罗系泥页岩是中国北方陆相页岩气勘探的目的层系之一。为进一步明确鱼卡凹陷侏罗系泥页岩地化-储集条件,系统采集了柴页1井泥页岩岩心样品,开展了总有机碳、热解氢指数、镜质体反射率、孔隙度和渗透率、扫描电镜、矿物组成及等温吸附特征实验分析。结果表明,柴页1井中侏罗统大煤沟组泥页岩有机质类型和成熟度利于有机质孔隙发育,较高的总有机碳含量利于页岩气富集;粘土矿物的存在虽然抑制了泥页岩微孔隙的发育,但对其吸附能力有促进作用。鱼卡凹陷具有良好的页岩气生成和储集条件,是页岩气勘探的有利地区。     

基于统计学方法的页岩孔容预测

页岩气储集空间与储层矿物特征关系密切,以四川盆地东缘龙马溪组页岩为研究对象,利用矿物组成、微量元素、地球化学等测试结果,结合低温氮气吸附法和高分辨率成像技术,采用多元统计分析方法,建立了页岩孔容预测方程,并分析孔隙分布特征和影响因素。结果表明,龙马溪组中部和底部页岩组分含量差异较大,生物成因的自生石英发育是龙马溪组底部石英含量高的主要原因;页岩纳米级孔隙以2~5 nm为主,对孔容贡献率介于64.2%~70.1%;建立的页岩组分含量与孔容的预测模型高度显著。脆性矿物孔、黏土矿物片间孔及其粒内孔是富黏土矿物页岩的主要孔隙类型,孔隙呈微缝状,小于2 nm孔隙不发育;有机质含量是富有机质页岩孔容大小的主控因素,有机质孔的面孔率介于8.8%~12.5%;有机质含量及成熟度是小于2 nm微孔发育的主控因素,大于50 nm孔隙的发育则受控于黏土矿物、石英及长石含量。      

新疆阜康地区八道湾组煤系页岩气储层孔隙结构特征

为了评价煤系页岩气的储层性质,运用扫描电子显微镜、高压压汞、低压N_2和CO_2气体吸附等实验方法,对新疆阜康地区侏罗系八道湾组煤系页岩气储层孔隙的发育情况、结构特征进行了研究,并分析了八道湾组页岩孔隙发育的主要影响因素。结果表明,八道湾组页岩发育多种类型孔隙,以粒内孔、粒间孔为主,有机质孔次之,溶蚀孔发育较少,为煤系页岩气赋存提供储集空间。八道湾组页岩纳米级孔隙以微孔和介孔为主,占孔隙总孔容的77.30%,占总比表面积的89.80%,是页岩气赋存的主要载体;页岩孔隙结构类型以狭缝型孔和板状孔为主,孔隙主要分布在0.4～1.3 nm、3～30 nm和50～200 nm之间。八道湾组页岩孔隙的发育受页岩有机碳含量、成熟度和矿物成分含量影响较大,其中有机碳含量对微孔发育的促进作用明显,成熟度的增加主要对页岩中介孔和宏孔的发育产生重要影响,黏土矿物含量与页岩的介孔孔容及总孔容呈一定的正相关关系,脆性矿物则相反。     

临兴区块上古生界煤系页岩孔隙结构多尺度定性–定量综合表征

为了揭示鄂尔多斯盆地东缘海陆过渡相页岩微观孔隙结构特征及其主控因素,丰富对该区块海陆过渡相煤系页岩孔隙发育特征与孔隙结构的认识,对临兴地区页岩进行扫描电镜、高压压汞和液氮吸附分析以表征微观孔隙结构特征,同时结合孔隙率、TOC含量、岩石矿物含量、黏土相对含量、有机质成熟度测试结果对页岩孔隙结构发育主控因素进行研究。结果表明:研究区页岩发育粒内孔、粒间孔、溶蚀孔和微裂缝,有机质内部偶见孔隙、可见微裂隙,与矿物伴生时周边发育微裂隙;页岩总孔容介于0.001 46~0.010 81 mL/g,介孔占比81.9%,比表面积介于0.35~ 3.65 m2/g,孔径分布以单峰型为主,分布范围主要在200 nm以内,主峰孔径在45 nm左右,本溪组、太原组页岩孔隙连通性优于山西组,太原组宏孔占比优于本溪组、山西组;页岩总有机碳含量对页岩孔隙发育的影响复杂,对宏孔发育具有一定的积极作用,脆性矿物含量对总孔、介孔发育有积极作用,黏土矿物含量对总孔和介孔发育起消极作用,其中,脆性矿物和黏土矿物通过影响介孔的发育来控制页岩中孔隙的发育程度。基于页岩孔隙结构多尺度定性–定量表征及其控制因素研究对临兴区块海陆过渡相页岩气资源量评价、甜点优选与开发具有重要指导意义,丰富了对海陆过渡相页岩储层的地质认识。      

湘中涟源凹陷上二叠统龙潭组和大隆组海陆过渡相泥页岩孔隙结构特征及对比

以湘中坳陷涟源凹陷上二叠统龙潭组和大隆组海陆过渡相泥页岩为研究对象,重点选取12块典型泥页岩钻井岩心样品开展有机碳含量、岩石热解、X射线衍射、密度法孔隙度、高压压汞、二氧化碳和氮气吸附等测试分析,利用氩离子抛光-场发射扫描电镜（FE-SEM）观察了泥页岩孔隙特征,通过定性描述和定量测定相结合的方法研究了海陆过渡相泥页岩纳-微米级孔隙结构特征及孔隙发育影响因素.研究结果表明:龙潭组和大隆组泥页岩有机碳含量均较高,热演化程度处在凝析油和湿气生成阶段早期,对应R_o为1.22%~1.43%;泥页岩孔隙类型主要为粒间孔、粒内孔、有机孔和微纳米缝.龙潭组与大隆组样品在孔隙形态、孔隙大小和影响因素上均有差异:龙潭组样品氮气吸附滞回环开口宽,有机孔形态多为圆形和椭圆形,孔径较大;大隆组样品氮气吸附滞回环开口窄,有机孔形态多为不规则状,孔径较小;龙潭组泥岩和大隆组泥页岩样品有机碳含量与黏土矿物含量呈正相关关系,2套样品的微孔孔隙积体与有机碳和黏土矿物含量均呈正相关性;龙潭组样品介孔+宏孔的孔隙体积与有机碳和黏土矿物含量呈正相关性,与石英+长石含量呈负相关性;大隆组样品中的碳酸盐矿物对其孔隙性有明显影响,大隆组样品介孔+宏孔孔隙体积与有机碳、黏土矿物和石英+长石含量相关性不明显.      

黔西北骑龙村剖面五峰-龙马溪组黑色页岩孔隙结构特征

页岩的孔隙类型、结构对于页岩气资源评价与开采具有重要意义,为了进一步认识页岩孔隙结构特征及其演化规律,利用场发射扫描电镜、氮气吸附实验对黔西北骑龙村剖面五峰—龙马溪组黑色页岩微观孔隙类型、结构进行了研究,结果表明,研究区五峰—龙马溪组页岩气储层的储集空间类型多样,主要包含粒内孔、粒间孔、有机质孔和微裂缝。页岩孔隙以介孔为主,介孔是页岩气的主要储集空间;孔隙结构以墨水瓶状孔和平行板状孔为主。探讨了影响页岩孔隙发育的主要因素,有机碳含量、热演化程度和矿物成分含量均对页岩孔隙的发育有影响,而且并非单相性的,是相互制约的。研究剖面石英含量与微孔、中孔的发育程度呈良好的正相关关系,而与宏孔发育程度的相关性不明显;黏土矿物含量与微孔、中孔的发育程度的相关性不明显,而与宏孔的发育程度呈负相关关系;有机质孔隙正处在其发育高峰期,对于页岩孔隙具有重要贡献,且随成熟度增加而增加。     

渝东南渝页1井下志留统龙马溪组页岩孔隙特征及其主控因素

富有机质黑色页岩的孔隙结构控制了页岩气的赋存状态和储气量。中国南方地区下志留统是页岩气发育的最重要层位之一。为研究页岩的孔隙特征及其主控因素,对以下志留统龙马溪组页岩气为勘探目标的渝页1井的岩心进行系统的采样,并进行了比表面和孔径、有机质成熟度(Ro)、显微组分、总有机碳(TOC)含量、全岩X射线衍射和粘土矿物含量等一系列分析测试。结果显示,黑色页岩的孔径主要分布于2~5 nm,即以中孔隙为主;中孔体积占总体积的70%左右,微孔体积和宏孔体积分别占10%和20%左右。页岩孔隙结构(微孔体积、中孔体积和宏孔体积)和组成(碎屑矿物成分、粘土矿物成分、TOC和Ro)的相关关系分析表明：粘土矿物对微孔体积和中孔体积都具有控制作用,并且对中孔体积的控制作用更加显著;陆源碎屑含量的增加有利于宏孔体积的增加;有机质成熟度较高时和高成熟度有机碳含量都与宏孔隙体积呈正相关,这可能与高成熟有机质中nm级显微裂缝的发育导致宏孔体积增加有关。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.