中国大陆7级大地震强余震震级和空间分布特征

本文研究了中国大陆1966年以来15次7.0～7.9级地震序列强余震空间分布和震级分布特征。 研究结果表明: ① 强余震与主震震级差(ΔM)与频度(N)的统计关系服从指数分布, 统计得到了全部序列平均B值为0.72, 12个走滑型地震序列平均B值为0.73; ② 走滑型地震序列强余震优势分布范围是5~59 km, 非走滑型序列优势分布为10~29 km, 并且强余震与主震震中距离服从正态分布。     

川滇地区强余震的震级分布和距离分布特征

研究了川滇地区1966年以来12次主震震级MSge;6.5的地震序列中,主震与强余震（本文定义为所有MSge;5的余震）震级差分布特征和强余震与主震距离的分布特征. 结果表明,强余震与主震震级差服从截断的指数分布,据此推导出了强余震与主震震级差的概率密度函数; 强余震距离分布的优势范围是距主震10——39 km,且强余震与主震震中的距离服从正态分布.      

中国大陆中强地震余震序列的部分统计特征

依据1970年以来记录相对完整的294次50级以上地震序列资料，研究中国大陆中强地震余震序列统计特征，探讨序列类型、最大余震震级、强余震活动持续时间等与主震震级及主震断层性质之间的关系.中国大陆孤立型、主余型及多震型地震余震序列分别约占23%、59%及18%.其中走滑型、具有倾滑分量的走滑型、具有走滑分量的倾滑型及逆冲型分别占48%、24%、17%及11%. 余震序列1年内最大余震震级与主震震级正相关，但主震震级较低时相对离散，孤立型序列离散程度较高，主余型及多震型序列线性相关性较好.绝大多数序列最大余震均发生在震后200天内，少数具有晚期强余震的序列主要属主余型序列,孤立型及多震型序列通常没有晚期强余震发生.68%的序列1年内最大余震发生在震后10天内，77%发生在震后30天之内,95%发生在震后120天之内.序列最大余震发生时间及5、6级强余震活动持续时间与序列类型及主震震级大小有关，多震型序列最大余震发生最快，孤立型次之、主余型最长.若仅就主余型序列而言，当主震震级较高时最大余震与主震间时间间隔相对较短，主震震级较低时最大余震与主震间时间间隔相对较长.     

全球浅源巨大地震序列统计特征

系统研究了1976年以来全球58次M_W≥7.8浅源地震序列的统计特征。结果显示:(1)在58次巨大地震中,板间地震45次,板内地震13次,板内地震强度低于板间地震。(2)74.1%的板间地震为逆断层错动,61.5%的板内地震为走滑型错动。(3)58次地震序列中,82.8%为主-余型,17.2%为多震型;与5级以上地震序列不同,巨大地震没有孤立型,其余震比较活跃;板内地震中,多震型占7.7%,而板间地震中多震型占20%。(4)对于主-余型序列,75%的主震与最大余震的震级差为1.0～2.0级;震级差与主震震源错动类型有关,走滑型的震级差明显大于逆冲型;68%的最大余震发生在主震后3天内,其次为10天左右与1个月左右; 49%的D_(max-aft)(最大余震震中与主震震中间的距离)不超过余震区长轴的1/3,31%的D_(max-aft)为余震区尺度的1/3～1/2;最大余震的发生时间、最大余震震中与主震震中间的距离同主震断层错动类型间的关系不明显。(5)应用ETAS模型计算了46个序列参数后发现,b值、p值和a值均呈Beta分布,b值平均为1.164±0.211,p值平均为1.559±0.412,a值平均为1.673±0.911; p值和a值分布分散;对于不同的序列类型、震源错动类型及板内、板间地震,b值差异不显著;逆冲型序列p值明显大于走滑型和正断层型;板间地震序列a值明显小于板内地震;逆冲型序列a值明显小于走滑型和正断层型;这表明,与板内地震相比,板间地震具有较强的"余震激发余震"的能力;逆冲型破裂虽然会导致序列衰减较快,但触发次级余震的能力相对较强。(6)逆冲型巨大地震余震区长轴L的对数与主震震级M_W间的拟合关系式为lg L=(-1.399±0.306)+(0.470±0.037) M_W。     

中国大陆及边邻地区6 级以上地震序列的最大余震统计特征

依据1966 年以来中国大陆及边邻地区记录相对完备的6 级以上地震序列资料,统计研究了地震的破裂类型和不同破裂类型下余震序列特征等,得到了不同破裂类型下不同余震序列比例和优势分布、主震震级与最大余震震级差的经验关系。主震与最大余震的震级关系线性较好,得到的经验公式可以为中国大陆及边邻地区同类地震的最大余震震级判定提供参考;最大余震发生在主震后10 天内的比例为43. 8% ～ 81. 8% ,正断型和走滑型中的孤立型的最大余震发生在主震后10 天内的比例高达80% 。     

2014年鲁甸MS6.5地震及其强余震序列重定位

本文采用云南测震台网的观测报告数据,利用双差定位方法对2014年鲁甸M_S6.5地震及其强余震序列进行了重定位,获得了3 658个地震事件的震源参数。重定位后地震序列的震中分布显示,余震分布存在两个优势方向,分别为近EW向和SES向,呈共轭型分布,近EW向条带展布长度为30 km,SES 向条带展布长度为20 km;震源深度的分布显示,地震序列总体表现为主震附近震源较深,沿近EW向和SES向逐渐变浅,地震序列的震源深度主要分布在4—20 km范围内。截至2017年2月28日,鲁甸M_S6.5地震震源区共发生（同一天发生的一组地震算一次）M_S≥4.5强余震4次。重定位后的鲁甸4次强余震序列震中分布存在差异:2014年9月10日和10月27日两次强余震序列的展布特征与主震相同,而2016年和2017年另外两次强余震的后续余震仅分布在强余震的周边,与主震序列明显不同。综合重定位后余震序列分布、震源区地质调查资料以及前人研究认为,鲁甸地震的4次强余震序列是区域应力场和主震引发的震源区应力场共同作用的结果,2014年9月10日和10月27日的两次强余震序列主要受主震引发的震源区应力场的影响;而2016年和2017年两次强余震序列则主要受区域应力场的影响。      

2021年西藏比如MS6.1地震序列发震构造分析

利用双差定位方法对西藏比如M_S6.1地震序列141次M_L≥2.0地震进行重新定位,采用CAP波形反演方法获得主震的震源机制解,并运用最小空间旋转角方法比较不同机构发布的震源机制解的差异。重新定位后主震震中位置为(31.924°N,92.824°E),靠近余震区中心,震源深度为12.8 km;余震分布沿NE向展布,长约18 km。沿NE向深度剖面结果显示,在主震右上方存在5 km×10 km的近椭圆形地震破裂空区。主震的震源机制解为正断兼走滑型,最佳矩心深度为9.3 km,矩震级为5.98。结合重新定位后余震分布、主震与历史地震震源机制解及地质构造背景等分析,认为具有左旋运动性质的安多南缘断裂可能是该次地震序列的主要发震构造。     

2020年7月12日唐山古冶MS 5.1地震震源参数

利用河北及邻区地震台网提供的震相观测报告,使用双差定位方法,对2020年7月12日唐山古冶M_S 5.1地震序列进行重新定位,并基于部分地震台站记录的波形资料,采用近震全波形方法,反演得到主震震源机制解。精定位结果显示,此次地震序列展布长度约8 km,余震自主震位置向SW扩展,震源深度优势分布范围在10—18 km,发震断层面较陡,倾向SE。震源机制解显示,主震为一次走滑型事件,结合序列展布形态和地震活动背景,SW—NE向近似直立节面为可能发震断层面,与1976年唐山M_S 7.8主震断层特征基本一致。综上所述,古冶M_S 5.1地震为唐山M_S 7.8地震的又一次余震,属唐山老震区正常地震活动。     

2018年台湾浅滩MW5.7地震的余震序列及发震构造研究

2018年11月26日台湾浅滩北缘发生M_W5.7地震,震中不在已知的深大断裂上,且由于缺乏近台控制,破裂方向存疑.本文基于福建、广东和台湾的宽频带台站记录,利用微震检测技术获取了更加完整的余震序列,检测出的余震数量是福建台网定位结果的4倍,这些余震集中在2 km×8 km的近EW向条带内.同时利用GCAP方法反演了主震及5个强余震的震源机制解,反演结果显示主震及强余震均为高倾角的走滑型地震,主压应力方向为NW-SE向,反演得到的震源深度略有差异,主震震源深度14 km,M_W3.9以上强余震的震源深度在12～17 km之间.主震东西两侧余震活动存在显著差异,其东侧余震活动主要集中在主震后一个月内,而西侧余震活动在主震后半年内都比较活跃,说明东侧应力水平在主震之后得到较为充分的释放.另外,穿过震中区的多道地震剖面揭示的震中区浅部活断层走向为EW,具有显著的走滑特征,其空间位置与余震分布、震源机制解吻合.基于余震的时-空分布、震源机制解和浅部活断层特征,推测此次M_W5.7地震发震断层为近EW向的台湾浅滩断裂,可能是台湾岛B F...     

云南地区中强地震余震序列部分统计特征分析

依据1965年以来云南地区记录相对完整的108次5.0级以上地震序列资料,研究云南中强地震余震序列统计特征,探讨序列类型、余震震级、余震分布范围及间隔时间等与主震震级之间的关系。云南地区孤立型、主余型、多震型地震序列分别约占3.7%、63.0%及33.3%。5.0级以上主余型地震序列半年内发生的最大余震震级与主震震级总体呈正相关,但主震震级较低时相对离散。云南地区最大余震与主震距离空间分布具有分级的特点:当5.0≤主震震级M6.5时,最大余震优势分布范围是0~20km;当主震震级M≥6.5时,最大余震优势分布范围是5~40km。在云南地区的主余型地震序列中有68%的最大余震发生在主震后10d内,84%发生在震后30d内,97%发生在震后90d内。多震型序列中第一大震与第二大震发生的时间间隔和震中距的分布规律与主余型地震序列基本一致。     

Magnitude and distance distribution of strong aftershocks in Sichuan-Yunnan region

Using the earthquake sequences data with MS≥6.5 since 1966 in Sichuan-Yunnan region, we research the charac-teristic of the magnitude difference distribution between main shocks and their strong aftershocks; and then study the spatial distribution characteristic of the strong aftershocks away from their main shocks. The result shows that the magnitude difference distribution obeys intercepted exponential distribution, while the spatial distribution of strong aftershocks obeys normal distribution and the dominated distribution area of strong shocks is 10~39 km away from main shock. Finally the probability density function of the magnitude difference distribution and the spatial distribution of strong aftershocks is deduced.     

Spatial distribution of aftershocks and background seismicity in central California

We examine the spatial distribution of earthquake hypocenters in four central California areas: the aftershock zones of the (1) 1984 Morgan Hill (2) 1979 Coyote Lake, and (3) 1983 Coalinga earthquakes, as well as (4) the aseismically creeping area around Hollister. The basic tool we use to analyze these data are frequency distributions of interevent distances between earthquakes. These distributions are evaluated on the basis of their deviation from what would be expected if earthquakes occurred randomly in the study areas. We find that both background seismic activity and aftershocks in the study areas exhibit nonrandom spatial distribution. Two major spatial patterns, clustering at small distances and anomalies at larger distances, are observed depending on tectonic setting. While both patterns are seen in the strike-slip environments along the Calaveras fault (Morgan Hill, Coyote Lake, and Hollister), aftershocks of the Coalinga event (a thrust earthquake) seem to be characterized by clustering only. The spatial distribution of earthquakes in areas gradually decreasing in size does not seem to support the hypothesis of a self-similar distribution over the range of scales studied here, regardless of tectonic setting. Spatial distributions are independent of magnitude for the Coalinga aftershocks, but events in strike-slip environments show increasing clustering with increasing magnitude. Finally, earthquake spatial distributions vary in time showing different patterns before, during, and following the end of aftershock sequences.     

STUDY ON SOURCE PARAMETERS OF THE 8 AUGUST 2017 M7.0 JIUZHAIGOU EARTHQUAKE AND ITS AFTERSHOCKS,NORTHERN SICHUAN

On August 8, 2017, a strong earthquake of M7.0 occurred in Jiuzhaigou County, Aba Prefecture, northern Sichuan. The earthquake occurred on a branch fault at the southern end of the eastern section of the East Kunlun fault zone. In the northwest of the aftershock area is the Maqu-Maqin seismic gap, which is in a locking state under high stress. Destructive earthquakes are frequent along the southeast direction of the aftershocks area. In Songpan-Pingwu area, only 50~80km away from the Jiuzhaigou earthquake, two M7.2 earthquakes and one M6.7 earthquake occurred from August 16 to 23, 1976. Therefore, the Jiuzhaigou earthquake was an earthquake that occurred at the transition part between the historical earthquake fracture gap and the neotectonic active area. Compared with other M7.0 earthquakes, there are few moderate-strong aftershocks following this Jiuzhaigou earthquake, and the maximum magnitude of aftershocks is much smaller than the main shock. There is no surface rupture zone discovered corresponding to the M7.0 earthquake. In order to understand the feature of source structure and the tectonic environment of the source region, we calculate the parameters of the initial earthquake catalogue by Loc3D based on the digital waveform data recorded by Sichuan seismic network and seismic phase data collected by the China Earthquake Networks Center. Smaller events in the sequence are relocated using double-difference algorithm; source mechanism solutions and centroid depths of 29 earthquakes with M_L≥3.4 are obtained by CAP method. Moreover, the source spectrum of 186 earthquakes with 2.0≤M_L≤5.5 is restored and the spatial distribution of source stress drop along faults is obtained. According to the relocations and focal mechanism results, the Jiuzhaigou M7.0 earthquake is a high-angle left-lateral strike-slip event. The earthquake sequence mainly extends along the NW-SE direction, with the dominant focal depth of 4~18km. There are few shallow earthquakes and few earthquakes with depth greater than 20km. The relocation results show that the distribution of aftershocks is bounded by the M7.0 main shock, which shows obvious segmental characteristics in space, and the aftershock area is divided into NW segment and SE segment. The NW segment is about 16km long and 12km wide, with scattered and less earthquakes, the dominant focal depth is 4~12km, the source stress drop is large, and the type of focal mechanism is complicated. The SE segment is about 20km long and 8km wide, with concentrated earthquakes, the dominant depth is 4~12km, most moderate-strong earthquakes occurred in the depth between 11~14km. Aftershock activity extends eastward from the start point of the M7.0 main earthquake. The middle-late-stage aftershocks are released intensively on this segment, most of them are strike-slip earthquakes. The stress drop of the aftershock sequence gradually decreases with time. Principal stress axis distribution also shows segmentation characteristics. On the NW segment, the dominant azimuth of P axis is about 91.39°, the average elevation angle is about 20.80°, the dominant azimuth of T axis is NE-SW, and the average elevation angle is about 58.44°. On the SE segment, the dominant azimuth of P axis is about 103.66°, the average elevation angle is about 19.03°, the dominant azimuth of T axis is NNE-SSW, and the average elevation angle is about 15.44°. According to the fault profile inferred from the focal mechanism solution, the main controlling structure in the source area is in NW-SE direction, which may be a concealed fault or the north extension of Huya Fault. The northwest end of the fault is limited to the horsetail structure at the east end of the East Kunlun Fault, and the SE extension requires clear seismic geological evidence. The dip angle of the NW segment of the seismogenic fault is about 65°, which may be a reverse fault striking NNW and dipping NE. According to the basic characteristics of inverse fault ruptures, the rupture often extends short along the strike, the rupture length is often disproportionate to the magnitude of the earthquake, and it is not easy to form a rupture zone on the surface. The dip angle of the SE segment of the seismogenic fault is about 82°, which may be a strike-slip fault that strikes NW and dips SW. The fault plane solution shows significant change on the north and south sides of the main earthquake, and turns gradually from compressional thrust to strike-slip movement, with a certain degree of rotation.     

西藏地区地震类型特征研究

对1970年以来西藏地区139组5级以上地震序列类型进行统计及特征分析,发现西藏地区中强以上地震序列以主—余型和孤立型为主,约占79.1%。随主震震级的增加,主—余型所占比例逐渐增加,孤立型和多震型所占比例减少。绝大多数地震的最大震级余震在主震后3个月内发生。西藏地区多震型地震主要发生西藏中强以上地震活跃时段,因此在西藏及邻区5级以上地震频度较高时需注意多震型地震的发生。从地震序列类型空间分布来看,孤立型地震和主—余型地震大多发生在构造相对单一的地区,而多震型地震则大多发生在构造复杂且存在多组构造交汇的区域。     

2013年前郭M5.8级强震群序列特征分析

基于2013年吉林前郭M5.8级强震群序列资料,分析其余震序列空间分布、演化特征、测震学指标b值及震源机制特征等。结果发现,前郭强震群序列空间位置高度集中在长9 km,宽5 km的范围内,余震沿北西向分布。序列中M4.0以上地震呈连发特征,M2.0~3.0地震缺乏,余震主要集中在M1.0级以下,余震序列b值较低且介于0.3~0.4之间,M5.0以上地震震源机制以逆冲为主,兼具少量走滑分量。     

西南太平洋地区地震序列的特征

共搜集到１９８４￣１９９０年西南太平洋地区１２个板缘地震序列。多数地震序列的特征是：震中分布区域的长轴较长并且随主震震级和序列中强震次数而增加;震中分布区域的长、短轴长度的比值较高;地震序列的余震震源机制和主震的差异不大;震源深度下限超过地壳,可达７０ｋｍ以上。走滑型主震占的比例低,高倾角滑动面的走向既有与俯冲带走向平行的也有横切的,个别逆冲型地震的断层面走向横切俯冲带。它们显示出与板块俯冲带主体     

2017年8月8日四川九寨沟7.0级地震InSAR同震形变场及断层滑动分布反演

基于InSAR技术,利用欧空局升降轨Sentinel-1A/IW宽幅数据,获取了2017年8月8日四川九寨沟7.0级地震InSAR同震形变场,并以升降轨InSAR观测结果为约束,反演了断层滑动分布,基于三种不同接收断层计算了同震库仑应力变化.结果表明,同震形变场发生在塔藏断裂、岷江断裂和虎牙断裂交汇的三角地带,升降轨干涉位移均显示本次地震的形变场影响范围约为50 km×50 km,形变场长轴方向为NW向,升降轨观测的形变量相反,反映断层运动性质以走滑运动为主,升降轨数据观测得到的最大LOS （Line of Sight,视线向）形变量分别为~22 cm和~14 cm.非对称形变场反映出断层两侧的运动差异.反演结果显示,最大滑动量约为1 m,平均滑动角为-9°,矩震级为M_W6.5,地震破裂主要集中在地下1~15 km深度范围内,但整体而言本次地震破裂较为充分,基本将该区域1973年及1976年4次 > M_W6.0地震的破裂空区完全破裂.考虑到塔藏断裂和虎牙断裂的运动性质,可初步判定发震断层为虎牙断裂北侧延伸分支.基于三种不同接收断层模型的同震库仑应力变化计算结果反映出该区域以应力释放为主,进一步触发较大走滑型余震的可能性不大.     

MECHANISM OF THE 2015 PISHAN,XINJIANG, MS6.5 MAINSHOCK AND RELOCATION OF ITS AFTERSHOCK SEQUENCES

Using the digital broadband seismic data recorded by Xinjiang network stations, we obtained focal mechanism of the July 3 Pishan, Xinjiang, M_S6.5 earthquake with generalized Cut and Paste(gCAP)inversion method. The strike, dip and rake of first nodal plane are 97°, 27°, 51°, and the second nodal plane are 318°, 70°, 107°. The centroid depth and moment magnitude are calculated to be 12km and 6.4. Combining with the distribution of aftershocks, we conclude that the first nodal plane is the seismogenic fault, and the main shock presents a thrust earthquake at low angle. We relocated 1014 earthquakes using the double-difference algorithm, and finally obtained 937 relocated events. Our results show that the earthquake sequences clearly demonstrate a unilateral extension about 50km nearly in NWW direction, and are mainly located above 25km depth, especially the small earthquakes are predominately located at the shallow parts. Furthermore, the focal depth profile shows a southwestward dipping fault plane at the main shock position, suggesting listric thrust faulting, which is consistent with the dip of the mainshock rupture plane. The spatial distribution of aftershocks represents that the Tarim block was thrust under the West Kunlun orogenic belt. In addition, the dip angle of the fault plane gradually increases along the NWW direction, possibly suggesting a gradual increase of strike-slip component during the NWW rupturing process. From above, we conclude that the Pishan M_S6.5 earthquake is the result of Tibet plateau pushing onto the Tarim block from south to north, which further confirms that the continuous collision of India plate and Eurasia plate has strong influence on the seismic activity in and around the Tibet plateau.     

汶川MS8.0地震余震序列重新定位及其地震构造研究

综合利用川西流动地震台阵观测数据和震后应急地震观测台站的震相数据,采用双差地震定位方法对汶川地震的余震序列进行了精确重新定位,并对汶川地震的地震构造进行了深入研究.其结果显示,汶川地震序列从彭灌杂岩南缘开始破裂,主震及其余震破裂带长约350 km,在大部分区域宽约20~30 km,其宽度和空间形态沿破裂带显示了强烈的分段和非均匀特征.坚硬的彭灌杂岩对余震的非均匀性分布和汶川地震复杂的破裂过程起到了重要的控制作用.以松潘—甘孜地块中地壳低速层顶部为底边界,余震主要分布在4~24 km深度范围内的龙门山东缘上地壳高速层内.余震深度分布剖面清晰地显示了映秀—北川断裂和灌县—江油断裂以及汶川—茂汶断裂在20~22 km深度合并为剪切带的特征.小鱼洞到理县方向存在一条长度超过60 km的垂直于龙门山走向的余震分布条带,综合震源机制解和地震破裂过程的研究结果,我们推测,这是坚硬的彭灌杂岩体底部在长期应力积累作用下发生破裂的反映,并成为汶川地震释放出巨大能量的主要原因.