多时相ASTER遥感影像相对辐射校正研究

遥感影像获取时受传感器本身、太阳高度角、大气、地形等因素对地面光谱反射信号的影响,导致多时相影像上同一目标的光谱特征差异很大.为了进一步的应用研究,必须要先进行辐射校正.以黑龙江省海伦市及其周边地区作为研究区,将太阳高度角校正、辐射校正、日地距离校正和相对辐射校正方法结合使用,将其它因素引起的光谱值差异减小到最小值,在一定程度上提高了校正精度,达到预期目的.     

基于测井系列校正的趋势面分析法标准化研究

对测井资料进行标准化处理是地质精细解释的前提,不仅能提高测井资料的准确性,并且能保障测井解释精度。本文采用趋势面分析法对测井资料进行标准化。在进行第一次标准化处理时,由于研究区内新老井应用多种测井系列测量,出现了由测井系列差异引起的异常点。因此,将测井系列校正纳入标准化处理流程,即当工区开发历时较久、范围较大、测井系列较多时,在测井资料标准化之前必须先进行测井系列校正;提出了测井系列校正的方法,应用该方法对测井资料校正后,再进行第二次标准化处理。其结果检验表明,处理后的测井信息更加符合区域地质规律,证明该思路符合实际需求,能更加准确地完成区块测井资料的标准化,可以推广至全区及其它类似工区。     

可控源电磁场三维数值模拟中的散度校正方法研究

在可控源电磁场三维有限差分数值模拟过程中,低频时数值模拟的收敛速度变慢,导致获得精确结果的时间变长。引入电流密度的散度校正方法可以加快低频数值模拟时的收敛速度,提高解的精确性。笔者在研究可控源电磁场三维有限差分数值模拟算法的基础上,利用电流密度的散度为零,推导了散度校正公式并利用迭代解法实现了散度校正算法。模型试验表明,在低频时,散度校正能大幅度提高三维电磁场数值模拟的速度和精度,异常体规模越大,数值模拟的频率越低,散度校正的效果越明显。     

An improved fast level set method initialized with a combination of k-means clustering and Otsu thresholding for unsupervised change detection from SAR images

Detection of changes in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images is an important challenge due to the effects of speckle noise on these images. In recent years, appropriate methods for SAR-based-change detection have been developed based on the level set methods (LSM). These methods need to set parameters for defining a proper initial contour. Moreover, the gradient information is only employed in the total energy of these methods for segmentation of the difference image. In this study, a novel method has been proposed for unsupervised change detection of multitemporal SAR images based on the improved fast level set method (IFLSM) initialized with a combination of k-means and Otsu techniques. The proposed method utilizes the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) fusion strategy and edge enhancement to achieve a noise-resistant difference image from the mean-ratio and log-ratio images. Afterward, the generated binary change map (CM) by applying a combination of k-means and Otsu techniques on the difference image is used as the initial contour to achieve a final CM on difference image using the IFLSM. To check advantages of the proposed method, experiments are applied on two sets of multitemporal SAR images corresponding to artificial Chitgar Lake (under reconstruction) in Tehran (Iran) taken by TerraSAR-X satellite in 2011 and 2012, and corresponding to San Pablo and Briones reservoirs in California (USA) acquired by ERS-2 satellite in 2003 and 2004. Results of proposed method were compared with results of some well-known unsupervised change detection methods. Experimental results prove the sufficiency of the proposed method in unsupervised change detection in terms of accuracy, implementation time, and computational complexity.     

武汉软土固结不排水应力-应变归一化特性分析

基于武汉软土的固结不排水三轴剪切试验,分析了武汉软土的应力-应变关系特性：在低围压下,土体表现出稳定型或弱应变硬化型;在高围压下,土体呈现出弱应变软化型;土体的应力-应变关系曲线为典型的双曲线。为实现武汉软土应力-应变关系的归一化,基于典型的双曲线方程,从理论上推导了为实现应力-应变方程归一化而必须满足的归一化条件,并提出了用主应力差渐近值作为标准归一化因子。通过运用标准归一化因子和常用的以固结围压为归一化因子,对武汉软土应力-应变特性进行归一化分析和比较,得出用主应力差渐近值作为标准归一化因子,软土的应力-应变特性归一化程度更高,效果更好。同时,运用标准归一化因子,建立了武汉软土固结不排水条件下应力-应变特性的归一化方程。     

Land use/land cover change impact on groundwater quantity and quality: a case study of Ajman Emirate,the United Arab Emirates,using remote sensing and GIS

Ajman is a rapidly urbanizing emirate with land development succeeding at a fast pace. This study aims to monitor land use/land cover changes and assesses the impact of these changes on groundwater quality and quantity of the shallow aquifer using multitemporal remote sensing data and geographic information system (GIS). To monitor the land use/land cover changes, the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) algorithms were utilized. The obtained maps were correlated against a set of total dissolved solid (TDS); Mg, Cl, and NO₃ groundwater quality index; and depth to the groundwater table maps constructed from groundwater data. The spatial analysis revealed a sharp depletion in groundwater quality and quantity related to the increase in the land use/land cover classes. The mean total TDS is from 21,971 to 26,450 mg/L and depth to groundwater level from ?12.33 to ?17.2 m over a period of 15 years. Maps of normalized difference and groundwater quality sustainability showed that the eastern side of the study area has a high value of groundwater quality sustainability and normalized difference, while the western side of the study area has a minimal value of groundwater quality sustainability and normalized difference. This study is of great assistance for decision makers and land developers to relate to municipal land allotment in rapidly developing regions such as Ajman.     

CPF变化对Landsat TM/ETM+辐射校正结果的影响

随着时间的推移,卫星传感器的老化会使得原有的辐射定标参数文件(CPF)失效。最典型的当属Landsat-5卫星,该卫星自1984年发射以来,已经进行了多次CPF修正;而Landsat-7卫星的CPF也经过了数次修改,以保证辐射校正结果的准确性。以Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像为例,分别以2003、2009年的CPF对它们进行辐射校正,并对结果进行对比。结果表明,除ETM+的绿光波段外,TM、ETM+影像基于2009年CPF计算的各波段均值都要小于2003年。而这一变化也使得由此计算的指数产生差异：归一化植被指数(NDVI)间的差异可达0.48%,建筑用地指数(IBI)间的差异可达5.94%。     

Explicit stress integration with error control for the Barcelona Basic Model.: Part II: Algorithms efficiency and accuracy

The paper compares the accuracy and efficiency of explicit stress integration schemes for elasto-plastic unsaturated soil models with automatic error control. Numerical tests are performed with reference to the Barcelona Basic Model (BBM), one of the most popular elasto-plastic models for unsaturated soils, by using eight explicit Runge–Kutta algorithms of various order as well as a novel application of the extrapolation method described in the companion paper. Initially, the results obtained from the lowest order Runge–Kutta scheme (i.e. Modified Euler) as well as the extrapolation method are checked against accurate solutions of a number of BBM paths involving changes of strains and suction. Subsequently, the efficiency and accuracy of all algorithms are assessed for generic increments of strains and suction, while the difference between two alternative error control methods is also analysed. The results presented, although strictly valid for the Barcelona Basic Model, are expected to be general and relevant to other similar unsaturated elasto-plastic models formulated in terms of two independent stress variables such as net stress and suction.     

磁性起伏地形磁异常改正方法探讨

磁性起伏地形磁异常改正是提高表层具有磁性地区磁法勘探效果的有效途径。通过理论分析,提出了一种简便、快速的改正方法并给出应用实例,对改正方法应用需注意的问题进行了探讨。     

重磁位场的正则化向下延拓

传统的位场向下延拓方法,在下延至场源体顶面深度附近区域,位场将发生强烈的振荡效应,无法继续向下延拓,难以用空间位场特征确定场源体的深度等特征,当然更无法划分出垂向迭加体。本文讨论了一种新的正则化方法：利用引入位场频率,埋深与正则化因子等有关的校正函数。使得向下延拓过场源体时,场值不奇异。因此,可以达到场源体以下任意需要的深度。理论场和实测资料的正则化向下延拓成果表明,本方法能有效地反映出场源体的深度等特征,也能较准确地划分出具有垂向与水平迭加的单个场源体。     

冻融循环下粉砂土应力-应变归一化特性研究

为研究粉砂在不同冻融循环下的应力-应变关系特性,进行了粉砂土的不固结不排水三轴剪切试验,试验结果表明：在围压较低时,未冻融及经历较少次冻融循环的粉砂表现出一定的软化性,但软化程度较弱;而经历一定次数的冻融循环后,其逐渐由弱软化型转化成硬化型;在围压较高时,未冻融及冻融以后的粉砂都表现出应变硬化的特征,其应力-应变关系曲线为典型的双曲线。基于Konder双曲线模型,概述了土体应力-应变关系中常见的几种归一化因子及相应的归一化条件。提出了针对冻融循环下粉砂土的应力-应变关系的归一化因子,并给出了相应的归一化条件。基于新的归一化因子,建立了粉砂土在不同围压、不同冻融循环次数下的应力-应变特性的归一化方程,并对应力-应变曲线进行预测,其试验值与拟合值较为接近,预测效果较好。     

粉质黏土卸荷变形特性试验研究

依托武汉长江隧道江北明挖段基坑工程,开展了一系列的K0固结状态下原状粉质黏土卸荷应力路径排水剪三轴试验,并对卸荷变形特性进行了深入分析。分析表明：卸荷应力路径下原状粉质黏土的应力-应变关系与应力路径有着密切的关系,近似呈双曲线型。根据应力-应变曲线表现,可将卸荷应力路径分为A、B两组,A组应力路径试样表现为轴向压缩;B组应力路径试样表现为轴向伸长。卸荷应力路径下粉质黏土的应力-应变关系具有良好的归一化特性,同一应力路径下不同固结压力的应力-应变曲线可采用双曲线函数用平均固结压力归一化,但A、B两组应力路径下的归一化方程有所差别。给出了各种应力路径下的归一化方程,可为卸荷土体的变形参数及本构关系研究提供参考。     

地基微波遥感评估黄河源区草原下垫面土壤冻融过程研究

土壤冻融过程对气候变化非常敏感,如何准确监测土壤冻融过程具有重要的科学意义。利用2017年6月至2018年6月中国科学院若尔盖高原湿地生态系统研究站玛曲观测场地基微波辐射计观测数据、浅层土壤温度和近地面气温数据,通过构建归一化极化比值冻结因子、极化差值冻结因子、组合水平极化差值冻结因子和组合垂直极化差值冻结因子等不同土壤冻结因子,评估了黄河源区草原下垫面土壤冻融过程。结果表明：L波段微波辐射计监测土壤冻融状态的结果与近地面气温和浅层土壤温度表征的土壤冻融过程基本一致。当入射角为50°时,归一化极化比值冻结因子和极化差值冻结因子与实测数据的一致性分别达到83.6%和82.8%。每种冻结因子具有明显的季节性变化,四种冻结因子在春季时的准确度低于夏、秋、冬三个季节。归一化后的相对冻结因子的标准差在秋季最大,可达0.3;在冬季和夏季最小,值小于0.2。在土壤发生冻结和融化转换时,垂直极化和水平极化下的亮温同时下降,其差值较完全冻结或者完全融化时的亮温差大。研究结果可为微波遥感监测土壤冻融过程提供技术参考。     

祁连山冻土区天然气水合物气体组分的 气相色谱法测定

建立了气相色谱法测定祁连山冻土区天然气水合物C1~C5气体组分的分析方法,对比研究了单点法与多点法校正、外标法与外标归一化法定量,以及顶空法与排水法2种气体收集方式的区别。结果表明：顶空法制备、单点法校正、外标归一化法定量计算为气相色谱法测定天然气水合物气体组分的最佳方法, 方法相对标准偏差（RSD）为0～1.06%,检出限为0.0003%~0.0127%。通过对祁连山冻土区DK-2孔10个天然气水合物样品的测定,发现C1含量为60.64%~78.76%,C2含量为8.99%~13.60%,C3含量为6.58%~21.24%,C4和C5含量较少,可见C2+气体组分含量丰富,具有较低的C1/C2+比值（1.5~3.7）,显示出明显的热解气特征。     

Hydrogeological and thermal characterization of shallow aquifers in the plain sector of Piemonte region (NW Italy): implications for groundwater heat pumps diffusion

The low annual and seasonal variability of the shallow groundwater temperature in the alluvial plain aquifers of the Piemonte region (NW Italy) confirmed the potentiality of the low-enthalpy open-loop groundwater heat pumps (GWHP) diffusion to contribute to the reduction of regional greenhouse gas emissions. The distribution of mean groundwater temperatures ranged from a minimum of 10.3°C to a maximum of 17.9°C with a mean of 14.0°C. Differences among diverse areas were slight according with the modest variations in the general climatic condition. Like the air, temperature distribution of the shallow groundwater temperatures is generally similar to topographic elevations in reverse manner. Higher temperature values recorded were typical of summer months (June, July). On the opposite lower values were measured in January and February. No significant difference phase (time) difference between air and groundwater temperature appeared in the data analysis. Besides air-temperature influence (seasonal variability) seemed strictly connected to the depth to groundwater in the measure point and it was negligible when the value was over 9.5 m. For the application of the open-loop systems, extensive examinations of the hydrogeological local conditions should be conducted at site scale and groundwater heat transport modelling should be developed.     

Assessing the effects of the climate change on land cover changes in different time periods

The present research evaluated the relation between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) changes and the climate change during 2000–2014 in Qazvin Plain, Iran. Daily precipitation and mean temperature values during 2015–2040 and 2040–2065 were predicted using the statistical downscaling model (SDSM), and these values were compared with the values of the base period (2000–2014). The MODIS images (MOD13A2) were used for NDVI monitoring. In order to investigate the effects of climate changes on vegetation, the relationship between the NDVI and climatic parameters was assessed in monthly, seasonal, and annual time periods. According to the obtained results under the B2 scenario, the mean annual precipitation at Qazvin Station during 2015–2040 and 2040–2065 was 6.7 mm (9.3%) and 8.2 mm (11.36%) lower than the values in the base period, respectively. Moreover, the mean annual temperature in the mentioned periods was 0.7 and 0.92 °C higher than that in the base period, respectively. Analysis of the correlations between the NDVI and climatic parameters in different periods showed that there is a significant correlation between the seasonal temperature and NDVI (P < 0.01). Moreover, the NDVI will increase 0.009 and 0.011 during 2015–2040 and 2040–2065, respectively.     

面向高空间分辨率遥感影像的山区地形校正方法

山区地形复杂,遥感影像地形效应明显,易造成"同物异谱"、"同谱异物"现象,增大了遥感地质填图的难度.但前人对适用于复杂地形条件下地质填图的地形校正模型讨论较少,特别是校正高空间分辨率遥感影像时多缺少对应高精度数字高程模型,校正结果易受地形异常影响.在Richter"山区"校正模型基础上引入地形抹平模型,提出"Smoothed山区"校正方法,并与另14种地形校正模型在GF-1、GF-2、SPOT6山区影像上进行对比实验.结果显示,"Smoothed山区"校正模型在山区高空间分辨率遥感影像的校正效果明显优于其他模型,校正结果地形效应减弱,影像信息丰富不失真,并且直接获取地表反射率数据,可为进一步的遥感蚀变提取等工作提供基础数据.该模型适用于复杂地形山区的遥感地质填图.      

逆时偏移中的归一化加权互相关成像条件及应用

成像条件是决定声波方程叠前逆时深度偏移效果的重要因素。常规的归一化互相关成像条件能补偿深部地层的反射波能量,但无法压制地震波逆时偏移过程中产生的偏移噪声。针对归一化互相关成像条件的主要缺陷,从二维声波方程出发,在交错网格空间中推导了声波方程逆时延拓的高阶有限差分格式和PML吸收边界条件,进而在对常规互相关成像条件分析的基础上对其进行改进,给出了一种加权互相关成像条件,即在成像过程中利用炮检波场的夹角进行加权校正,以实现只利用炮点下行波场与接收点上行波场进行成像的目标。模型数据和实测资料偏移结果表明,归一化加权互相关成像条件成像效果明显优于常规归一化互相关成像条件。     

低解吸气量页岩气组分校正方法探讨

通过现场解吸试验,采用气相色谱等测试方法,对低解吸气量页岩气组分测定结果校正方法进行了研究。在常规现场解吸试验操作基础上增加校正实验,结合理想气体状态方程,总结归纳出校正参数及适用性研究。结果显示,当解析气量较少时,解吸罐内残留空气对组分测定结果的影响较大,排除解吸罐中空气的影响后,解吸气组分甲烷体积分数普遍增加12.23%~54.44%。研究表明,对低解吸气量页岩气组分结果进行校正十分必要。     

Comparison of Two Background Correction Procedures for X-Ray Fluorescence Trace element Analysis of Some Standard Samples

Ten geochemical reference samples were analysed for Rb, Sr and Cr by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The results obtained by two different background correction procedures are compared. For Sr both the correction procedures yield almost similar results in carbonate matrix; however, for Rb and Sr in silicate samples some significant differences are often noticed.