认清形势,明确任务,抓住机制,依法行政,努力提高江苏防震减灾工作水平

总结回顾了江苏二十多年来的防震减灾工作,分析了当前搞好防震减灾工作的形势,从７个方面阐述了要抓住机遇,依法行政提高全省防震减灾工作水平的有关问题。     

依法行政做好防震减灾工作--纪念《中华人民共和国防震减灾法》实施5周年

从立法、法制宣传、建立健全规章制度和科学规范的管理程序、公正严格执法、执法监督和法制工作队伍建设等6个方面，论述了做好防震减灾依法行政工作的重要性，指出。只有依法行政，才能保障防震减灾工作的顺利发展。     

对防震减灾宣传管理工作的思考

文章阐述了防震减灾宣传管理工作的思路。内容包括：根据防震减灾宣传的四个特性，明确防震减灾宣传工作的指导思想；指出防震减灾宣传是精神文明建设的组成部分；要实行协同管理的体制，并坚持行业管理的主要内容；指出坚持防震减灾宣传科学性的必要性。     

镇江市防震减灾法制建设工作存在的问题与对策

在近几年依法行政工作的基础上，总结了镇江市防震减灾法制建设工作取得的进展，较全面地阐述了镇江市防震减灾法制建设工作中存在的问题及其产生的原因，提出了相应的对策。     

新世纪防震减灾工作措施探讨

地震灾害造成的损失随社会发展而加重。经济迅速发展的我国新世纪防震减灾应采取新措施；需要提高地震设防标准，鼓励部分建筑先坚固起来，使我国建设的抗震能力在几十年内逐步达到国际先进水平；应在全国范围内抑制虚报，科学地确定地震预报的震级下限,通过清理地震预报方法提高报准率，从总体上提高地震预报效益；应重视震时应急行动的研究；应加强企业的防震减灾工作，并通过立法加以落实。     

把握机遇,开拓防震减灾的新局面

概述上海市的经济发展水平及防震减灾能力的状况，提出上海防震减灾十年目标，完成地震应急组织体系建设，加速遥测台网现代化，抓好前沿科学研究，加强地震安全性评价工作，加大宣传力度等五个方面的工作。     

加强抗震设防管理做好市县防震减灾工作

介绍了临汾市防震减灾工作的基本情况,从政府支持、宣传到位、执法检查、培训人员、优质服务5个方面论述了临汾市抗震设防管理工作的主要做法,指出了目前管理工作中存在的问题,认为,加强抗震设防管理是做好市县防震减灾工作的重要内容。     

加强抗震设防管理做好市县防震减灾工作

提出了加强抗震设防管理是做好市县防震减灾工作的重要内容的看法,简要介绍了山西省临汾市防震减灾工作的基本情况,从政府支持是关键、宣传到位是前提、执法检查是手段、培训人员是保证、优质服务树形象5个方面叙述了临汾市抗震设防管理工作的主要做法,指出了目前管理中存在的问题.     

农村民用建筑工程抗震设防初探

本文在统计分析大量资料的基础上，发现农村民用建筑物在抗震设防方面存在诸如：①缺乏震灾意识，防震观念淡薄；②房屋结构简单，抗震性能低；③有女儿墙、高门脸、高屋脊等不利抗震的建筑形式；④省投资，省材料，无技术，房屋工程质量差；⑤建筑材料质量差，影响工程抗震性能；⑥缺乏管理，施工质量低等薄弱环节。鉴此，提出下述一些对策及措施：①加强地震知识宣传，提高防震减灾意识；②加强对农村民用建筑的抗震研究，探索设计推出防震抗震示范建筑物；③加强农村建材市场和施工队伍的管理；④加强农村建筑施工队的业务技术培训，提高质量意识；⑤加强农村震害预测和防震减灾规划编制工作；⑥在抓好在建、新建工程抗震设防的同时，要重视原有建筑物的抗震鉴定；⑦研究制定农村民用建筑抗震设防法规；⑧建立健全各级防灾机构，强化各级政府减灾职能。     

以模块化的管理方式促进防震减灾宣传工作

防震减灾宣传是基层地震工作的重要内容之一,本文就如何有效提高防震减灾宣传工作做了初步分析,主要包括层次性和多角度性、针对性和亲和力、宣传工作细化并实施模块化管理几方面,通过事实举例和理性分析,说明模块化管理的必要性和创新性。     

Anorthite,andesine, wollastonite,diopside, cordierite and pyrope: thermodynamics of melting,glass transitions,and properties of the amorphous phases

Drop calorimetry measurements between 900 and 1850 K are reported for amorphous anorthite, andesine, wollastonite, diopside, cordierite and pyrope. The isobaric heat capacities of the glassy and liquid phases of these materials, and the enthalpies of fusion of the minerals have been derived. The calorimetric entropies of fusion of these substances and of other oxide minerals are generally consistent with the calculated volume changes on melting and with the observed pressure dependences of the melting points. The thermodynamics of mixing of liquid plagioclases have been examined, and it is concluded that their enthalpies of mixing are markedly different from the values derived directly from solution calorimetry measurements at 985 K.     

Age, geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of Mahukona Volcano, Hawai`i

The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (～6,000?km³) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ～270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high ³He/⁴He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized.     

Coincidence and spatial variability of geology,soils, and vegetation,mill run watershed,Virginia

The Mill Run watershed is a structurally-controlled synclinal basin on the eastern limb of the Massanutten Mountain complex of northwestern Virginia. Bedrock contacts are obscured by coarse sandstone debris from exposures near basin divides. Colluvium blankets more than half the basin, masking geomorphic surfaces, affecting vegetation patterns, and contributing to the convexity of the alluvial, terrace, pediment and erosion surfaces. Examination of the bedrock geology, geomorphology, soils and vegetation shows distinct distributional correspondences. Vegetation is strongly interdependent with geomorphology, bedrock geology, and soils. On convex colluvial slopes, mixed hardwood forests are most common. In concave coves and deep gorges, mixed hardwoods are replaced by conifers. In thin colluvium, in poorly developed soils, and on blockfields, chestnut oak is singularly prevalent. Conifers dominate shaley bedrock areas. Soils and surficial sediments have a major effect on near-surface hydrology. During wet seasons, cemented horizons in the subsurface cause temporary saturation in the superjacent horizons; lateral movement of soil-water effectively eliminates a vertical component of ground-water recharge. Vegetation is strongly dependent on water availability and thus reflects the distribution of subsurface barriers and sediment-soil fades changes.     

Dynamics of dissolved major (Na,K, Ca,Mg, and Si) and trace (Al,Fe, Mn,Zn, Cu,and Cr) elements along the lower Orinoco River

This study addresses the changes in dissolved major and trace element concentrations along the Orinoco River, including the mixing zone between the Orinoco and Apure Rivers. Water samples from the Apure and Orinoco Rivers were collected monthly in four sectors over a period of 15 months. Auxiliary parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and temperature), total suspended sediments, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and major (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Si) and trace (Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cr) element concentrations were measured in all sectors. The relative contribution of both rivers after the Apure–Orinoco confluence was determined using Ca as a tracer. Moreover, a mixing model was developed to determine whether dissolved species exhibit a conservative behavior during mixing. The results indicate that DOC is removed from waters during the Apure–Orinoco mixing, probably due to absorption of DOC on mineral phases supplied by the Apure River. Dissolved Na, Ca, and Mg behave conservatively during the mixing processes, and their concentrations are controlled by a dilution process. The anomaly in the temporal pattern of K in the Orinoco is caused by the input of biogenic K originating from the Apure River during the high‐water stage. The loss of dissolved Si during the low‐water stage can be explained by the uptake of Si by diatoms. Dissolved Mn, Zn, Al, and Fe showed a non‐conservative behavior during the Apure–Orinoco mixing. The removal of Mn and Zn from the dissolved phase can be explained by the formation of Mn‐oxyhydroxides and the scavenging of Zn onto Mn oxides. Dissolved Fe is controlled by redox processes, although the removals of Fe and Al due to the preferential adsorption of large organometallic complexes by mineral surfaces after the Apure–Orinoco confluence can affect the mobility of both elements during transport. The conservative behavior shown by Cu and Cr can be related to the tendency of both elements to be complexed with small organic colloids, which are not preferentially adsorbed by clays.     

Physical properties,vitrinite reflectance,and microstructure of coal,Taiyuan Formation,Qinshui Basin,China

In this study, we experimentally established the relationship between physical properties, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of coal, Taiyuan Formation, Qinshui Basin, China using representative coal samples collected from three different mines via the rock mechanics testing system (MTS). We analyzed the organic macerals, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of 11 coal samples using petrography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results suggest that (1) the elastic parameters can be described by linear equations, (2) both P-and S-wave velocities display anisotropy, (3) the anisotropy negatively correlates with vitrinite reflectance, and (4) the acoustic velocities and Young’s modulus are negatively correlated with the volume of micropores. The derived empirical equations can be used in the forward modeling and seismic inversion of physical properties of coal for improving the coal-bed methane (CBM) reservoir characterization.     

Geology and isotopic composition of helium,neon, xenon and metallogenic age of the Jinding and Baiyangping ore deposits,northwest Yunnan,China

TheJindingoredeposit,locatedinthenorthwestYunnanProvince,isthelargestPb-Zndeposit(Pb Zn>15Mt1),averagingZn=6.08%andPb/Zn=1/4.7)inChinaatpresent.Toitsnorth,alargeCu-Co-AgdeposithasbeenfoundatBaiyangpingrecently1).TheJindingPb-Zndepositishostedinsandstonesa…     

Spatial distribution,source apportionment,and associated risks of trace metals (As,Pb, Cr,Cd, and Hg) from a subtropical river,Gomti, Bangladesh

Sediment samples from the Gomti River basin were investigated to determine and evaluate trace metal concentrations,their biological effect,and potential ecological and human health risks for adults and children.The mean concentrations of trace metals were organized in the descending order of mercury(Hg)(0.08 mg/kg)>chromium(Cr)(0.06 mg/kg)>lead(Pb)(0.05 mg/kg)>arsenic(As)(0.02 mg/kg)>cadmium(Cd)(0.01 mg/kg).The current study illustrated that metals were attributed to the area from natural sources and different anthropogenic sources especially from industries.However,the concentration levels were lower than the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)based on the effect-range classifications of threshold effect concentration(TEC)and probable effect concentration(PEC).Therefore,the concentration of the elements showed no adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms.The evaluated potential ecological risk index also revealed the low toxicity to the aquatic environment.Moreover,the applied sediment quality indices,geo-accumulation index(Igeo),contamination factor(CF),and contamination severity index(CSI)suggested that the contamination levels of the elements were in the acceptable range,and the contamination had not notably impacted on the sediment quality.The risk index(HI)concerning age groups was significantly less than the threshold limit of 1 indicating that the contamination had no non-carcinogenic risk effect.The total carcinogenic risk(TCR)was less than a risk value of 1×10⁴.Hence,the current study suggests that immediate remediation is not required due to an absence of alarming conditions in the study area.Proper monitoring of the attribution of the metal elements should be done for the betterment of human and environmental health。     

Physical and physico - chemical theory of generation,upward transfer,differentiation, and explosion of magmas

Bulletin of Volcanology -     

Glaciation,erosion, and landscape evolution of Iceland

Stratigraphic and sedimentological studies indicate that Iceland has experienced over 20 glaciations during the last 4–5 Myr, in reasonable agreement with the number of glaciations reconstructed from the ∂¹⁸O record in deep-sea sediment. The pattern of glacial erosion was to a large part controlled by constructive volcanic processes resulting in increased topographic relief after 2.5 Myr. Between 2.5 and 0.5 Ma valleys up to 400 m deep were excavated into the Tertiary basalts of eastern and south Iceland with an average erosion rate of 10–20 cm ka⁻¹. During the last 0.5 million years rates of erosion increased to 50–175 cm ka⁻¹, with an additional 200 to over 1000 m of valley excavation. Previous estimates of the rate of landscape erosion during the Holocene vary widely, from 5 to 70,000 cm ka⁻¹. We present new studies that define the rates of landscape denudation during the major part of the Holocene (the last 10,200 years): one based on the Iceland shelf sediment record, the other from the sediment record in the glacier-fed lake, Hvítárvatn. Both studies indicate average Holocene erosion rates of about 5 cm ka⁻¹ similar to our erosion rate estimate for 4–5 Ma old strata that has not been subjected to regional glaciation.