厦门制定《风暴潮、海啸灾害应急预案》

为贯彻落实国务院对突发事件的处理要求,提高厦门市风暴潮灾害的预防和应急反应能力,确保在风暴潮来临的紧急情况下能及时、有效地采取应对措施,最大限度地减少风暴潮灾害造成的损失,根据《国家自然灾害救助应急预案》、国家海洋局《风暴潮、海啸、海冰灾害应急预案》(国海发[2     

基于因子分析的沿海地区海洋灾害损失评价——以风暴潮为例

近年来,海洋灾害不断发生,使得沿海地区经济与社会的持续发展遭受严峻的挑战。在总结有关海洋灾害研究成果的基础上,首先说明了构建灾害损失评价指标体系的基本原则,并选取了评价指标体系;其次,用因子分析法对十个沿海省份2000年到2007年所遭受的风暴潮灾害损失进行了评价;最后根据综合得分找出了遭受风暴潮灾害损失严重的地区和主要的损失因子,从而为防灾减灾提供了依据。     

温州市海岸带变迁与风暴潮灾害风险评估

以温州市为研究对象,通过对风暴潮灾害风险性评估,分析了各市县(区)风暴潮灾害风险性等级。基于多层次评价法利用温州统计年鉴社会经济人口信息数据构建社会脆弱性指标,防灾海塘信息、潮位信息与土地利用类型数据构建自然脆弱性指标,得到温州风暴潮灾害风险性等级分布,结合海岸带变迁与风暴潮灾害损失统计,结果表明:温州21个乡镇(街道)处于4级风险区,40个乡镇(街道)处于3级风险区,37个乡镇(街道)处于2级风险区,30个乡镇(街道)处于1级风险区,其中乐清市、龙湾区、瑞安市、苍南县等地风暴潮灾害风险性较高,永嘉县、文成县、泰顺县等地风险性较低,高风险性地区具有海洋经济发达、居民用地集中的特征,风暴潮灾害造成的经济损失与海岸带开发变迁有较大关联。     

渤海风暴潮的危害及防御措施

近年来,渤海风暴潮对该海域沿海地区造成了巨大损失和人员伤亡。相关文献统计了近20年来渤海风暴潮发生的时间、地点、损失和人员伤亡数据,分析了风暴潮灾害的强度、次数和时空分布及其与灾害损失的相关关系。结果表明,渤海灾难性的风暴潮主要集中在夏秋季节,且平均每4年发生1次,造成的损失较大;小型风暴潮每年都有且发生时间不确定,平均每年1-2次,一般不会造成大的损失和人员伤亡。风暴潮没有特别固定的线性规律,对风暴潮最主要的措施应是以防御为主。     

风暴潮灾害损失评估研究综述

本文先根据风暴潮灾害损失评估时序、因果关系、结果形式以及灾害要素对评估对象分类,综述不同损失类别的定义、特征、方法及实践意义。在此分类的基础上,统计6类风暴潮损失评估使用的39种指标频次,并首次通过弦图对统计结果进行可视化。结果表明,我国风暴潮损失评估研究主要集中于风暴潮灾后损失和损失等级评估,其中,产业损失指标的使用频度最多。     

广东省风暴潮海洋灾害特征及风险防控对策研究

文章通过广东省2005—2018年风暴潮海洋灾害损失资料,总结分析了广东省沿海城市台风风暴潮登陆情况、风暴潮灾害损失概况和风暴潮灾害损失特征,在此基础上,给出了广东省风暴潮海洋灾害风险防控对策建议。     

从政府机构的视角构建我国海洋与渔业灾害风险防范体系

在我国,因海洋与渔业灾害导致每年损失过百亿元人民币,海洋渔业灾害破坏力强,给整个海洋经济带来巨大的损失,对我国经济社会发展和人民生命财产安全也会造成极大的危害,所以我国急需建立海洋与渔业灾害防范和救助体系。政府在海洋灾害风险防范与救助体系中作用巨大,文章主要从政府机构的视角探讨了构建我国海洋与渔业灾害风险防范体系的问题。分别从法律制度建设、保险体系构建、组织机构保障、约束激励机制和基础建设投入等方面阐述了政府机构应当采取的行动,进一步明确了现阶段我国政府机构在海洋与渔业灾害风险防范体系构建中扮演的角色和重要地位。     

风暴潮灾害经济预警指标体系研究

在界定风暴潮灾害经济预警概念的基础上,按照风暴潮灾害经济预警主体性原则、逻辑科学性原则,选取风暴潮灾害经济预警评价指标,采用“目的树”层次分析法,从风暴潮灾害危险度、潜在受灾地区易损脆弱度和防灾减灾能力三个层面,构建了我国风暴潮灾害经济预警指标体系,这将为近海青岛地区风暴潮灾害风险区划,以及相关预警模型的准确有效建立与...     

基于SSA-ELM模型的台风风暴潮灾害损失预评估

近年来全球气候变化加剧,台风风暴潮灾害的频率、强度和损失逐渐加大,台风风暴潮灾害损失的预评估对海洋防灾减灾工作有重大现实意义.作者选用广东省1995年—2020年间的50组台风风暴潮数据进行研究,量化气候变化数据,建立台风风暴潮损失评估体系并通过主成分分析进行降维.采用麻雀搜索算法优化极限学习机建立预评估模型,分别对台...     

风暴潮灾害及防灾减灾策略

我国是世界上风暴潮灾害最为严重的国家之一.随着沿海地区社会经济的发展,近年来由风暴带来的经济损失和人员伤亡越来越严重.简要介绍了风暴潮的形成、分类及概况,讨论了风暴潮引起的灾害损失及暴潮灾害对人类生产、生活的影响,探讨了如何有效应对风暴潮灾害,以期为我国沿海地区防灾减灾工作提供参考.     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...