南黄海西部中层冷水垂直热结构的自模性

利用在水温垂直剖面无因次自模函数研究海洋垂直热结构方面的经验，对含中层冷水垂直热结构海水水温的正、负梯度层，提出了2种无因次温度和深度表达式，然后利用实测资料按单站和整个研究海区分别拟合了自摸函数θ＝f(η）。回算检验结果表明，用上述自模函数回算水温的平均均方误差均小于0．15℃，证明了含中层冷水的垂直热结构亦存在自模性，所提出的无因次经验表达式具有可靠性，纠正了认为自模函数的建立仅适用于单跃层结构的观点，并为进一步建立黄海中层冷水垂直热结构数值预报模式奠定了实验基础。     

东海西北部中层冷水垂直热结构数值预报方法研究Ⅰ.一维数值预报模式

文中,以水温垂直剖面的自模性将其由T-Z分布变为θ-η剖面为基础,在考虑海面加热,忽略热平流效应和来自海底的热通量情况下,将海洋分为4层,并在各层内利用其自模函数的积分趋于常量的特性,对引入自模函数的热传导方程进行推导运算,导出描述含中层冷水垂直热结构7个特征量的闭合方程组.当解得这些特征量之后,代入含有自模函数的温度表达式,即获得预报的整个水温剖面.为了检验模式的功能,我们利用东海西北部海域中27个测站,以5月5日和5月10日实测的特征量作为初值,分别试报了5月10日和5月15日的特征量及水温剖面.试报的结果表明:试报特征值和温度剖面与其实测值之间的平均绝对误差,特征温度小于或等于0.23℃,特征深度小于或等于1.18m,而水温剖面小于或等于0.20℃.由此可见,试报的效果是令人满意的.     

东海西北部中层冷水垂直热结构数值预报方法研究 I.一维数值预报模式

文中，以水温垂直剖面的自模性将其由T－Z分布变为θ-η剖面为基础，在考虑海面加热，忽略热平流效应和来自海底的热通量情况下，将海洋分为4层，并在各层内利用其自模函数的积分趋于常量的特性，对引入自模函数的热传导方程进行推导运算，导出描述含中层冷水垂直热结构7个特性量的闭合方程组。当解得这些特征量之后，代入含有自模函数的温度表达式，即获得预报的整个水温剖面。为了检验模式的功能，我们利用东海西北部海域中27个测站，以5月5日和5月10日实测的特征量作为初值，分别试报了5月10日和5月15日的特征量及水温剖面。试报的结果表明：试报特征值和温度剖面与其实测值之间的平均绝对误差，特征温度小于或等于0.23℃，特征深度小于或等于1.18m，而水温剖面小于或等于0.20℃。由此可见，试报的效果是令人满意的。     

东海西北部中层冷水垂直热结构数值预报方法研究 Ⅱ.三维数值预报模式

根据含中层冷水海洋垂直热结构的特征,将其分为4层,并考虑来自海面的热力和动力强迫因子、水层界面剪切应力和卷挟热交换、热平流、混合及地形影响等条件下,从原始动量、连续方程组及热传导方程出发,对整个海洋和各水层分别进行垂向积分,导出相应的描述风生界面起伏、各水层平均流场和温度场的闭合方程组.当解得各水层的平均温度场T_k(k=1,2,3,4)后,根据Tk与对应水层界面特征温度间的关系获得后者,最后通过水温剖面表达式获得含中层冷水海洋的三维热结构.为了检验本模式的功能,以时效为5d试报了5月15日研究海域的三维热结构,并将试报结果与实测值进行了比较.结果表明,试报水温的均绝误差为025℃,效果令人满意.     

黄海,渤海水温垂直结构数值预报方法研究：Ⅰ.一维数值预报模式

本文根据历史水温资料分析建立无维温度θＴ和无维深度η，进而建立水温垂直剖面的无维自模函数θＴ＝ｆ（η）。在此基础上，利用热传导方程在忽略平流和侧向涡动效应条件下建立描述表层水温，底层水温和上均匀层厚度的一维模式。     

海洋水文要素垂直剖面自模性概述（Ⅱ）

本文旨在全面地介绍前苏联学者在研究海洋水文要素垂直剖面自模性及无维模式方面的重要成果。主要内容有：（１）海洋活动层分析－θ(η)的发现；（２）海洋活动层温度剖面参量化描述－θ（η）的经验模式；（３）温（盐、密）度垂直剖面自模函数存在的理论证明；（４）自模函数θ（η）的应用；（５）自模函数在盐度垂直结构参数化的应用；（６）自模函数在浅海水主要素垂直分布模拟和数值预报的应用。     

南黄海春季水温分布特征的分析

利用美国海军的空间分辩率为10′×10′月平均的GDEM三维水温资料,研究了南黄海春季水温的分布特征及其演变过程。分析结果较清晰地显示了春季南黄海的水温分布如何从冬季的垂直均匀型过渡到夏季的层化结构。分析还表明:春季南黄海水温的水平和垂直结构皆比冬季更为复杂,并出现若干个较特殊的水文现象,例如,在34°40′~36°20′N的南黄海西侧出现了“青岛冷水团”,而在35°30′~37°20′N的南黄海东侧,初次发现存在着一个类似性质的冷水团,称其为“仁川外海冷水团”。此外,在冷水团的邻近海域还存在着中层冷水。     

黄海、渤海水温垂直结构数值预报方法研究 Ⅰ．一维数值预报模式

本文根据历史水温资料分别建立无维温度θＴ，和无维深度η，进而建立水温垂直剖面的无维自模函数θＴ＝ｆ（η）。在此基础上，利用热传导方程在忽略平流和侧向涡动效应条件下建立描述表层水温（ＴＳ）、底层水温（ＴＨ）和上均匀层厚度（ｈ）的一维模式。利用本模式试报了（时效为５ｄ，１０ｄ，１５ｄ）南黄海２０个站的ＴＳ，ＴＨ，ｈ及温跃层厚度和强度，结果令人满意。     

黄、渤海水温垂直结构数值预报方法的研究——Ⅰ.一维数值预报模式

文中根据历史水温资料分别建立无维温度θ_T和无维深度η,进而建立水温垂直剖面的无维自模函数θ_T=f(η)。在此基础上,利用热传导方程在忽略平流和涡动效应条件下建立描述表面水温(T_s)、底层水温(T_H)和上均匀层厚度(h)的一维模式。文中,利用本模式试报了(时效为5、10、15d)南黄海20个站的T_s、T_H、h、温跃层厚度和强度等,结果是令人满意的。     

海洋水文要素垂直剖面自模性概述(Ⅰ)

海洋水文要素垂直剖面的计算与预报是海洋学家研究的重要方向，也是有关海洋部门关注的重点问题之一。这是因为它的时—空分布与变化不仅反映水团分布、流系消长，同时也决定营养盐类、浮游生物聚集和渔场分布，从而给海洋扑捞、近海养殖、海上平台、海底管线、沿岸工程等带来不可忽视的影响。因此，海洋水文要素垂直剖面模拟及预报方法的研究现已成为海洋工作者亟待解决的课题之一。然而，由于它的时—空变化十分复杂，且影响因子众多，垂直热传导机制及海洋中各种尺度的混合过程难以研究，故有成效的方法尚不多见。C.A.Kитайгородский和ю．э．Mирополъский等借助于无维变量，发现大洋水温垂直剖面存在着自模性特点，并提出了无维模式的拟会公式[1]及某些洋区的经验无维模式[2]，O．B．Pещетова[4]等又将这种模式及参量化方法十分满意地推广到了海水盐度和密度垂直剖面的模拟。本文旨在较全面地介绍前苏联学者在研究海洋水文要素垂直剖面自模性及无维模式方面的重要成果。主要内容有：①海洋活动层分析──θ（η）的发现；②海洋活动层温度创面参量化描述──θ（η）的经验模式；③温（盐、密）度垂直剖面自模函数存在的理论证明；④自模函数θ（η）的应用；⑤自     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺的检测方法初步研究

研究的目的是探索一种检测双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺含量的方法。以栉孔扇贝(Chlamysfarreri)和长牡蛎(Crassostreagigas)为实验对象,研究了取样、抗氧化剂、氧化铝用量以及Tris缓冲液用量等对实验结果的影响。结果表明,高效液相色谱电化学检测器法(HPLC-ECD)可以灵敏高效地对双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺进行定性、定量检测。实验表明,取样时间最长不超过1.5min;还原性谷胱甘肽作抗氧化剂效果较好;前处理各试剂与血样量的最适配比为血样量1.5mL,Tris缓冲液(1.5mol/L,pH8.6)1mL和氧化铝25mg;水洗后离心并尽可能吸干氧化铝中的水分。去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素和多巴胺的回收率分别为53%~69%、47%~73%和48%~56%。     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

黄河入海径流对河口海域盐度影响研究

为研究黄河入海径流变化条件下河口附近海域盐度扩散特征,以更好地保护河口海域生物资源多样性,本文以黄河下游利津水文站的长序列实测径流数据资料为基础,利用近海水动力模型FVCOM,分析径流变化对黄河口海域盐度的影响规律。结果表明：黄河口与莱州湾之间存在顺时针的环流系统,在余流作用以及涨落潮方向的影响下,黄河冲淡水长期向莱州湾扩散;丰水期黄河冲淡水几乎影响了整个莱州湾,27盐度锋可以到达莱州湾中部,27等盐线的表层包络面积为2 665.61 km²,占莱州湾的1/4左右,枯水期低盐度水只有向南扩散的趋势,27以下的低盐度水集中分布在黄河口门附近,27等盐线的表层包络面积只有199.65 km²;5月份,随着入海径流量增加,27等盐线扩散的范围、距离、方向都会发生明显变化。在对近海生物资源有迫切保护需求的情景下,适当减少其他用水户供水量以增加入海生态径流量,可以有效改善黄河口海域附近的盐度情况,为生物资源的生长繁殖创造良好条件。     

The influence of the bottom contour on the deformed state of the ice cover due to the motion of the submarine

The authors have previously determined that the effectiveness and failure pattern of the ice cover caused by flexural-gravity waves generated by a submerged body motion near the bottom ice can greatly depend on the depth of the water area. In its turn, the presence of a ledge on the ice surface may affect a wave propagation pattern. This paper presents an experimental study of the bottom contour influence on the deflection and length of flexural-gravity waves. The authors describe a numerical model for the analysis of the deformed state of ice caused by hydrodynamic loads due to a submarine motion, taking into account the bottom contour. The experiments are carried out in the ice tank. The results of calculations and experiments are compared.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.