GIS支持下的河西走廊黑河中游盆地地下水资源评价与潜力分析

以先进的地理信息系统(Arc／info8．1)作平台,运用Microsoft Visual Basic 6．0编程语言,以ArcObjects ODE VB或ArcCatalog VBA和ArcTools VBA为应用技术开发模式,建立河西走廊水文地质空间信息系统。该系统主要包括数据库管理子系统、查询检索子系统、空间分析子系统、系统管理子系统、数据转换子系统等,具有对水文地质环境地质信息的数据管理、查询检索、空间专题分析与结果输出等功能。本文以空间分析子系统的地下水资源量计算与分析专题应用模型为例,阐述GIS支持下河西走廊黑河中游张掖盆地九灌区地下水资源评价与潜力分析的具体实现步骤与评价结果,并与该区传统方法的已有成果作对比,具有可靠性强,计算效率高、可视化效果好等特点,从而为西北干旱内陆盆地的区域地下水资源评价与管理提供一种新途径。     

基于随机森林模型的干旱绿洲区张掖盆地地下水水质评价

为合理准确评价地下水水质,建立了基于随机森林（RF）模型的地下水水质评价模型,并根据张掖盆地81个地下水采样点的pH值、Cl^-、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、Na⁺、NH₄⁺含量及总硬度的监测数据,对研究区的地下水水质进行了综合评价。结果表明：盆地地下水水质主要为Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ类水,其中甘州区地下水埋藏较深,水体不容易受到来自地面的污染,水质较好,大多数地方为Ⅱ类水;临泽县和高台县地下水埋藏较浅,水质较差,大多数地方为Ⅲ类水,尤其高台县的水位最浅,再加上地处河段下游,污染更为严重,部分地区达到Ⅳ类。根据指标的重要性度量发现影响研究区域地下水水质的主要因子是NO₃^-含量;其次是NH₄⁺、SO₄^2-、Na⁺、Cl^-含量及总硬度、pH值。为验证模型的有效性,将地下水水质评价结果与基于支持向量机（SVM）和人工神经网络（ANN）的地下水水质综合评价模型模拟结果进行对比,3个模型均能很好地评价研究区地下水水质,但RF模型的评价结果更为准确。     

区域地下水含水层富水性研究——以河坝场乡为例

富水性是含水层的基本属性之一,贵州省碳酸盐岩广泛分布,溶蚀作用强烈,地下水含水层富水性赋存规律具有复杂多变的特点。探究地下水的富水性规律对区域地下水开采、保护及矿区、环保具有重要意义。本文以野外调查和水文地质勘查资料为基础,详细分析了地下水形成的自然条件、地质情况、水文地质条件等,以统计分析为技术手段,得到不同地下水含水层枯季径流模数,最后依据含水岩组富水性指标评价含水层富水性,对河坝场乡地下水含水层的富水性规律进行分析与总结。     

柴达木盆地水—岩硼含量分布特征及其富集区域物源讨论

柴达木盆地盐湖是我国重要的硼资源富集区和成矿区。针对盆地内不同盐湖硼资源富集程度的差异性,采集柴达木盆地北缘河水和泉水样品,分析其硼和锂含量、矿化度和p H值,结合柴达木盆地不同流域补给水及蚀源区岩石已有的硼锂含量,总结盆地水—岩体系硼锂含量地球化学特征,并对柴达木盆地北缘富硼盐湖物源进行了探讨。结果表明,柴达木盆地北缘祁连山流域水体和岩石硼含量均较阿尔金山和昆仑山流域高,而其锂含量均较昆仑山那棱格勒河流域低,显示柴达木盆地北缘水—岩相对富硼贫锂的地球化学特征。综合对比柴达木盆地不同流域硼锂资源分布,显示出整个盆地硼锂含量的不均一性和不同步性特征。针对柴达木盆地北缘富硼盐湖的物源研究,主要归纳为祁连山系围岩(含电气石花岗岩)的风化淋滤、深部富硼地下水补给和含盐风成沉积溶滤输入成因,其中深部富硼地下水补给为最主要的来源。     

近10 a来民勤盆地地下水埋深的空间异质性分析

 在GIS环境下,采用地统计空间分析技术,利用民勤盆地1999-2008年10?a的地下水位观测资料,在插值获取逐年地下水埋深栅格数据的基础上,对民勤盆地地下水埋深的时空格局和空间异质性进行了分析。结果表明：（1）1999-2008年民勤盆地地下水埋深急剧增大,整体平均每年增加幅度为0.52?m,地下水降落漏斗区逐年扩大,并有与附近漏斗区融合的趋势;（2）1999-2008年10 a间的地下水埋深的空间相关性逐年增大,表明民勤盆地地下水埋深的空间结构性逐年增强,地下水储存的空间连通性增加,地下水位的可恢复性和持续可开采性更为脆弱,影响地下水埋深的随机性因素逐渐下降,而人类活动对地下水埋深的影响越来越强烈。     

下辽河平原浅层地下水污染风险评价及空间热点识别(英文)

地下水污染风险评价作为地下水保护与污染防治的重要前提,是在地下水脆弱性评价的基础上发展来的。本文以下辽河平原浅层地下水位研究主体,基于灾害理论,从本质脆弱性、外界胁迫性、价值功能性三个方面,构建了地下水污染风险评价的指标体系和污染指数模型。利用RS、GIS的空间信息采集与空间分析技术得出下辽河平原浅层地下水的污染风险分布图;在此基础上计算G指数得到地下水污染风险的冷热点空间分布图。结果表明:1研究区内地下水污染风险总体处于中度以上状态,其中高度风险区占37.86%,较高风险区占32.47%,中度风险区占12.07%,低度与较低风险区占17.6%。2研究区内热点区分布于沈阳市中部、新民市西北部、辽中县和北镇市;冷点区集中分布于南部的盘锦市、营口市、大石桥市、盘山县与大洼县境内。研究结果反映了研究区内地下水污染风险的空间分布与形成机制,为下辽河平原土地利用规划以及地下水资源保护提供相关参考。     

柴达木盆地地质遗迹资源评价

柴达木盆地出露有大量的地质遗迹,对其进行科学、系统的分类和评价,可为其开发与保护提供科学依据。基于系统的野外调查,采用定性描述与定量评价相结合的方法,从资源价值和开发条件两个方面选取自然完整性、科学价值、美学价值、可保护性和基础服务设施等作为主要评价指标,建立多层层次结构模型,运用层次分析法对其进行综合评价。结果表明：（1）盆地地质遗迹类型多样,大部分较为脆弱和珍贵,目前保护措施并不完善;（2）水景类资源综合得分88.96,山石景类86.48,古生物遗迹或可疑古生物遗迹类78.22,古人类74.25,古植物73.51,冰川类68.15。根据定量分析的结果对区域内地质遗迹进行分级,提出对地质遗迹资源进行分级保护的建议。本研究对柴达木盆地地质遗迹资源的保护、科学知识的普及以及促进区域地学旅游事业的发展和地质公园建设等均具有一定的指导意义。     

基于TOUGH2的柴达木盆地诺木洪剖面地下水流模拟

基于TOUGH2数值模拟软件的EOS9模块建立柴达木盆地典型剖面饱和-非饱和地下水流数值模型。模型中对上边界条件的处理采用考虑潜在蒸发能力和土壤含水率的表土含水量计算方法。利用试估校正法对模型参数进行识别验证,模拟结果得出实测水位与模拟水位拟合相关系数为0.976 4;均衡计算结果表明地下水补给量主要为南侧山前补给,占补给总量的90.1%,排泄量主要为溢出排泄和蒸发排泄,分别占64.3%和35.7%。地下水流系统发育三级流动层次,其中局部水流系统排泄是地下水排泄的主要方式,循环量主要为泉溢出排泄,占58.8%;中间流循环量主要为溢出排泄和蒸发排泄,占27.6%;区域流循环量主要为蒸发排泄,占13.6%。     

下辽河平原浅层地下水环境风险评价及空间关联特征

以下辽河平原浅层地下水为研究对象,将自然灾害风险理论引入地下水环境风险评价,从脆弱性、功能性、胁迫性、适应性4个方面选取指标,构建地下水环境风险评价指标体系和模型。运用GIS空间分析方法对地下水环境风险进行评价,并对风险值进行空间关联特征研究。结果表明：① 研究区内地下水环境中度以上风险区占整个研究区面积的63.12%,其中高风险区占6.79%,较高风险区占18.96%,中等风险区占37.37%;较低风险区占21.98%,低风险区占14.90%。② 地下水环境风险最高的地区主要位于下辽河平原中部的新民市东北部、灯塔市、辽中县西部、黑山县部分地区及凌海市东南部。③ 研究区内地下水环境风险呈现较高的正相关性,相似性高的区域主要分布在中东和中西部风险高值区,以及东北和东南部风险低值区。研究成果丰富了地下水环境风险理论,对下辽河平原地下水环境保护实践具有一定的理论和实践意义。     

柴达木盆地水岩硼含量分布特征及其富集区域物源探讨

柴达木盆地盐湖是我国重要的硼资源富集区和成矿区。针对盆地内不同盐湖硼资源富集程度的差异性，本文采集柴达木盆地北缘河水和泉水样品，分析其硼和锂含量、矿化度和pH值，结合柴达木盆地不同流域补给水及蚀源区岩石已有的硼锂含量，总结盆地水岩体系硼锂含量地球化学特征，并对柴达木盆地北缘富硼盐湖物源进行了探讨。结果表明，柴达木盆地北缘祁连山流域水体和岩石硼含量均较阿尔金山和昆仑山流域高，而其锂含量均较昆仑山那棱格勒河流域低，显示柴达木盆地北缘水岩相对富硼贫锂的地球化学特征。综合对比柴达木盆地不同流域硼锂资源分布，显示出整个盆地硼锂含量的不均一性和不同步性特征。针对柴达木盆地北缘富硼盐湖的物源研究，主要归纳为祁连山系围岩（含电气石花岗岩）的风化淋滤、深部富硼地下水补给和含盐风成沉积溶滤输入成因，其中深部富硼地下水补给为最主要的来源。     

基于SWAT-MODFLOW耦合模型的巴音河中游泽令沟盆地地表水−地下水转换关系研究

为准确刻画资料缺乏、地表水–地下水转换频繁的泽令沟盆地地表水?地下水不同时空尺度上的转换关系,利用河道径流数据、遥感蒸散发数据、地下水位观测数据等对SWAT-MODFLOW耦合模型进行率定和验证,在此基础上对泽令沟盆地水循环过程进行模拟分析。结果显示：① SWAT-MODFLOW耦合模型模拟效果较好,率定期和验证期月径流量的R²≥0.73,NSE≥0.67,PBIAS在?20%~20%。其各子流域实际蒸散发的R²均大于0.91,NSE均大于0.85,PBIAS在?10%~10%。此外,模拟地下水位与实测值误差在0.6 m以内,R²为0.94。② 地表水补给地下水的河道占整个河道长度90.31%,年平均补给量占年总交换水量的50.20%;季节尺度上,补给的最大值出现在7月,为331043.31 m³/d,最小值出现在12月份,为41208.33 m³/d。地下水对地表水的补给量较为稳定,季节性变幅在?2.5%~2.5%,年际变幅处于?6.5%~0.6%之间。     

Groundwater vulnerability and risk mapping for the Basaltic aquifer of the Azraq basin of Jordan using GIS, Remote sensing and DRASTIC

Water consumption in Jordan already exceeds renewable freshwater resources by more than 20% and, after the year 2005, freshwater resources are likely to be fully utilised. Over 50% of supply derives from groundwater and this paper focuses on a small part of the northern Badia region of Jordan that is underlain by the Azraq groundwater basin where it has been estimated that annual abstraction stands at over 100% of the projected safe yield. While water supply is a crucial issue, there is also evidence to suggest that the quality of groundwater supplies is also under threat as a result of salinisation and an increase in the use of agrochemicals. Focusing on this area, this paper attempts to produce groundwater vulnerability and risk maps. These maps are designed to show areas of greatest potential for groundwater contamination on the basis of hydro-geological conditions and human impacts. All of the major geological and hydro-geological factors that affect and control groundwater movement into, through, and out of the study area were incorporated into the DRASTIC model. Parameters included; depth to groundwater, recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, and impact of the vadose zone. The hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer was not included in calculating the final DRASTIC index for potential contamination due to a lack of sufficient quantitative data. A Geographical Information System (GIS) was used to create a groundwater vulnerability map by overlaying the available hydro-geological data. The resulting vulnerability map was then integrated with a land use map as an additional parameter in the DRASTIC model to assess the potential risk of groundwater to pollution in the study area. The final DRASTIC model was tested using hydrochemical data from the aquifer. Around 84% of the study area was classified as being at moderate risk while the re mainder was classified as low risk. While the analysis of groundwater chemistry was not conclusive, it was encouraging to find that no well with high nitrate levels was found in the areas classified as being of low risk suggesting that the DRASTIC model for this area provided a conservative estimate of low risk areas. It is recognised that the approach adopted to produce the DRASTIC index was limited by the availability of data. However, in areas with limited secondary data, this index provides important objective information that could be used to inform local decision making.     

柴达木盆地深层地下水成矿模式及其成矿规律

论述了柴达木盆地深层地下水成矿模式及其成矿规律。不仅剖析了深层地下水成矿的研究概况和化学成分的现今性状与时空分布规律 ;而且首次探讨了深层地下水的水文地质发育史 ,进行了古水文地质再造 ,提出了古水文地质旋回的新概念。同时 ,还揭示出“围压深埋型烃类运聚形成的石油 (气 )藏”及其“高压围限的低压区、毗邻高压区的低压区、卸压区和早熟型等 4大聚油 (气 )区”和“高山深盆浅水蒸发型盐湖富钾卤水矿床”及其“水平分带、垂向叠加效应和水型相关”等 3大成矿规律。据此 ,对于石油 (气 )藏和盐湖富钾卤水等资源开展了成矿予测 ,并且指出了勘查开发方向     

Assessing the abilities of intrinsic and specific vulnerability models to indicate groundwater vulnerability to groups of similar pesticides: a comparative study

With continued population growth and increasing use of fresh groundwater resources, protection of this valuable resource is critical. A cost effective means to assess risk of groundwater contamination potential will provide a useful tool to protect these resources. Integrating geospatial methods offers a means to quantify the risk of contaminant potential in cost effective and spatially explicit ways. This research was designed to compare the ability of intrinsic (DRASTIC) and specific (Attenuation Factor; AF) vulnerability models to indicate groundwater vulnerability areas by comparing model results to the presence of pesticides from groundwater sample datasets. A logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between the environmental variables and the presence or absence of pesticides within regions of varying vulnerability. According to the DRASTIC model, more than 20% of the study area is very highly vulnerable. Approximately 30% is very highly vulnerable according to the AF model. When groundwater concentrations of individual pesticides were compared to model predictions, the results were mixed. Model predictability improved when concentrations of the group of similar pesticides were compared to model results. Compared to the DRASTIC model, the AF model more accurately predicts the distribution of the number of contaminated wells within each vulnerability class.     

地下水模型MODFLOW和GIS在华北平原 地下水资源评价中的应用

从MODFLOW源程序的角度出发,根据地下水模型计算需要的输入输出数据格式和我国GIS类数据以MAPGIS为主的特点,建立了二者之间的集成关系,并将其应用于华北平原地下水资源评价中。根据华北平原特定的水文地质条件,建立了适合本区的三维非稳定流地下水模型,结合2003年12月的实际流场以及随时间变化的动态观测资料对模型的渗透系数、给水度和释水系数等参数进行了校正。同时进行了水均衡分析,结果表明华北平原地下水在2002年1月至2003年12月总补给量为493.74×10⁸m³,总排泄量为565.30×10⁸m³,均衡差为-71.56×10⁸m³,为负均衡。集成了该地下水模型的信息系统,可以通过更新源汇项数据库资料而对地下水资源进行实时评价,为华北平原水资源可持续利用和管理提供依据。     

Assessing potential land suitable for surface irrigation using groundwater in Ethiopia

Although Ethiopia has abundant land for irrigation, only a fraction of its potential land is being utilized. This study evaluates suitability of lands for irrigation using groundwater in Ethiopia using GIS-based Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) techniques in order to enhance the country's agricultural industry. Key factors that significantly affect irrigation suitability evaluated in this study include physical land features (land use, soil, and slope), climate (rainfall and evapotranspiration), and market access (proximity to roads and access to market). These factors were weighted using a pair-wise comparison matrix, then reclassified and overlaid to identify suitable areas for groundwater irrigation using a 1-km grid. Groundwater data from the British Geological Survey were used to estimate the groundwater potential, which indicates the corresponding irrigation potential for major crops. Results indicated that more than 6 million ha of land are suitable for irrigation in Ethiopia. A large portion of the irrigable land is located in the Abbay, Rift Valley, Omo Ghibe, and Awash River basins. These basins have access to shallow groundwater (i.e., depth of groundwater less than 20 m from the surface) making it easier to extract. The comparison between available groundwater and total crop water requirements indicate that groundwater alone may not be sufficient to supply all suitable land. The study estimates that only 8% of the suitable land can be irrigated with the available shallow groundwater. However, groundwater is a viable option for supplementing surface water resources for irrigation in several basins in the country.     

运用小波变换与支持向量机耦合模型(WA-SVM)预测干旱区地下水埋深

准确预测干旱区地下水埋深,对区域地下水资源的合理开发利用与生态环境保护具有十分重要的意义。以额济纳盆地3个地下水埋深观测井为对象,运用小波变换与支持向量机耦合模型（WA-SVM）对观测井未来1个月的地下水埋深进行了短期预测。为检验WA-SVM的有效性,将模拟结果与未经小波变换的SVM模型进行了对比。结果表明：在对干旱区地下水埋深进行短期预测时,相较于SVM模型,WA-SVM模型的预测精度显著提高。WA-SVM模型在干旱区地下水埋深预测中有更好的适用性,可以为干旱地区地下水埋深动态预测提供新的方法和思路,是资料有限的条件下地下水埋深预测的有效方法。     

Analyzing Factors of Groundwater Potential and Its Relation with Population in the Lower Barpani Watershed,Assam, India

The study explored potential of groundwater in the Lower Barpani watershed of Assam, India. Ten site-specific groundwater factors in the watershed were assigned weights through analytical hierarchy process. The weighted factors were integrated to prepare groundwater potential zones in GIS environment. Results revealed that the northern and northwestern parts of the study area have high groundwater potential. Gentle slope, flood plain, monsoon rainfall and location of numerous wetlands were found to be the major factors of high potential of groundwater in these parts. Medium groundwater potential was found in the southern part of the watershed. High drainage density but comparatively steeper slopes, nature of rocks and low water table have made this part of the watershed to have medium potential for groundwater. Low groundwater potential zone was identified mostly in the southwestern parts of the study area. Steep slope, high rate of runoff and low permeability due to hard rocks were found to be the main factors of low groundwater potential in these parts. Validation of groundwater potential zones with water yield revealed a strong positive relationship. Density of population and groundwater potential were positively correlated, and about 93% variation (r² = 0.937) in density of population is explained by variation in groundwater potential. A linear correlation between groundwater zones and density of population suggests dependence of population on availability of groundwater. The methodology adopted in this study can be used for monitoring groundwater prospects for sustainable development and management of water resources in different geographical regions at various scales.     

Groundwater vulnerability mapping: A GIS and fuzzy rule based integrated tool

Contamination of groundwater has become a major concern in recent years. Since testing of water quality of all domestic and irrigation wells within large watersheds is not economically feasible, one frequently used monitoring strategy is to develop contamination potential maps of groundwater, and then prioritize those wells located in the potentially highly contaminated areas for testing of contaminants. However, generation of contamination potential maps based on groundwater sensitivity and vulnerability is not an easy task due inherent uncertainty. Therefore, the overall goal of this research is to improve the methodology for the generation of contamination potential maps by using detailed landuse/pesticide and soil structure information in conjunction with selected parameters from the DRASTIC model. The specific objectives of this study are (i) to incorporate GIS, GPS, remote sensing and the fuzzy rule-based model to generate groundwater sensitivity maps, and (ii) compare the results of our new methodologies with the modified DRASTIC Index (DI) and field water quality data. In this study, three different models were developed (viz. DI_fuzz, VI_fuzz and VI_{fuzz_ped}) and were compared to the DI. Once the preliminary fuzzy logic-based (DI_fuzz) was generated using selected parameters from DI, the methodology was further refined through VI_fuzz and VI_{fuzz_ped} models that incorporated landuse/pesticide application and soil structure information, respectively. This study was conducted in Woodruff County of the Mississippi Delta region of Arkansas. Water quality data for 55 wells were used to evaluate the contamination potential maps. The sensitivity map generated by VI_{fuzz_ped} with soil structure showed significantly better coincidence results when compared with the field data.