压实黄土水分入渗规律及渗透性试验研究

为了研究压实黄土中的水分垂直入渗规律和非饱和渗透系数函数,在实验室内利用一维土柱垂直入渗模型试验装置,对两组压实黄土土柱试样分别进行了常水头入渗和降雨入渗试验。得到主要结论如下:（1）常水头入渗试验中,累积入渗量和湿润锋前进距离都随入渗时间呈幂函数形式增长,累积入渗量和湿润锋前进距离之间存在线性关系。入渗率在入渗初期最大,之后随入渗时间而快速降低,并在土柱试样底部出水以后达到稳定,且与湿润锋前进距离呈反比关系。（2）降雨入渗试验中,得到两组试样入渗过程中土-水特征曲线数据,分别用van Genuchten模型和Fredlund-Xing模型对两组试样进行了特征曲线拟合。并利用瞬时剖面法处理了入渗过程中水分和水势传感器的监测数据,得到两组试样的非饱和渗透系数,并拟合得到非饱和渗透系数与体积含水率之间的指数函数关系式。同时,采用van Genuchten和Fredlund等渗透系数模型分别对两组试样的非饱和渗透系数进行预测,通过对比模型预测结果和瞬时剖面法实测值,发现van Genuchten渗透系数模型预测结果更接近实测值。     

垃圾土渗透性和持水性的试验研究

通过室内常水头试验测定了垃圾土的饱和渗透系数,通过室内压力板仪试验测得垃圾土的土-水特征曲线。基于土-水特征曲线预测了垃圾土的非饱和渗透系数,并通过室内入渗试验进行了初步验证。常水头试验得到深层、中层和浅层垃圾土的饱和渗透系数分别为3.56×10-4、3.50×10-3、4.81×10-2 cm/s。土-水特征曲线试验表明,垃圾土饱和含水率和残余含水率较高,进气值很小,土-水特征曲线在低基质吸力时存在陡降段,其中浅层垃圾土的陡于深层垃圾。验证试验表明,预测得到的非饱和渗透系数与实测结果接近,基于土-水特征曲线预测垃圾土非饱和渗透系数的方法基本可行。     

考虑参数空间变异性的非饱和土坡可靠度分析

在考虑多个土体参数空间变异性的基础上,提出了基于拉丁超立方抽样的非饱和土坡稳定可靠度分析的非侵入式随机有限元法。利用Hermite随机多项式展开拟合边坡安全系数与输入参数间的隐式函数关系,采用拉丁超立方抽样技术产生输入参数样本点,通过Karhunen-Loève展开方法离散土体渗透系数、有效黏聚力和内摩擦角随机场,并编写了计算程序NISFEM-KL-LHS。研究了该方法在稳定渗流条件下非饱和土坡可靠度分析中的应用。结果表明：非侵入式随机有限元法为考虑多个土体参数空间变异性的非饱和土坡可靠度问题提供了一种有效的分析工具。土体渗透系数空间变异性和坡面降雨强度对边坡地下水位和最危险滑动面位置均有明显的影响。当降雨强度与饱和渗透系数的比值大于0.01时,边坡失效概率急剧增加。当土体参数变异性或者参数间负相关性较大时,忽略土体参数空间变异性会明显高估边坡失效概率。     

Time-Variant Reliability Analysis of Unsaturated Soil Slopes Under Rainfall

Time-variant reliability analysis for a typical unsaturated soil slope is performed. Eight rainfall conditions are considered, and three slope models are set up for studying the influence of shear strength parameters, hydraulic conductivity parameters, rainfall intensity and duration on the reliability of the soil slope. Sensitivity analysis shows that when the saturated hydraulic conductivity (k _s) is very small, the variation of hydraulic conductivity has little effect on the reliability index (β). For saving the computation effort, only the shear strength parameters are needed in performing the reliability analysis in this condition. With the increase of k _s, the importance of hydraulic conductivity becomes large. The reliability index of the soil slope is changing with time (t), and the shape of β–t curves for different slope model is quite different for they depend on the value of k _s. When k _s is very small, β keeps decreasing for all the 18 simulation days. With the increase of k _s, β decreases to its minimum value at about the cessation day of rainfall events, and it then increases gradually due to the redistribution of suction in the soil slope.     

Comparison of testing techniques and models for establishing the SWCC of riverbank soils

The soil water characteristic curve (SWCC), also known as soil water retention curve (SWRC), describes the relationship between water content and soil suction in unsaturated soils. Water content and suction affect the permeability, shear strength, volume change and deformability of unsaturated soils. This paper presents results of the laboratory determination of the SWCC for soil samples obtained from the riverbank of the Lower Roanoke River in North Carolina. Six different testing methods were used to establish the SWCC including the filter paper, dewpoint potentiameter, vapor equilibrium, pressure plate, Tempe cell and osmotic methods. It is concluded that each suction measurement technique provides different measurable ranges of suction values, and the combined results from the different tests provide continuous SWCCs. Three widely available models were also shown to adequately fit the experimental SWCC data, particularly for matric suction values under 1500 kPa. These results will be valuable to practitioners in deciding which methods to use to establish the SWCC, and which empirical relationship to use for modeling the SWCC of riverbank soils.     

随机单裂隙饱和/非饱和渗透系数研究

裂隙易在降雨作用下诱发滑坡等灾害,裂隙的饱和/非饱和渗透特性是研究此类问题的关键。利用精密数控机床制作随机粗糙裂隙面,并研制了一套仪器进行此随机粗糙裂隙的渗流试验,得到了裂隙的饱和渗透系数,然后通过间接方法预测此裂隙的非饱和渗透系数。研究发现,当裂隙平均开度为0.4 mm时,其饱和渗透系数为0.1 m/s。通过立方定律得到的水力等效隙宽为0.35 mm,小于其平均隙宽。同时裂隙的渗透系数与平均隙宽的平方成正比,这与立方定律的趋势相一致。研究得到了不同隙宽裂隙的非饱和渗透系数函数,当基质吸力小于进气值时,渗透系数为一常数,即为饱和渗透系数;当基质吸力大于进气值时,裂隙板的渗透系数急剧减小。当裂隙板的基质吸力达到其残余含水率对应的吸力值时,裂隙板的渗透系数基本稳定。在此情况下,基质吸力的继续增加对渗透系数的影响非常小,很难使渗透系数减小。     

考虑温度效应的延安新区压实黄土全吸力范围持水和渗透特性研究

干旱和半干旱黄土地区的压实土路基、垃圾填埋场黄土盖层等的持水特性和渗透特性均受温度影响。为了探究温度对全吸力范围内压实黄土水力特性的影响规律和内在机制,基于滤纸法和自行研发的小土柱试验装置对不同温度下延安新区压实黄土的土-水特征曲线(SWCC)以及渗透性曲线(HCC)进行测定。结果表明:在黄土SWCC的高吸力段体积含水率随温度升高而减小,低吸力段受温度影响不明显;黄土渗透曲线则是在低吸力段受温度影响显著,温度越高渗透性越强,当土体吸力增大或体积含水率减小至一定值后,温度对土体渗透性的影响可忽略不计。基于此结果,将改进的van Genuchten(VG)模型作为可考虑温度影响的SWCC预测函数,通过拟合实测数据得出温度相关参数并进行验证;对于渗透性曲线,以90 kPa基质吸力为分段点,在低吸力段和高吸力段分别采用统计模型和幂函数进行分段预测,能够得到与实测数据吻合较好的预测结果。     

基于粒径分布曲线的非饱和砂土土水特征曲线概率预测模型

土水特征曲线定义了非饱和土的基质吸力和含水量之间的关系,与非饱和土的渗流和强度等特征有密切关系.本文通过对100组砂土的粒径分布曲线和土水特征曲线进行分析,结合常用的VG模型提出了基于粒径分布曲线的非饱和砂土土水特征曲线概率预测方法,并基于另外30组数据对提出的模型进行了验证.研究表明,基于粒径分布曲线无法唯一确定土体...     

Performances of two instrumented laboratory models for the study of rainfall infiltration into unsaturated soils

Rainfall infiltration and suction variation in unsaturated soils must be taken into consideration in the analysis of most slope stability problems, particularly in the tropical regions where the annual precipitation is high. The process of rainfall infiltration into unsaturated soils is an extremely complex problem attributed to the non-linearity of the hydraulic property functions of the unsaturated soils. This paper describes in detail two instrumented laboratory models, i.e. one-dimensional soil column, and two-dimensional slope model used to provide experimental evidences for the transient suction variations in the unsaturated soils under certain rainfall conditions. The performances of the laboratory models were tested on four typical types of residual soils, i.e. sand-gravel, silty gravel, sandy silt, and silt (kaolin), and a two-layered soil system, i.e. sandy silt underlain by silty gravel. The results showed that the suction distributions for the single-layered homogeneous soils obtained from the simpler one-dimensional soil column were almost identical to that of two-dimensional slope model. However, the two-dimensional slope model should be employed for the two-layered soil system because of the dominant effect of the lateral flow mechanism. The capillary barrier effect was observed when a less permeable soil layer was underlain by a more permeable soil layer. The minimum suction value in soil is governed by the rainfall intensity, rainfall duration, and the saturated permeability of soil. The infiltration rate of the fine-grained soils that subjected to shrink and crack was independent of the soil permeability, but was significantly governed by the preferential flows developed in the soils.     

非饱和土土水特征曲线(SWCC)测试与预测

非饱和土土水特征曲线(SWCC)表示了土中含水量与吸力之间的关系。文章介绍了6种常用方法,各有其适用范围。体积压力板仪可量测最大基质吸力值为1500kPa的干燥曲线和浸湿曲线;超过1500kPa时,可用盐溶液法进行量测;Tem-ple仪可量测基质吸力达100kPa的干燥曲线;滤纸法可用于测量土体的基质吸力与总吸力;Dew-point电位计可用于量测土样总吸力变化,尤其适合渗透吸力的量测;TDR探头适合于量测小于300kPa的基质吸力。用GDS非饱和土三轴仪可以进行SWCC测试,测试范围主要取决于陶土板的进气值。用准确的数学模型对测得的含水量、吸力数据进行拟合,对于预测非饱和土力学性质、渗透系数、抗剪强度及分析边坡稳定性有重要意义。由于准确测试SWCC难度较大,并且测试影响因素较多,所以根据土体孔隙大小分布和颗粒大小分布情况预测SWCC,也是一种较好的方法。     

非饱和土毛细滞回内变量模型的修正

土-水特征关系是基质吸力和含水率之间关系。在反复干湿循环路径下土-水特征曲线呈现出毛细滞回特性。基于毛细滞回内变量理论和传统的土-水特征关系经验模型,提出了能模拟在任意干湿循环路径下土-水特征关系的修正模型。该模型比原模型增加了一个可逆参数,考虑了含水率的可逆变化,使扫描线在靠近边界线的时候斜率不会无限大,同时保留了原模型精度。通过与文献中的试验结果进行比较,修正模型可以更好地模拟非饱和土的土-水特征关系的循环滞回特性,并讨论了可逆参数的确定方法。     

全吸力范围内渗透系数快速测定方法研究

非饱和土渗透系数函数跨越多个数量级,传统的测量方法动辄耗时数月,且难以实现全吸力范围内渗透系数的测量。为了实现全吸力范围内渗透系数的快速测量,将湿润锋前进法与瞬时剖面法相结合（简称联合测定方法）,利用自行研制的土柱入渗装置,开展了不同干密度条件下青海粉质黏土全吸力范围内渗透系数测量试验。试验结果表明：在联合测定方法中,湿润锋前进法适用于高吸力段（基质吸力ψ > 25 kPa）渗透系数的测量,瞬时剖面法则适用于低吸力段（基质吸力ψ ≤25 kPa）渗透系数的测量,且两种方法在吸力重叠范围内渗透系数测量结果基本一致。联合测定方法可将全吸力范围内渗透系数的测量时长压缩至一周左右,且精度良好。此外,还对两种试验方法的误差来源进行了分析与讨论。研究结果表明：联合测定方法能够实现全吸力范围内渗透系数的快速测量,有望使得非饱和土渗透系数的测量成为土力学的常规试验。     

非饱和土渗流及其参数影响的数值分析

基于一维的Richards方程,考虑van Genuchten提出的土-水特征曲线和水力传导系数的表达式,采用差分方法进行求解,研究该土-水特征曲线对孔隙水压力分布的影响,分析该模型四个参数θs、θr、α和n对孔隙水压力分布的作用特征。结果表明经验参数α和n对孔隙水压力分布产生显著的影响。α影响土-水特征曲线的位置和水力传导系数斜率,其值越大,基质吸力越滞后,孔隙水压力分布弯曲度随着α值的增大而明显;n决定土-水特征曲线的斜率,其值大意味着基质吸力易消散。计算分析显示θr值变化引起孔隙水压力分布微弱的差异,这差异随着时间的增长而增大;饱和含水量θs对孔隙水压力分布也产生不小的影响,随θs的降低孔隙水压力消散减慢。     

土-水特征曲线的试验研究及曲线拟合

土-水特征曲线是非饱和土力学研究中的一条重要曲线,其拟合参数对于分析非饱和土的各种性质具有重要意义。基于渗析法及滤纸法试验,测定了合肥市某工地非饱和膨胀土的土-水特征。以van Genuchten模型为基础,采用科学计算语言Matlab中的Lsqcurvefit函数对试验结果进行了曲线拟合,分析了土-水特征曲线拟合参数的多解性及其影响因素。拟合结果表明：渗析法试验得到的吸力范围偏低,拟合参数多解性较为明显;综合2种试验结果,可以得到较大吸力范围内的土-水特征曲线,且参数多解性较小;参与土-水特征曲线拟合的试验数据点的吸力范围应足够大,试验数据点应能够代表整条曲线的形状,试验点不必太过于密集,否则土-水特征曲线拟合参数的多解性较为明显;另一方面,只要试验数据点能代表整条曲线的形状,试验数据点的个数不必太多。这一研究结果对提高土-水特征曲线拟合参数的精度、提高试验效率有重要指导意义。     

Moisture Movement Through Cracked Clay Soil Profiles

A continuum mechanics approach is used for the formulation of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity functions and the water storage functions for fractured or cracked clay soils in this parametric study. Suggested procedures are based on available research literature related to the behavior of cracked unsaturated porous media. The soil–water characteristic curve, hydraulic conductivity and water storage functions take on the character of bi-modal unsaturated soil property functions. The bimodal character arises out of the independent behavior of the cracks and the intact clay soil. Matric suction changes beneath a slab-on-grade foundation placed on a cracked clay soil profile are modeled for varied surface flux conditions using the proposed unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and water storage functions. The impact of various levels of surface cracking on soil suction distributions is discussed. Suction distribution patterns are dependent on the initial soil surface suction. In particular, the results are dependent upon whether the initial matric suction is less than or greater than the air entry of the cracked clay. There is an extremely wide range of possible conditions that could be modeled but the parametric study results presented in this paper are limited to a series of selected crack widths and densities for an exfiltration case and an infiltration case.     

降雨对均质各向异性土质边坡稳定性的影响

采用有限元法分析了非饱和均质各向异性土坡中的降雨渗透过程和土水相互作用的变化过程,使用修改的Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则考虑非饱和土的抗剪强度,根据基质吸力变化引起抗破坏强度变化的原理,寻找最危险的滑移面位置,计算最小稳定安全系数,研究了土坡遭受降雨渗透时的安全稳定问题。实例分析结果表明,该法在评判降雨时非饱和土坡的稳定性方面是合理可行的。同时分析数据表明裂隙的存在对土质边坡稳定性的影响是显著的,在对雨水入渗的土边坡稳定性分析时,必须考虑裂隙的影响。     

吸力对弱膨胀土强度贡献的试验研究与预测分析

对部分应用土-水特征曲线来预测非饱和土抗剪强度的公式进行了归纳分析。应用压力板仪与非饱和三轴仪,测试了荆门原状弱膨胀土的土-水特征曲线和控制吸力的非饱和三轴抗剪强度参数,并将试验结果与各抗剪强度公式的预测值进行对比,分析了各强度公式的局限性。试验结果表明,非饱和原状膨胀土的净法向应力摩擦角随着吸力的不同而变化,根据双应力变量理论确定的吸力对强度的贡献与围压有关,不同围压下吸力对强度的贡献不同,表观凝聚力 与吸力间符合乘幂函数关系。     

非饱和土失水过程轴向位移变化规律试验研究

随着地下空间的大力开发,基坑降水导致的地面沉降对周边建筑物稳定性及地下管道系统产生一定影响,开始引起国内外学者的关注。本文选择武汉地区典型粉土,采用土-水特征曲线压力板仪开展失水过程的土-水特征曲线试验,得到了非饱和土的土-水特征曲线;质量含水率、轴向位移随基质吸力的变化规律及误差修正;不同基质吸力作用下含水率和轴向位移随时间的变化规律。根据测定曲线,非饱和土含水率随基质吸力的增大而减小,达到残余含水率时不再变化;随着基质吸力的增加,土体失水收缩,轴向位移增大,达到残余含水率时不再变化;加压过程中不仅有轴向变形,还伴随有一定径向变形。除此,对仪器本身及试验过程中可能出现的误差进行了详细的分析,为压力板仪试验提供参考依据。     

非饱和成都黏土瞬时剖面法渗透性试验研究

非饱和渗透系数是土体渗流分析的基础,成都黏土作为一种典型的非饱和膨胀土,具有吸水膨胀、失水收缩的特性,在受侧限的浸水过程中,土颗粒的膨胀致使孔隙体积减小,渗透性降低,使得直接对其进行非饱和渗透试验十分困难。根据瞬时剖面法的原理,利用EC-5土壤水分传感器测含水率、MPS-2电介质水势传感器直接同步测量同一位置的基质吸力,通过水平渗透试验研究了非饱和成都黏土在侧限条件下的渗透性。含水率和基质吸力的同步测量,保证了其测试条件的一致性,避免了采用其他土水特征曲线的影响。试验表明,试样的非饱和渗透系数为（1.33×10-11~3.14×10-9）m·s-1,非饱和渗透系数与基质吸力并非单调线性关系。基质吸力较高时,受膨胀土颗粒吸水膨胀的影响,渗透系数未出现明显变化,基质吸力降低到一定程度后,渗透系数快速增大。试验结束时土体已接近饱和,土中气体排出较慢,过水断面增加缓慢,促使渗透系数仍然持续增大。采用VG模型拟合k-s曲线,拟合参数α=0.048 kPa-1,n=1.79,m=0.48,试验结果可以用于成都黏土地区的渗流分析。     

Influence of hydraulic characteristics on stability of unsaturated slope under transient seepage conditions

This paper examines the current procedure for determining the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) model with a particular focus on its application to slope stability analysis under transient unsaturated seepage conditions. A series of laboratory experiments was performed to determine the SWCC of different soils, ranging from high plasticity clay to silty sand, found across the Korean Peninsula. The experimental results were utilized to identify the suitable SWCC model for each soil type based on the fitting criterion. Also, this paper developed a numerical framework for infinite slope stability analysis under transient unsaturated seepage conditions. The significant advantage of the proposed framework, from the practical viewpoint, is to directly predict the timing of failure and potential failure plane based on rainfall recording. The effect of choice of SWCC models on predictability in stability analysis was evaluated by adopting the present framework along with the identified SWCC models. Furthermore, a case study of landslides after a 3-month rainfall in Pohang, Korea, was revisited to assess the performance of the proposed framework. The obtained results demonstrate the significant role of SWCC model on the results of slope stability analysis. The analysis using the SWCC model satisfying the fitting criterion could still not capture the real behavior of unsaturated soil. The comprehensive transient analysis is strongly suggested as a complementary means to the current fitting criterion for determining the suitable SWCC model for stability analysis under transient seepage conditions.