新疆西天山阿克萨依铁矿床地质及地球化学特征

近年新疆阿吾拉勒铁铜成矿带内铁矿找矿勘查取得了突破性进展,阿克萨依铁矿是其中一个新发现并评价的中型规模铁矿床。该矿床的地质特征与带内其他铁矿明显不同,成因不明。矿体主要赋存于下石炭统阿克沙克组的粗安岩、玄武岩、安山岩、安山质凝灰岩,少量赋存于下石炭统大哈拉军山组上段的凝灰岩中。阿克沙克组玄武岩和安山岩富集LREE和LILE（如Rb、Th、K）,亏损HREE和HSFE（Nb、Ta、Ti）,稀土元素呈右倾的配分模式,结合Th-Ta-Hf/3、Zr/4-Y-Nb*2和Th-Nb构造环境判别图解,认为这些火山岩可能形成于岛弧环境。阿克萨依铁矿的形成与岛弧内发育的火山机构有关,矿体受火山机构的次级断裂控制,呈脉状、透镜状,围岩蚀变发育,以绿泥石化、碳酸盐化为主,硅化、绿帘石化为次。矿石主要为浸染状和脉状构造,局部发育块状和角砾状构造。成矿过程可划分为3个阶段：磁铁矿阶段、石英-硫化物阶段和绿泥石-碳酸盐阶段。阿克萨依铁矿区磁铁矿低w（TiO₂）（变化范围0~1.7%、平均0.2%）、w（Cr₂O₃）（0~0.2%、平均0.06%）和w（NiO）（平均值接近0）,明显不同于岩浆分异型钒钛磁铁矿床磁铁矿的w（TiO₂）（≥5.4%）,而与热液型和接触交代型铁矿磁铁矿的w（TiO₂）相似（平均0.18%~0.33%）;黄铁矿Co/Ni比值都较高（>1）,具火山成因、热液成因黄铁矿的特征;硫同位素δ³⁴S值介于-0.6‰~0.4‰,成矿流体具岩浆硫的特征。初步认为阿克萨依铁矿床可能是与火山活动紧密相关的火山-次火山热液交代型铁矿床。     

安徽铜陵冬瓜山铜(金)矿床成矿流体特征及成矿过程探讨

流体包裹体的研究表明冬瓜山铜（金）矿床原生流体包裹体分为气液两相水溶液包裹体（Ⅰ型）和含子矿物多相水溶液包裹体（Ⅱ型）,以Ⅰ型包裹体为主。同一矿物中多种类型包裹体共存,且均一温度相近、均一方式不同,显示成矿过程中流体可能发生过沸腾作用。流体包裹体均一温度大致可分为318.8~547.5℃、220.1~378.2℃和196.7~263.2℃三个区间,对应流体密度和均一压力分别为0.86~0.98 g/cm³和（219~661）×10⁵ Pa、0.66~1.08 g/cm³ 和（26~190）×10⁵ Pa、0.88~0.96 g/cm³和（17~48）×10⁵ Pa,盐度w（NaCl_eq）峰值为12%~16%和40%~48%。结合成矿流体的演化特征,对成矿过程进行了探讨,认为流体的不混溶是引起成矿物质沉淀富集成矿的重要因素。     

河南嵩县黄水庵碳酸岩脉型钼（铅）矿床地质特征及辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄

河南省嵩县黄水庵大型矿床是东秦岭地区典型的碳酸岩脉型钼（铅）矿床之一。钼矿体主要赋存于新太古界太华群变质岩内的石英-方解石碳酸岩脉中,呈脉状、似层状或透镜状产出。矿区内辉钼矿主要呈浸染状、薄膜状、团块状分布于石英-方解石碳酸岩脉中,主成矿期形成方铅矿-辉钼矿-石英-方解石的矿物组合。成矿围岩蚀变类型有钾长石化、硅化、黄铁矿化、萤石化、硬石膏化等。对8件辉钼矿样品进行了Re-Os同位素测年,测得其模式年龄为（210.9±3.8） Ma~（207.9±3.0） Ma,等时线年龄为（208.4±3.6） Ma,表明该矿床形成于晚三叠世。辉钼矿的w（Re）为（60.12~137.79）×10^-6,指示出成矿物质可能主要来源于地幔。该矿床的成矿作用发生于华北板块与扬子板块碰撞造山的后碰撞伸展阶段,在此阶段,秦岭造山带发生了伸展走滑作用,软流圈物质上涌诱发上覆富集岩石圈地幔发生低程度部分熔融,所形成的碳酸岩岩浆携带成矿物质沿NW-NWW向深断裂带上升,在合适的地段成岩成矿物质沉淀富集成矿。     

广东园珠顶铜钼矿床花岗斑岩年代学、地球化学特征及锆石Hf同位素

园珠顶铜钼矿床位于钦杭成矿带南段的大瑶山隆起北缘,为大型斑岩型铜钼矿床。通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测年,获得了花岗斑岩的高精度成岩年龄,为（154.3±1.7） Ma （n=12,MSWD=3.1）,为晚侏罗世岩浆活动的产物,与辉钼矿的Re-Os同位素年龄155 Ma相吻合。岩石地球化学分析表明,园珠顶花岗斑岩高硅〔w（SiO₂）为68.81%~70.21%〕、富碱〔w（Na₂O）+w（K₂O）为6.78%~8.01%〕、准铝质-弱过铝质（A/CNK为0.96~1.04）;稀土元素总量中等（ΣREE 为142.15×10^-6~170.83×10^-6）,富集轻稀土元素（ΣLREE 为135.05×10^-6~162.34×10^-6）,轻重稀土元素分馏明显〔（La/Yb）_N=30.97~32.10〕,弱的Eu负异常（δEu=0.86~0.89）,稀土元素配分模式总体右倾;岩石相对富集Rb、K等大离子亲石元素（LILE）及高场强元素Th、U,亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素（HFSE）及部分大离子亲石元素Ba、Sr。LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石Hf 的原位分析表明,¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf值变化于0.282 500~0.282 801之间,ε_Hf（t）值介于-6.27~4.19。综合分析表明,园珠顶花岗斑岩为准铝质-弱过铝质的I型花岗岩,具有壳幔混合源成因,锆石ε_Hf（t）值反映了园珠顶花岗斑岩的成岩源区较为复杂,总体具亏损岩浆源区的特征,以幔源物质为主,但在岩浆侵位过程中遭受了古老地壳物质的混染。结合区域构造背景和前人研究成果,认为园珠顶斑岩体及铜钼矿,与钦杭成矿带北段的永平铜矿具有一致的成岩成矿构造背景,形成于板块俯冲环境。     

江西省黄坑黑色岩系钒矿床微量元素地球化学特征及成矿背景分析

江西修武盆地寒武纪早期黑色岩系中富含多种稀散、稀土及放射性等元素,不乏赋存大型、超大型矿床。本文基于黄坑地区下寒武统荷塘组黑色岩系中富钒矿石（21件样品w（V）>4500×10^-6,且连续厚度大于2 m）测试分析研究,探讨其微量元素地球化学特征及沉积成矿环境。研究结果表明：①矿样中V、As、Mo、Cd、Sb、U等元素的富集系数在10倍以上,其中Cd最大富集系数达822倍;w（V）=4954.64×10^-6~13041.21×10^-6,相对于上地壳的富集系数达35~93倍;相对亏损Sc、Co、Ga、Nb、Ta、Sn、Zr、Hf、Th等元素。②矿样w（ΣREE）值介于67.75×10^-6~210.80×10^-6之间,w（LREE）/w（HREE）=2.14~5.55,w（Eu）/w（Eu^*）=1.11~2.42,w（Ce）/w（Ce^*）=0.45~0.64。③矿样的w（Ni）/w（Co）=10.80~54.71,w（V）/w（V+Ni）=0.96~0.99,w（V）/w（Cr）=6.91~41.80,w（U）/w（Th）值3.14~31.86,皆表明其形成于缺氧还原环境,且存在较强的海底热水沉积作用-热水喷流沉积型钒矿床。     

辽西早白垩世义县组砖城子层湖相碳酸盐岩地球化学特征及古湖泊学沉积意义

辽西义县盆地早白垩世义县组陆相湖盆沉积中常发育多个薄层碳酸盐岩沉积层,碳酸盐岩地球化学的研究对揭示湖盆沉积古环境具有重要理论意义。义县组砖城子层英窝山剖面湖相碳酸盐岩分析结果显示,岩石δ¹³C值为-3.44×10^-3~0.27×10^-3,均值为-1.21×10^-3;δ¹⁸O值为-15.73×10^-3~-9.93×10^-3,均值为-10.88×10^-3。盐度Z值变化范围114.78~122.39。碳酸盐岩主量元素分析表明,w（CaO+MgO+LOI）=53.38%~97.04%,均值71.15%;陆源组分w（Al₂O₃+SiO₂+Fe₂O₃）=2.19%~44.87%,均值为27.77%;x（Mg）/x（Ca）摩尔比介于0.92~1.01。碳酸盐岩微量元素地球化学提供了古湖泊学的古盐度、氧化还原和古气候证据。w（Sr）=110.4×10^-6~1360.2×10^-6,w（Ga）=0.152×10^-6~14.13×10^-6,w（Sr）/w（Ba）=0.34~131.49（多数>1）,指示沉积湖泊水体为咸水环境;氧化-还原指标w（V）/w（V+Ni）＝0.51~0.83,w（V）/w（Cr）＝1.59~8.28（多数>2.0）,w（U）/w（Th）=0.39~10.24,且变化范围较大,指示为半封闭—封闭的缺氧还原强分层水体沉积环境;w（Sr）/w（Cu）=54.94~1260.71,均值为213.79,反映炎热干旱气候类型。义县组砖城子层沉积期湖泊为干旱古气候背景下的半咸水—咸水、缺氧还原强分层的半封闭—封闭型。     

湖北郧西地区锑矿床成矿机制研究：流体包裹体和原位硫同位素证据

湖北郧西地区（鄂西北）发育有一系列锑矿床,但这些锑矿床的成因仍存在较大争议。为了准确限定该区域锑矿床的成因类型,本次研究以高桥坡和王家沟锑矿床为研究对象,在详细的野外地质调查和室内显微镜观察基础上,开展了系统的流体包裹体和原位S同位素研究。研究表明高桥坡锑矿床的成矿阶段可划分为：Ⅰ石英-硫化物阶段,此阶段为主成矿阶段,硫化物以黄铁矿和辉锑矿为主;Ⅱ石英-方解石-硫化物阶段;Ⅲ方解石-硫化物阶段。王家沟锑矿床的成矿阶段可划分为：Ⅰ石英-黄铁矿-闪锌矿阶段;Ⅱ石英-辉锑矿阶段,此阶段为主成矿阶段;Ⅲ石英-黄铁矿阶段。两个矿床各期次包裹体均以富液的气液两相包裹体为主。高桥坡矿床从早到晚,成矿流体温度逐渐降低,主成矿阶段成矿流体温度为160~260℃,流体盐度一般较低（w(NaCleq)为2%~4%）。王家沟锑矿床主成矿阶段成矿流体温度为170~310℃,流体盐度较低,w(NaCleq)约为0.35%~4.8%。高桥坡锑矿床的δ³⁴S值从Ⅰ阶段（7.2‰~12.4‰）到Ⅱ阶段（-3.4‰~2.5‰）,再到Ⅲ阶段（-1.9‰~2.5‰）逐渐降低;王家沟锑矿床的δ³⁴S值变化趋势与高桥坡相似,由Ⅰ阶段（7.4‰~10.5‰）,到Ⅱ阶段（2.5‰~10.4‰）,再到Ⅲ阶段（-3.7‰~0.8‰）逐渐降低。结合区域内矿床地质、地球化学特征,笔者认为高桥坡和王家沟锑矿可能为浅成热液矿床。浅部流体循环到深部并富集成矿物质,随后循环至浅部,随着成矿流体温度下降,辉锑矿沉淀,形成了高桥坡和王家沟锑矿床。     

兰坪金顶铅锌矿方解石微量元素、流体包裹体和碳-氧同位素地球化学特征研究

金顶铅锌矿矿床成因一直受到广泛关注,但至今没有达成共识,其重要原因之一是对矿床成矿流体性质和来源认识的局限。本文以金顶铅锌矿床成矿早期脉状方解石和晚期结核状方解石为研究对象,系统开展了微量元素、流体包裹体和碳-氧同位素地球化学研究,在此基础上探讨了该矿床成矿流体的性质和可能的来源。研究发现,虽然2种产状方解石都以轻稀土富集、轻重稀土显著分异、配分模式向右陡倾为特征,并且具有相似的Mg、Fe和Mn含量,但它们在微量元素、流体包裹体和碳-氧同位素地球化学特征上亦存在显著差异。脉状方解石相对于结核状方解石稀土元素总量较高,富集Co、Ni、(W)、Mo、Bi;脉状方解石流体包裹体显示相对高温高盐度的特征(T_h>250℃,S>8.0% NaCleqv),而结核状方解石流体包裹体相对低温低盐度(T_h<200℃,S<8.0% NaCleqv); 脉状方解石的碳同位素组成(δ¹³C_PDB=-22.95‰~-2.56‰)较分散,具有多源性,而结核状方解石碳同位素组成(δ¹³C_PDB=-7.02‰~-6.18‰)相对集中,二者的氧同位素组成(δ¹⁸O_SMOW=20.16‰~23.49‰)与沉积岩类似。综合分析认为,金顶铅锌矿成矿期脉状和结核状方解石虽然均属热液成因,但它们分别代表了2类不同性质的热液体系,早期成矿流体为多源的混合流体,成矿过程中可能有深源组分的加入,而晚期成矿流体以大气降水为主。     

坦桑尼亚恩泽加绿岩带玛汀杰金矿地质特征及成因初析

通过对坦桑尼亚恩泽加绿岩带玛汀杰金成矿区的4个金矿（化）体的成矿背景和地质特征进行分析,初步了解该区金矿体地质特征及矿床成因。玛汀杰金矿为产自韧性剪切带的石英脉型金矿,赋矿层位为太古代尼安兹超群绿片岩,矿体由NW向和EW向两组构造控制,矿石类型包括石英脉型、蚀变岩型和构造角砾岩型。普遍发育黄铁绢英云化。矿石w（Au）=0.62×10^-6~3.04×10^-6,部分矿石w（Au）值大于100×10^-6。玛汀杰地区金矿为典型的产自绿岩带韧性剪切带的石英脉型金矿,矿床成因为热液成因。     

蒙古国伊罗河铁矿床地质特征及找矿标志

蒙古国伊罗河铁矿床属于华力西晚期形成的接触交代型铁矿床,探获资源量近10×10⁸t,矿床平均品位＞50%,外围有多个探明铁矿产地及找矿远景区,周边潜在资源量30×10⁸~40×10⁸t。为探讨该区域接触交代型铁矿床的成矿地质规律,本文从伊罗河铁矿的成矿地质背景、矿区地层、构造、岩浆岩、变质作用分析入手,以其东矿段Ⅰ号矿体为例详细论述矿体形态、规模、产状、赋矿岩性特征,通过矿石样品测试分析阐述矿物组成特征、化学成分、矿石结构构造、磁铁矿粒度及成矿阶段等,初步总结了矿床成因和找矿标志。     

The chemistry of bottled mineral and spring waters from Norway,Sweden, Finland and Iceland

Twenty-two bottled mineral and spring waters from Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland have been analysed for 71 inorganic chemical parameters with low detection limits as a subset of a large European survey of bottled groundwater chemistry (N = 884). The Nordic bottled groundwaters comprise mainly Ca–Na–HCO₃–Cl water types, but more distinct Ca–HCO₃, Na HCO₃ and Na–Cl water types are also offered. The distributions for most elements fall between groundwater from Fennoscandian Quaternary unconsolidated aquifers and groundwater from Norwegian crystalline bedrock boreholes. Treated tap waters have slightly lower median values for many parameters, but elements associated with plumbing have significantly higher concentrations in tap waters than in bottled waters. The small dataset is able to show that excessive fluoride and uranium contents are potential drinking water problems in Fennoscandia. Nitrate and arsenic displayed low to moderate concentrations, but the number of samples from Finland and Northern Sweden was too low to detect that elevated concentrations of arsenic occur in bedrock boreholes in some regions. The data shows clearly that water sold in plastic bottles is contaminated with antimony. Antimony is toxic and suspected to be carcinogenic, but the levels are well below the EU drinking water limit. The study does not provide any health-based arguments for buying bottled mineral and spring waters for those who are served with drinking water from public waterworks. Drinking water from crystalline bedrock aquifers should be analysed. In case of elevated concentrations of fluoride, uranium or arsenic, most bottled waters, but not all, will be better alternatives when treatment of the well water is not practicable.     

Major and trace element geochemistry in upper Ganga river in the Himalayas, India

Chemical weathering and resulting water compositions in the upper Ganga river in the Himalayas were studied. For the first time, temporal and spatial sampling for a 1 year period (monthly intervals) was carried out and analyzed for dissolved major elements, trace elements, Rare Earth Elements (REE), and strontium isotopic compositions. Amounts of physical and chemical loads show large seasonal variations and the overall physical load dominates over chemical load by a factor of more than three. The dominant physical weathering is also reflected in high quartz and illite/mica contents in suspended sediments. Large seasonal variations also occur in major elemental concentrations. The water type is categorized as HCO₃^––SO₄^2––Ca²⁺ dominant, which constitute >60% of the total water composition. On an average, only about 5–12% of HCO₃^– is derived from silicate lithology, indicating the predominance of carbonate lithology in water chemistry in the head waters of the Ganga river. More than 80% Na⁺ and K⁺ are derived from silicate lithology. The silicate lithology is responsible for the release of low Sr with extremely radiogenic Sr (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶ Sr>0.75) in Bhagirathi at Devprayag. However, there is evidence for other end-member lithologies for Sr other than carbonate and silicate lithology. Trace elements concentrations do not indicate any pollution, although presence of arsenic could be a cause for concern. High uranium mobilization from silicate rocks is also observed. The REE is much less compared to other major world rivers such as the Amazon, perhaps because in the present study, only samples filtered through <0.2 m were analysed. Negative Eu anomalies in suspended sediments is due to the excess carbonate rock weathering in the source area.     

吉林省桦甸油页岩中稀土元素和微量元素的研究

对桦甸油页岩及其灰渣的矿物成分、主量元素、稀土元素和微量元素含量进行测定。结果表明：油页岩中稀土元素含量低于北美页岩(NASC)中的平均含量,REE球粒陨石标准化的分布模式曲线表现为负斜率,(La/Yb)_N的平均值大于1,属于轻稀土富集型;REE北美页岩标准化的分布模式曲线较平缓,（La/Yb）_S的平均值接近于1,轻重稀土分馏不明显。与球粒陨石和北美页岩相比,Eu有较严重的正异常。油页岩中的微量元素与北美页岩和地壳的平均值相比较,Sb、Nb、Cs、Zn、Bi、W等元素具有较高的富集度。油页岩灰渣中稀土元素和微量元素富集度均高于油页岩。     

Chemical Characterisation of the USGS Reference Glasses GSA-1G, GSC-1G, GSD-1G, GSE-1G, BCR-2G, BHVO-2G and BIR-1G Using EPMA, ID-TIMS, ID-ICP-MS and LA-ICP-MS

The USGS reference glasses GSA-1G, GSC-1G, GSD-1G, GSE-1G, BCR-2G, BHVO-2G and BIR-1G were investigated by different analytical techniques. All these materials have a geological (basaltic) matrix and are therefore useful in igneous geochemistry as matrix-matched reference materials for microanalytical techniques. The new GS glasses have trace elements in groups at concentration levels of about < 0.01, 5, 50 and 500 μg g^-1. Their major element compositions have been determined by EPMA, and trace elements have been analysed by LA-ICP-MS and two isotope dilution techniques using TIMS and ICP-MS. EPMA and LA-ICP-MS analyses indicated that the USGS reference glasses are homogeneous at the μm to mm scale with respect to major (variations < 1-2%) and most trace elements (variations 1-4%). Trace element data obtained from the different analytical techniques agreed within an uncertainty of 1-5%, indicating that between method results are comparable. Therefore, the preliminary working values for the four USGS GS glasses calculated from these data have a low level of uncertainty.     

Trace Element and Platinum Group Element Distributions and the Genesis of the Merensky Reef, Western Bushveld Complex, South Africa

The Merensky Reef of the Bushveld Complex is one of the world'slargest resources of platinum group elements (PGE); however,mechanisms for its formation remain poorly understood, and manycontradictory theories have been proposed. We present precisecompositional data [major elements, trace elements, and platinumgroup elements (PGE)] for 370 samples from four borehole coresections of the Merensky Reef in one area of the western BushveldComplex. Trace element patterns (incompatible elements and rareearth elements) exhibit systematic variations, including small-scalecyclic changes indicative of the presence of cumulus crystalsand intercumulus liquid derived from different magmas. Ratiosof highly incompatible elements for the different sections areintermediate to those of the proposed parental magmas (CriticalZone and Main Zone types) that gave rise to the Bushveld Complex.Mingling, but not complete mixing of different magmas is suggestedto have occurred during the formation of the Merensky Reef.The trace element patterns are indicative of transient associationsbetween distinct magma layers. The porosity of the cumulatesis shown to affect significantly the distribution of sulphidesand PGE. A genetic link is made between the thickness of theMerensky pyroxenite, the total PGE and sulphide content, petrologicaland textural features, and the trace element signatures in thesections studied. The rare earth elements reveal the importantrole of plagioclase in the formation of the Merensky pyroxenite,and the distribution of sulphide. KEY WORDS: Merensky Reef; platinum group elements; trace elements     

Behavior of Major and Trace Elements during Ore Deposition: Example from the Low-Sulfidation Pantingan Gold System, Mount Mariveles, Bataan, Philippines

The evaluation of the relatively fresh host rock and altered rock samples associated with the Pantingan Gold System exposed in Mount Mariveles, Bataan yield several notable observations that are useful in pinpointing potential gold pathfinder elements. Geochemical and petrologic analysis showed that the altered rocks can be subdivided into rocks that underwent propylitic alteration (group 1), argillized rocks with silica contents similar to those of the fresh host rocks (group 2), argillized but not strongly silicified rocks (group 3) and argillized and strongly silicified rocks (group 4). Selected element ratio patterns in the altered rocks and gold concentrations in gold‐bearing quartz veins vary between the rock groups. Moreover, mass balance calculation also reflected the geochemical observations pertaining to the gains and losses of SiO_2, Fe₂O₃+ MgO, CaO + Na₂O and K₂O, which are believed to be chemical reactions (i.e. breakdown of plagioclase, silica inundation or leaching, sulfide and calcite formation) caused by the influx of hydrothermal fluids.     

陕西宁强县中坝锰矿床地球化学特征及成矿模式

陕西宁强县中坝锰矿床形成于扬子地块西北缘伸展裂陷沉积环境内,是近年新发现的锰矿床,赋存于下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色岩系内,含锰岩系岩性主要为含碳粉砂质板岩、含碳泥质板岩、硅质岩,夹有灰岩条带和灰岩透镜体,矿石类型为层状、似层状的含锰硅质岩及条纹条带状的含锰灰岩,含锰矿物主要为硬锰矿,可见极少量的菱锰矿。对中坝一带MnⅠ号锰矿体常量及微量元素地球化学特征分析表明：中坝锰矿体相对围岩亏损Ti和Al元素,SiO₂/Al₂O₃比值较高,Th含量低,Y/Ho比值高,且含锰岩系的PAAS标准化的稀土元素配分模式具有轻稀土元素亏损、重稀土元素富集、Ce负异常、Y正异常的特征,与现代海水稀土元素配分模式一致,说明海水自生沉积作用对含锰岩系中元素的富集具有重要影响,陆源碎屑物质的影响较小;含锰岩系的Al/（Al+Fe+Mn）、Fe/Ti、（Fe+Mn）/Ti、U/Th、Sr/Ba比值、δEu及SiO₂-Al₂O₃图解、Fe/Ti-Al/（Al+Fe+Mn）图解、Lg （U）-Lg （Th）图解、Fe-Mn-（Cu+Co+Ni）×10图解、La/Yb-REE图解、δEu-Mn图解均表明锰矿沉积为热水沉积和正常海水混合作用的结果。含锰岩系的δCe、V/Cr、V/（V+Cr）、Ni/Co比值、富集U、V、Mo等特征表明锰矿形成于还原-硫化的沉积环境。中坝锰矿的形成机制为在弱碱性、还原、富CO₃^2-的条件下,Mn²⁺和CO₃^2-结合形成菱锰矿而沉淀。由此总结出中坝锰矿的成矿模式为：在早古生代,富含Fe、Mn多金属的硅质热水溶液沿着刘家坪古火山通道上涌,上涌的热水与海水混合,在弱碱性、还原、富CO₃^2-的条件下,Mn²⁺和CO₃^2-结合形成菱锰矿而沉淀,形成Fe、Mn硅质岩,且在沉积凹陷处成矿更有利,溶于海水中的Mn同碳酸盐一同沉淀,形成含锰灰岩。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部纳岭沟铀矿床元素地球化学特征及其地质意义

纳岭沟铀矿床位于鄂尔多斯盆地北部,是我国目前已发现的可地浸砂岩型铀矿床之一。其受古层间氧化带控制,呈板状产于中侏罗统直罗组下段辫状河砂体中。笔者从元素地球化学分析入手,通过对不同蚀变砂岩的地球化学特征进行对比,认为蚀变砂岩主要化学成分的变化受成岩作用、水-岩作用,以及油气二次还原作用等影响,并且有机碳含量在矿化砂岩中较高,说明铀矿化与有机质关系密切。矿化砂岩中的微量元素相对富集或亏损明显,可能与成岩后期(热液)的改造作用有关。蚀变砂岩均表现出壳型花岗岩的微量和稀土元素特征,LREE相对富集,说明盆地北部的阴山、大青山古陆壳富铀花岗岩体是直罗组的主要物源。此外,δEu和δCe特征也表明纳岭沟铀矿床是在弱氧化-弱还原过渡性环境下形成。这些特征可作为找矿勘探的重要指示或标志。     

河北省张家口崇礼区北部地球化学特征及其找矿指示

地球化学测量成果被广泛而成熟地运用在矿产勘查工作中,为明确张家口崇礼区北部成矿、找矿的地球化学指示信息,对该区水系沉积物测量及异常查证成果进行了综合分析。通过计算元素富集系数和变异系数、开展R型聚类分析、统计化探异常区岩石的地质年代、对比该区化探异常及已知矿床与典型矿床的成矿要素,从而推断了该区找矿主攻元素为Ag、Pb、Zn、Mo、Cd,且Ag、Pb、Zn和Mo、W 2组元素分别具有共伴生关系,指出该区化探异常主要受燕山期岩浆热液控制。综合分析认为,本区找矿模型为蔡家营式次火山-热液型多金属矿床,具有寻找次火山-热液型Ag、Pb、Zn、Mo多金属矿床的潜力。     

Factors controlling the groundwater transport of U, Th, Ra, and Rn

A model for the groundwater transport of naturally occurring U, Th, Ra, and Rn nuclides in the²³⁸U and²³²Th decay series is discussed. The model developed here takes into account transport by advection and the physico-chemical processes of weathering, decay, α-recoil, and sorption at the water-rock interface. It describes the evolution along a flowline of the activities of the²³⁸U and²³²Th decay series nuclides in groundwater. Simple sets of relationships governing the activities of the various species in solution are derived, and these can be used both to calculate effective retardation factors and to interpret groundwater data. For the activities of each nuclide, a general solution to the transport equation has been obtained, which shows that the activities reach a constant value after a distance ϰ_i, characteristic of each nuclide. Where ϰ_i is much longer than the aquifer length, (for²³⁸U,²³⁴U, and²³²Th), the activities grow linearly with distance. Where gKⁱ is short compared to the aquifer length, (for²³⁴Th,²³⁰Th,²²⁸Th,²²⁸Ra, and²²⁴Ra), the activities rapidly reach a constant or quasi-constant activity value. For²²⁶Ra and²²²Rn, the limiting activity is reached after 1 km. High δ²³⁴U values (proportional to the ratio^ɛ234Th/^W238U) can be obtained through high recoil fraction and/or low weathering rates. The activity ratios²³⁰Th/²³²Th,²²⁸Ra/²²⁶Ra and²²⁴Ra/²²⁶Ra have been considered in the cases where either weathering or recoil is the predominant process of input from the mineral grain. Typical values for weathering rates and recoil fractions for a sandy aquifer indicate that recoil is the dominant process for Th isotopic ratios in the water. Measured data for Ra isotope activity ratios indicate that recoil is the process generally controlling the Ra isotopic composition in water. Higher isotopic ratios can be explained by different desorption kinetics of Ra. However, the model does not provide an explanation for²²⁸Ra/²²⁶Ra and²²⁴Ra/²²⁶Ra activity ratios less than unity. From the model, the highest²²²Rn emanation equals 2ɛ. This is in agreement with the hypothesis that²²²Rn activity can be used as a first approximation for input by recoil (Krishnaswamiet al 1982). However, high²²²Rn emanation cannot be explained by production from the surface layer as formulated in the model. Other possibilities involve models including surface precipitation, where the surface layer is not in steady-state.