上海某多环芳烃污染地块健康风险评估研究

通过对上海某多环芳烃污染地块的场地环境调查,按照调查结果和《上海市污染场地风险评估技术规范》要求,开展该地块健康风险评估工作。结果表明,该地块土壤中苯并(a)蒽、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘、二苯并(a,h)蒽对潜在敏感受体的健康风险值超过了可接受范围,该地块在开发前需进行场地修复。综合考虑后续修复的技术经济可行性以及实验室检测能力,场地风险控制值优先引用计算所得风险控制值,若计算结果小于上海市敏感用地筛选值,则选取敏感用地筛选值作为场地风险控制值。土壤中苯并(a)蒽、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘、二苯并(a,h)蒽的综合风险控制值分别为2.1mg/kg2.1mg/kg 0.4mg/kg 2.1mg/kg 0.2mg/kg,需要修复的土方量合计为152m~3。     

基于生态风险的土壤短链氯化石蜡环境基准研究

短链氯化石蜡(Short Chain Chlorinated Paraffins, SCCPs)是一种持久性有机污染物,广泛应用于电缆、人造革等工业生产中,具有很强的生物毒性,并可以通过多种途径进入土壤环境,威胁着土壤生态环境安全。针对新污染物之一的SCCPs,已经有相关研究做出了基于淡水环境的基准,而目前关于SCCPs的土壤生态环境基准和风险的研究仍旧缺乏。鉴于此,本研究分别采用物种敏感度分布法和分配系数法推导了土壤中SCCPs的生态环境基准阈值,并对我国典型土壤中的生态风险进行了评价。结果表明：采用物种敏感度分布法得出土壤的无效应浓度为71.46 mg/kg;采用分配系数法得到土壤的无效应浓度为10.1 mg/kg。经过与相关研究对比,最终选择利用分配系数法得到的基准值作为SCCPs的土壤生态环境基准值。由于物种选择和研究方法的差异性等,本研究获得的SCCPs土壤生态环境基准与其他国家存在一定差异。另外,运用风险商值法对土壤中的SCCPs环境风险进行评价,结果表明,目前我国主要地区的不同土壤类型中SCCPs的HQ值为7.23×10^-5～0.501 7,为低风险...     

沈阳市土壤铅的空间分布及风险评价研究

经测定，沈阳市土壤铅含量范围为22～2910．600m g／kg，平均值是270．297m g／kg。铅污染比较严重且空间变化大，局地污染非常严重。利用地统计方法研究了沈阳市土壤铅的空间结构和分布特征。结果显示，沈阳市土壤铅具有较好的空间结构性，利用半方差函数的结果进行克里格插值得到土壤铅含量的分布图。沈阳市有 6个土壤铅污染中心，其中以铁西区和太原街的污染比较突出。工业排放、汽车尾气和污灌是沈阳市铅污染的三大污染源。风险评价结果表明，铁西区属于极高风险区，儿童铅中毒的潜在风险非常大。     

北京通州某改造区土壤中PAHs的来源分析及风险评价

近些年,随着我国城市化进程不断加快,土壤中多环芳烃污染已经成为威胁土壤环境质量和人体健康的主要因素。文章采集了北京市通州某改造区15件表层土壤（0~20 cm）样品,利用GC-MS分析技术,研究了土壤中美国环境保护署（USEPA）优控的16种多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量及组分特征,根据多环芳烃的空间分布特征和特定成分之间的浓度比值结合多元统计法分析了其污染来源,初步评价了其污染水平,并进行健康风险评价。结果表明:表层土壤中16种多环芳烃含量范围为6.57~8 307.2 μg/kg,均值为1 004.08 μg/kg。多环芳烃组分特征及Fla与（Fla+Pyr）、BaA与(BaA+Chr)的相对质量比值特征显示改造区是燃煤和汽车尾气混合型来源;多元统计后发现石油烃类污染源和化石燃料燃烧源是两种主要成分。最后参照《污染场地风险评估技术导则（HJ 25.3—2014）》对土壤中PAHs进行了健康风险评价,除苯并（a）芘（BaP）致癌风险值略偏高不可接受外,其余致癌与非致癌风险值均可接受。     

锑污染土壤环境风险评价研究

综合《场地环境评价导则》与美国超级基金法案的风险评价导则中环境风险评价的方法和要求,以武汉某化工厂污染场地为例,探讨土壤中锑的环境风险评价方法;并从人体健康评价与生态风险评价出发,就经口摄入、皮肤接触、呼吸吸入锑污染物对成人和儿童进行健康风险定量计算,并评价锑污染物的生态风险。结果表明：该废弃场地内污染土壤虽然不属于危险废物,土壤中有机物和大部分重金属含量均处于相应标准限制以下,但部分区域锑含量偏高,最高质量分数达到1 262.7×10-6,66%的土壤样品锑质量分数大于推荐修复值26×10-6;污染土壤的非致癌风险非常大;污染土壤对生物具有一定的生态毒理学影响,场地土壤须进行修复后才能使用。     

废铅蓄电池暂存地周边土壤环境质量及风险评价

为探讨废铅蓄电池暂存地周边土壤环境质量现状,以长三角地区4家典型废铅蓄电池回收暂存企业为研究对象,对其周边土壤进行布点取样,分析了铅、砷、镉、六价铬、铜、汞、镍、锑8种元素含量,并以单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法及潜在生态风险指数法对土壤重金属污染状况进行了评价。单因子污染指数及内梅罗综合污染指数评价结果表明,本次调查企业周边土壤污染等级均为安全;潜在生态风险指数评价结果表明,企业周边土壤中Cd的单项潜在生态风险等级较高,各企业场地周边土壤综合潜在生态风险程度为轻微至中等范畴。分析结果可为开展专门性的监测工作提供决策依据和技术支持。     

江苏某材料厂周边农田土壤钼污染特征及农作物健康风险评价

为了解江苏某材料厂金属冶炼活动引发的重金属污染风险,采集周围农田土壤、小麦和水稻籽实样品,确定Mo含量及其在土壤中的形态,采用地质累积指数和富集因子指标评价土壤中钼的污染风险,采用健康风险指数评价小麦、稻米中Mo的健康风险。结果表明,农田土壤中Mo含量在0.50～63.2 mg/kg之间,其平均值5.70 mg/kg远高于全省平均值0.65 mg/kg,表层土壤出现了中度—高度富集,近70%的样点受到不同程度的钼污染,污染范围距该厂300 m,污染深度>1.5 m。土壤中的Mo具有较高的生物有效性,在小麦、水稻籽实中显著富集,主要与土壤具有较高的全Mo含量以及土壤呈碱性有关。基于EPA的健康风险评估方法,食用当地稻米、小麦会产生较大的健康风险。     

应用毒性淋溶提取法评价天津市某工业用地及周围农田土壤中重金属生态风险

毒性淋溶提取法(TCLP)是美国法定的一种生态环境风险评价方法,通过提取土壤中的重金属有效态判断土壤重金属污染状况和评估污染区域生态风险。本文应用TCLP法提取天津市某工业园区内及周围农田土壤中的有效态Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法和原子吸收光谱法分别测定重金属全量和有效态,结合单项污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数评价了重金属生态风险。结果表明:研究区Zn是首要污染物,主要来源于镀锌厂、金属制品厂和电镀厂,其次是Pb和Cu污染,Cd无污染;Pb、Zn可能具有同源性或伴生关系;大部分土壤处于安全水平,重金属污染率不到30%,但农田土壤出现了Zn的轻度污染。重金属全量是影响重金属有效态含量较大的因素,当Zn全量大于环境质量标准限值(300 mg/kg),Pb全量大于80mg/kg时,有效态Zn、Pb与其全量均呈正相关。因此,可以使用TCLP法将土壤重金属全量与有效态进行量化评价重金属生态风险。     

江苏某材料厂周边农田土壤钼污染特征及农作物健康风险评价（84）

为了解江苏某材料厂金属冶炼活动引发的重金属污染风险,采集周围农田土壤、小麦和水稻籽实样品,确定Mo含量及其在土壤中的形态,采用地质累积指数和富集因子指标评价土壤中钼的污染风险,采用健康风险指数评价小麦、稻米中Mo的健康风险。结果表明,农田土壤中Mo含量在0.50～63.2 mg/kg之间,其平均值5.70 mg/kg远高于全省平均值0.65 mg/kg,表层土壤出现了中度—高度富集,近70%的样点受到不同程度的钼污染,污染范围距该厂300 m,污染深度>1.5 m。土壤中的Mo具有较高的生物有效性,在小麦、水稻籽实中显著富集,主要与土壤具有较高的全Mo含量以及土壤呈碱性有关。基于EPA的健康风险评估方法,食用当地稻米、小麦会产生较大的健康风险。     

ＲBCA 和 CLEA 模型在某污染场地健康风险评价中的对比研究

以某有机污染场地为例,对比分析了 ＲBCA 和 CLEA 模型评价原理和方法,并通过毒理学方法分析了评价结果与污染场地实际情况的符合程度。研究表明,两种模型在评价方法、适用范围方面存在差异,ＲBCA 模型适合需要综合考虑污染物在水、土、气中迁移转化的污染场地健康风险评价; CLEA 模型适合以摄入污染场地种植植物为主要暴露途径的健康风险评价。     

吉林西部地区高砷地下水砷的阈值分析及风险评价

高砷地下水导致的砷中毒是吉林西部地区近年来新发现的地方病。为评价饮用水中砷对人体健康产生的潜在危害,在野外调查、采样分析的基础上,开展了水砷安全阈值分析 ,确定了砷的总质量浓度0.05 mg/L为研究区的水砷安全阈值,建立了地下水健康风险评价模型,进行了地下水砷健康风险评价。结果表明:研究区地下水砷引起的个人年均风险度最高达2.11×10^-3 a^-1,其中高砷的第四系承压水中97.06%的采样点水砷对人体的个人年均致癌风险度,大于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受值5.0×10^-5 a^-1;作为备用水源的第三系大安组、泰康组承压水69.57%采样点砷的致癌风险度也超过最大可接受风险水平。通过对风险度评价结果与砷中毒病情等资料的对比分析,风险评价结果与砷中毒病情基本一致,验证了评价结果的合理性。     

污染场地健康风险评价的理论和方法

综合国外研究进展介绍了污染场地健康风险评价的基础理论和评价方法,基础理论主要从人体摄取污染物质的方式和机制以及污染物摄取剂量和人体健康效应的关系两方面开展讨论。评价方法从数据收集、暴露评估、毒性评估和风险表征4方面进行探讨。在此基础上,对评价方法进行了探讨,提出了“叠加风险”和“多暴露途径同种污染物累计健康风险”的概念和计算方法,分析了中国开展污染场地健康风险评价的相关问题,指出构建中国污染场地健康风险评价体系应从制定法律入手,以典型污染场地风险评价为试点,逐渐建立和完善风险评价指南和技术细则,最终完成包括法律法规、评价指南和技术细则等在内的污染场地健康风险评价体系的建立。     

Arsenic in soil and vegetation of a contaminated area

Plant and soil samples were collected from one uncontaminated and four contaminated sites (in the Dashkasan mining area western Iran). Total and water-soluble arsenic in the soil ranged from 7 to 795 and from 0.007 to 2.32 mg/kg, respectively. The highest arsenic concentration in soil was found at the ore dressing area (up to 1,180 mg/kg) and lowest at an uncontaminated area (up to 11 mg/kg). A total of 49 plant species belonging to 15 families were collected from four sampling sites. A significant positive correlation was detected between the concentrations of arsenic in plant dry matter and those in soils. The highest arsenic concentrations were found in Hyoscyamus kurdicus Bornm. (up to 205 mg/kg) and Helichrysum oligocephalum DC. (up to 162 mg/kg). These two accumulator species could have potential for soil clean-up by phytoextraction. The data have been compared with those for the Zarshuran mining area (north-western Iran) obtained in a former study.     

内蒙古包头市固阳县某铁矿区周边土壤多元素测定与健康风险评价

矿产的开发利用会向周边土壤释放重金属元素,当人体摄入或接触受污染的土壤则可能会产生健康危害。铁矿是中国分布最为广泛的矿种之一,但前人对铁矿区土壤重金属健康风险的研究较少,尤其是干旱区铁矿。干旱区生态脆弱,修复困难,因此需要更加科学地对土壤加强管理。本文以内蒙古包头市固阳县某铁矿区为研究对象,采集表层土壤101件,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱/发射光谱法和原子荧光光谱法测定了土壤中的重金属含量,研究元素的特征,并利用健康风险评价法评价重金属对人体的健康危害,提出土壤污染筛选值。结果显示：(1)研究区土壤中Cu、Cr、Ni变异系数大于0.5,平均含量明显高于河套平原背景值;(2)Cu的高值区主要分布于尾矿库与选矿厂周边,Cr、Ni的高值区主要分布于基岩山区;(3)健康风险评价结果表明各元素的危害商(HQ)均小于1,由大到小顺序为As>Cr>Ni>Cu>Cd>Zn>Hg,总危害商(HI)的平均值为0.542,有1个点HI大于1,位于矿区南部基岩区,Cr、Ni、As的贡献率分别为59%、25%、15%,总致癌风险指数(CR)均小于10^-4;...     

Arsenic in soil, vegetation and water of a contaminated region

Arsenic concentrations of surface waters, soils and plants were surveyed in three contaminated villages of Bijar County. Total arsenic in water samples (4.5 to 280 μg/L) was correlated with electrical conductivity, total dissolved solid, total hardness, alkalinity, chloride, sulphate, bicarbonate, calcium and sodium (p<0.001). Total arsenic in the soils ranged from 105.4 to 1500 mg/kg. Some of the soil factors play an important role in soil arsenic content and its bioavailability for organisms. In general, the arsenic concentrations in plants were low, especially in the most common wild species. Among 13 plant species, the highest mean arsenic concentration was found in leaves of Mentha Longifolia (79.4 mg/kg). Arsenic levels in soils and plants were positively correlated, while the ability of the plants to accumulate the element, expressed by their biological accumulation coefficients and arsenic transfer factors, was independent of the soil arsenic concentration. Relationships between the arsenic concentrations in plants, soils and surface water and the environmental aspects of these relationships have been discussed in comparison with literature data. The accumulation of arsenic in environmental samples (soil, sediment, water, plant, etc.) poses a potential risk to human health due to the transfer of this element in aquatic media, their uptake by plants and subsequent introduction into the food chain.     

Relationship between geomorphology and contamination with weathered hydrocarbons in an old river levee/marsh association

A site evaluation was made for a low-lying property in an old river levee/marsh association, used marginally for cattle raising, which was contaminated due to historical practices. Contamination was related to geomorphology: the lowest areas contained 79 % of the contaminated samples. Other contaminated samples were all rear access roads (probable intentional dumping). There were no samples in the higher, levee areas away from roads with hydrocarbon concentrations above 3,000 mg/kg. Medium and high impact levels, corresponding to average hydrocarbon concentrations of 13,400 mg/kg and 109,700 mg/kg, respectively, were found in 28 % and 27 % of the property area. The medium impact level was predicted to have a reduced pasture production potential of ～ 50 % while at the high impact level practically no pasture production was predicted. Toxicological risk to cattle is present in only 12 % of the sample points although almost all of these are in very marshy areas not apt for cattle raising. Because the hydrocarbons at this tropical site are very weathered, acute toxicity was not related to hydrocarbon concentration. Although slightly more than half of the property has hydrocarbon concentrations above the permissible limit, only about one-third of the contaminated area is apt for cattle raising. This study, based on hydrocarbon distribution related to site geomorphology, soil toxicity bioassay, risk assessment to cattle and evaluation of pasture production allowed to made a more accurate assessment and definition of future use of the site. These criteria could be used for diagnostic studies of sites with similar tropical conditions.     

Assessment of arsenic and fluoride pollution in groundwater in Dawukou area,Northwest China,and the associated health risk for inhabitants

Exposure to arsenic and fluoride through contaminated drinking water can cause serious health effects. In this study, the sources and occurrence of arsenic and fluoride contaminants in groundwater are analyzed in Dawukou area, northwest China, where inhabitants rely on groundwater as the source of drinking water. The triangular fuzzy numbers approach is adopted to assess health risk. The fuzzy risk assessment model incorporates the uncertainties that are caused by data gaps and variability in the degree of exposure to contaminants. The results showed that arsenic and fluoride in groundwater were mainly controlled by the dissolution–precipitation of Ca-arsenate and fluorite under weakly alkaline conditions. The arsenic and fluoride concentrations were higher in the shallow groundwater. The most probable risk values for arsenic and fluoride were 4.57 × 10^?4 and 0.4 in the shallow groundwater, and 1.58 × 10^?4 and 0.3 in the deep groundwater. Although the risks of fluoride were almost within the acceptable limit (<1.0), the risk values of arsenic were all beyond the acceptable levels of 10^?6 for drinking water. Further, the local administration should pay more attention to the potential health risk through dietary intake and to the safety of deep water by ensuring it is not contaminated under prolonged pumping conditions. The fuzzy risk model treats the uncertainties associated with a quantitative approach and provides valuable information for decision makers when uncertainties are explicitly acknowledged, particularly for the variability in contaminants. This study can provide a new insight for solving data uncertainties in risk management.     

某储油库地下水有机污染健康风险评价

本文以USEPA推荐使用的污染场地健康风险评价方法为基础, 结合污染场地实际情况, 分析、评价了某储油库地下水有机污染对场址内暴露人群造成的健康风险。评价结果表明: 该储油库地下水有机污染物为1,2-二氯乙烷、苯、三氯甲烷和甲苯。污染场址内的工人和居民受到的非致癌风险均小于1, 在可接受范围; 而污染对场址内的工人和居民产生的致癌风险较大, 分别为1.7×10?4、9.0×10?3, 是不可接受的。产生致癌风险的主要污染物为1, 2-二氯乙烷, 占总致癌风险的99.80%, 可致人产生多种形态的肿瘤, 并具有潜在的遗传毒性。主要暴露途径是吸入吸收, 占总致癌风险比例大于70%, 其次为口入吸收。皮肤接触暴露途径产生的致癌风险较小, 占总致癌风险比例小于1%。     

基于饮水标准的矿山水源人体健康风险——以云南个旧锡矿区某矿坑水源为例

饮水水源水质的人体健康安全是水源是否安全的首要问题。在调查锡矿矿坑水作为个旧市A镇及B矿段锡矿生活区饮用水源情况的基础上,应用国际辐射防护委员会和美国环保署推荐的风险评估模型,开展饮用水的人体健康风险评价。结果表明,水源中重金属致癌物质所引起的健康危害较高,风险值超过了国际辐射防护委员会推荐的最大可接受风险水平,其中以Cr6+和As的致癌风险最大,应优先控制;非致癌物质所引起的健康风险较小,风险值在10-8以下,远低于推荐的最大可接受风险水平。虽然水中重金属含量符合相关标准要求,但是长期饮用对人体存在健康风险。