海洋底水原位探测技术与中国南海天然气水合物勘探

在分析研究国内外海洋底水原位探测技术的前提下,详细阐述了自主研发的"海水溶解气甲烷原位探测技术成果"的研发思路、关键技术和与国外技术的区别;结合该技术在我国南海北部水合物赋存区获得海洋底水原位甲烷测试数据以及现有分层海水技术在南海北部表层海水和台西南盆地底层海水中甲烷测试数据,进行了水合物勘探中分层海水甲烷指标地球化学特征和不同海水测量方法技术在天然气水合物勘探中指示作用的研究和评价,旨在为天然气水合物中海水地球化学勘探方法的选择和发展方向提供参考依据。结果表明:(1)表层海水溶解气甲烷异常在区域水合物远景区中具有10~50nmol·L~(-1)的绝对甲烷浓度和面积较大(上千km~2)的区域地球化学特征;(2)底层海水甲烷异常背景值一般具有100nmol·L~(-1)以上的绝对甲烷浓度和面积较确定的局部地球化学异常特征;(3)海洋底水原位甲烷地球化学异常数据在水合物赋存区上的异常具有300~800nmol·L~(-1)的绝对甲烷浓度并具有高衬度异常特征。勘探技术成果显示:(1)常规技术和CTD技术获取的表层海水异常能够筛选水合物勘探远景区;(2)底水原位技术和台湾的岩心钻探技术(core top water)获取的底水地球化学异常与地下烃类聚集体渗漏相关,并有以生物成因气为主的同位素特征,因此该异常能够显示与水合物相关的甲烷渗漏地,为水合物赋存区段的识别提供依据。海水原位地球化学勘探技术在水合物海水地球化学勘探中具有广阔的应用前景。     

西太平洋上层海水溶解甲烷浓度及碳同位素特征研究

对西太平洋上层海水溶解甲烷浓度的研究结果表明，该海域海水甲烷相对于大气甲烷是强烈过饱和的。甲烷浓度及碳同位素组成特征表明这部分甲烷为生物成因。该海域海－气交换过程中甲烷通量在０．７～１０．４ｎｍｏｌｍ－２ｓ－１，明显高于其它开放海域。     

天然气水合物分解的甲烷对海洋生物的影响

随着海底环境的变化以及全球变暖的加剧,天然气水合物分解释放出大量甲烷到海洋中,其中一部分甲烷会穿过海水释放到大气中,导致大气中的温室气体增加,从而加剧了全球暖化。本文从甲烷的释放和运移路径角度梳理和总结了甲烷对海洋生物的直接和间接影响。首先,水合物分解释放甲烷,在海底形成冷泉渗漏区,滋养了一批特殊的生物群落,而甲烷是其形成生命元素中不可或缺的要素,由此繁衍形成了冷泉生态系统。其次,甲烷释放到海水中会引起海水酸化,海水酸化不仅会导致钙化生物合成碳酸钙外壳受阻,还会加速已生成外壳的溶解。最后,甲烷作为强温室气体释放到大气中还会加剧全球变暖;此外,极地冻土层的融化也会使得冻土区天然气水合物分解,导致大量甲烷进入大气中,从而致使海水暖化,海水的暖化又会对海洋生物的生存、代谢、繁殖、发育和免疫应答等多种生命活动造成影响。以上认识为进一步研究甲烷对未来海洋生态系统的影响提供重要参考信息。     

深海甲烷电化学原位长期监测技术及其在海洋环境调查和天然气水合物勘探中的意义

深海溶解甲烷浓度数据连续获取的方法技术,对于海洋环境和天然气水合物开发过程中甲烷扩散作用及通量的动态监测,具有重要的科学意义和实际应用价值。本文较详细地介绍了依据"海水脱气、气体样品定量输入、电化学高精度检测"技术思路,采用"增压排液整机系统控制的海水循环、减压稳流、气液分离、烃类组分高精度检测技术改进"方法,研发"深海甲烷电化学原位长期监测技术"的关键环节和技术方法。结合原位传感器在胶州湾港口为期94天底水长期监测实验获取的数据成果,对原位传感器的技术性能、数据质量、地质效果进行了研究评价。结果表明:(1)原位传感器量程甲烷指标达到0.01～10 000 nmol/L,灵敏度达到0.01 nmol/L,对烃类组分检测具有较好的稳定性和选择性;(2)监测水域溶解甲烷数值范围19.01～106.87 nmol/L,正常甲烷背景32.41 nmol/L,局部异常甲烷背景80.60 nmol/L,资料显示异常与污水排放过程对海水环境污染有关;(3)实测甲烷数据成果地球化学特征与胶州湾海域海水环境以往调查研究成果符合,证明了实测数据的客观性和科学性;(4)海试监测试验成果证明,原位传感器测试性能可靠、结构设计合理、设计思路科学,基本具备了海洋科学调查中对海水甲烷浓度数据获取的能力,在未来海洋天然气水合物开发过程中对甲烷扩散作用的动态监测及深海甲烷浓度通量的长期监测中,具有实际应用价值和科学意义。     

海洋中溶解甲烷的原位检测技术研究进展

海水中溶解甲烷气体不但对全球变暖和海洋环境变化有着重要影响,而且也是发现渗漏型天然气水合物赋存区的依据之一,海水溶解甲烷原位监测的新技术和新方法是获取海水甲烷通量变化过程的主要手段。原位甲烷传感器具有原位、实时、便于多时空尺度定量观测等特点,在海洋环境变化和全球气候变化研究,以及海底资源开发利用中具有广泛的应用前景。介...     

过去2000 年大气甲烷含量与气候变化的冰芯记录

温室气体与气候变化的关系是当前全球变化研究中的一个核心内容。目前关于大气温室气体含量变化只有几十年的实测资料, 而冰芯包裹气体中的CH4 不仅能反映过去大气CH4 含量随时间的变化, 而且能很好地揭示陆地CH 向大气中的释放随时间及空间的分布。近年来, 极地冰芯研究表明南极和北极过去大气层中的甲烷含 量差异很大, 北极大气层中甲烷含量远大于南极大气层。科学家们推测, 中低纬度地区是全球大气层甲烷含量变 化的驱动源。而对这一可能驱动源的甲烷含量变化, 很长时间人们一无所知。达索普冰芯记录揭示了中低纬度大 气CH4 含量与极地冰芯记录相同的变化趋势, 并明确显示工业革命以来大气CH4 含量的增长。高分辨率达索普 冰芯记录的工业革命以来大气CH4 含量变化最显著的特征是20 世纪两次世界大战期间人类活动CH4 排放的减缓 使大气CH4 含量呈负增长。中低纬度大气CH4 含量的恢复使我们有机会与极地冰芯记录进行定量对比研究。 0 ～1850A. D. 中低纬度大气CH4 的平均含量为782nmol /mol, 与格陵兰和南极大气CH4 平均含量差分别达66 nmol /mol和109nmol /mol, 并且其最大自然波动幅度超过200nmol /mol, 这是极地冰芯记录从未有过的。达索普冰芯 记录表明工业革命前中低纬度为全球大气重要的CH4 源区, 但最近1000a 来, 北半球中高纬度的排放有了显著的 加强; 过去2000a 来的自然变化时期, 气候变化的纬向差异对北半球不同纬度带CH4 排放格局有重要影响。     

青藏高原湿地冻土区活动层甲烷排放特征

青藏高原作为地球陆地碳循环系统的重要组成部分,一直是科学家和环保工作者关注的热点,天然气水合物的发现是否会引发环境和地质灾害再次引起科学家甚至政府部门的重视。本文选用甲烷通量、近地表大气甲烷浓度、土壤甲烷浓度和甲烷稳定碳同位素为监测指标,以祁连山天然气水合物试采区为研究区,开展甲烷排放监测。结果表明:(1)祁连山高寒草原、高寒草甸区甲烷排放具有季节性变化和区域分布特点,最大排放值为19.2 mg/m~2·h,最大吸收值为-108 mg/m~2·h,表现出巨大的碳汇潜力,对青藏高原碳循环具有重要意义;(2)甲烷碳同位素显示冻土区活动层大量存在微生物,10~30 cm甲烷主要微生物成因,微生物活跃期在夏季,冬季则减弱,微生物的代谢影响着甲烷的氧化和产生,嗜甲烷菌的存在对甲烷的排放起很大的控制作用;(3)试采前后近地表大气甲烷含量没有出现"爆炸式"增长,这与研究区天然气水合物的赋存状态和储量及试采方式有关;(4)甲烷排放受多种因素的影响,应加强对土壤温度、土壤湿度和pH值等因素的进一步研究。     

甲烷水合物生成过程中海水常量离子浓度的变化规律

本文自行研制了一套甲烷水合物合成装置,模拟海洋环境甲烷水合物的生成过程,对该过程水合物生成位置、形态、反应时间、环境温压条件进行观测,同时连续测试体系海水中常量离子K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、C1-、SO42-的浓度及海水盐度,探讨水合物生成过程的温压变化及离子浓度变化之间的关系和离子浓度的变化规律.结果表明,海水中甲烷水合物生成具有很大的随机性,在相同的初始条件下可能有不同的水合物成核、聚集过程;甲烷水合物在生成过程中,耗气量不断增加,孔隙水的盐度和海水中常量阴阳离子的浓度也在不断增加,这种变化具有较高的线性相关性(相关系数为0.9848～0.9950),且不受甲烷水合物生成位置及状态的影响;在水合物生成过程的微环境下耗气量相同时,离子浓度存在细微的差异.这些特征为通过测定海底水合物周围孔隙水中常量离子的浓度初步推算水合物的甲烷耗气量提供了依据.     

南海北部神狐区域 SH2 站位甲烷水合物成藏动力学模拟研究

南海北部神狐区域海底的高丰度水合物储层与生物成因为主的甲烷气源表明该区域很可能是一种特殊的复合型海洋水合物系统,其成藏动力学机制有待进一步的研究和澄清。建立了一个耦合沉积层地质属性-流体流动过程-水合物反应动力学的传输-反应模型,区别了两种不同类型的水合物形成(分解)动力学过程:(1)在通常情况下溶解甲烷和游离气共同形成水合物,(2)特殊情况下游离气直接生成水合物,结果表明在神狐海域热力学环境下游离气形成水合物速度比溶解甲烷快约4倍,气体含量和动力学常数比值越大生成水合物越快,而对比水合物分布的模拟结果与实测数据表明该区域水合物储层聚集和产状很可能受到了其他地质活动的影响。     

马里亚纳弧前蛇纹岩泥火山无机成因甲烷–氢气水合物形成条件与稳定带发育特征

海洋水合物的成藏不仅需要合适的温度、压力条件,而且需要充足的气源。一般认为大洋区海底沉积物缺乏丰富的有机质,不具备天然气水合物发育的气源条件。然而最近研究表明洋壳广泛的蛇纹岩化作用可以产生大量的无机成因甲烷,并找到了与蛇纹岩化有关的水合物发育证据。蛇纹岩化过程中不仅有甲烷生成,还生成大量的氢气,很可能形成甲烷–氢气水合物。本文根据IODP 366航次钻探资料,应用甲烷–氢气水合物的热力学模型,计算了马里亚纳弧前三个蛇纹岩泥火山钻探实测获得的不同氢气含量条件下的甲烷–氢气水合物稳定带分布特征。结果显示氢气比例越高,计算获得的甲烷–氢气水合物稳定带底界深度越浅。研究的6个马里亚纳弧前蛇纹岩泥火山站位中, IODP 1491、1492、1496、1498四个站位可能具备甲烷–氢气水合物发育温压和气体成分组成条件; IODP 1493、1497站位几乎不具备甲烷–氢气水合物的温压和气体组成条件。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.