塔里木盆地北缘南华纪—寒武纪构造背景及构造-沉积事件探讨

以塔里木盆地西北缘和东北缘南区南华系—寒武系野外地质调查为基础,结合古地磁成图及前人研究资料,针对构造-沉积事件等探讨盆地北缘南华纪—寒武纪成盆演化过程。研究区保存了完整的南华纪—寒武纪地层,其中塔东北缘以冰碛岩、碎屑岩(富含有机质)和碳酸盐岩为主,夹多层火山岩;塔西北缘以碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩为主,冰碛岩及火山岩夹层少。塔里木陆块从属于罗迪尼亚超大陆,其北缘邻近澳洲西缘,南华纪—震旦纪发生深度裂解。在它的东北缘和西北缘发育两支裂谷,形成厚层裂谷-被动边缘沉积。南华系—中奥陶统为盆地残留的较早的裂谷-被动陆缘盆地沉积,可划分为南华纪断陷期(超大陆裂解期)和震旦纪-中奥陶世沉降期(板块漂移期)。     

新疆库鲁克塔格新元古代火山岩地质-地球化学特征及构造意义

库鲁克塔格地区新元古代火山岩十分发育,从早南华世到晚震旦世均有分布.火山岩从老到新可分为贝义西、扎摩克提、水泉3个喷发期,对各期火山岩主量、微量元素及稀土元素地球化学研究表明,各喷发期火山岩均形成于大陆裂谷环境.本区火山岩的形成,是塔里木运动的重要佐证,是Rodinia超大陆裂解事件的岩石记录,揭示了本区Rodinia超大陆裂解始于早南华世.     

塔里木盆地晚震旦世—中寒武世构造沉积充填过程及油气勘探地位

南华纪初,受罗迪尼亚（Rodinia）超级大陆裂解的影响,塔里木陆块进入强伸展构造演化阶段,陆内发育了北东—南西向裂谷体系,裂谷区与两侧高隆带构成“两隆夹一坳”古构造格局。这一古构造格局持续控制了晚震旦世至中寒武世碳酸盐岩沉积序列的充填、演化及油气成藏组合,应将受前寒武纪裂谷构造—沉积演化控制的系列碳酸盐岩台地作为一个成因整体进行系统研究。结果表明:晚震旦世—中寒武世碳酸盐岩台地先后经历了5个重要演化阶段,即晚震旦世同裂谷充填期、震旦纪末抬升剥蚀阶段、早寒武世初海侵深水缓坡型富泥质碳酸盐岩台地阶段、浅水缓坡型碳酸盐岩台地阶段,以及中寒武世蒸发潟湖占主导镶边型碳酸盐岩台地阶段。控制了两套烃源岩、两套储层及一套区域盖层的发育,即形成于震旦纪裂陷槽内潜在烃源岩和早寒武世深水缓坡阶段玉尔吐斯组烃源岩、震旦纪末期受剥蚀淋滤形成的上震旦统微生物丘滩相白云岩储层和早寒武世受岩相和早期云化联合控制的肖尔布拉克组丘滩相白云岩储层,以及中寒武统蒸发潟湖相蒸发岩盖层,构成了上、下两套有效油气成藏组合。与已获得重大突破的四川盆地同期德阳—安岳克拉通内裂陷沉积演化序列及油气成藏组合类比表明,与之具有良好的相似性,且主力烃源岩品质、直接盖层的封盖性能更优于安岳特大型气藏,认为塔里木盆地这一构造—沉积单元具有重要的勘探前景与地位,上部成藏组合更具现实勘探价值。     

塔里木新元古代盆地演化与下寒武统烃源岩发育的构造背景

下寒武统优质烃源岩的分布一直是塔里木盆地油气勘探的难点问题。在区域构造演化背景分析基础上,利用露头和新的钻井、地震资料,通过地层对比、构造解释和古地貌恢复,探讨了塔里木新元古代盆地原型、古构造及下寒武统烃源岩发育的构造背景。研究认为塔里木盆地西缘的柯坪和叶城地区,新元古代经历了陆内断陷到初始被动大陆边缘的盆地演化序列,而在塔东北的库鲁克塔格地区,主要以裂谷及其衰退期的拗陷为特征。地震反射特征进一步显示在塔里木陆内也具有相似的成盆作用,南华纪断陷具有清楚的垒、堑结构,震旦纪以后以拗陷阶段的均衡沉降为主。发生在晚震旦世末的柯坪运动造成全区抬升,奠定了塔里木盆地寒武系沉积前的构造古地貌,总体表现为西高东低,南高北低,控制了下寒武统烃源岩的形成、分布。塔西台地内中-下寒武统出现大面积增厚,可能与晚震旦世以后继承性的沉降作用有关,形成有利于玉尔吐斯组类型的碳酸盐质陆棚相烃源发育的沉积环境。而西山布拉克-西大山组类型的深水陆棚-盆地相的泥质烃源岩不仅在满加尔坳陷内发育,还可能在阿瓦提坳陷内分布。尽管中央隆起带大部分地区不利于优质烃源岩发育,但不能排除局部地区仍可能存在下寒武统泻湖相烃源岩。与盆地北部高碳酸盐岩含量的烃源岩不同,塔里木南缘改造边界附近具有形成高碎屑岩含量的深水泥质烃源岩的构造-沉积环境。     

塔东北库鲁克塔格地区震旦-奥陶纪地质事件及生储盖组合

塔里木盆地库鲁克塔格地区是重要的油气资源战略接替区域之一,其特殊的构造背景成为研究盆山耦合及区域构造演化的有效切入点。冰川、火山、风暴、浊流等事件沉积的产物,广泛发育于塔东北库鲁克塔格地区震旦—奥陶系的地层中。这些地质事件的发生时期与库鲁克塔格地区的构造演化具有明显的耦合关系。Rodinia超大陆的裂解是全球新元古代冰川沉积的诱发因素,也使库鲁克塔格地区在震旦纪发育冰川相的沉积。发生于早寒武世的火山事件也是Rodinia超大陆同期裂解的表现。在塔东北地区,裂解导致的持续拉张作用一直延续到早奥陶世末期,但在晚寒武世曾发生过一次持续时间较短的构造反转,区域构造应力场由拉张转为挤压,导致南、北沉积相区水体变浅,受到风暴作用影响。在挤压的区域构造背景下,中—晚奥陶世库鲁克塔格急剧隆升,物源供给的加大,为浊流事件的沉积提供了有利条件。另外,区域的构造背景变化也对于该地区的源岩和储层的产生起了决定性的因素。在震旦—早奥陶世晚期拉张的大地构造背景下,早—中寒武世及早奥陶世成为烃源岩的主要形成时期。优质储层主要为碳酸盐岩及碎屑岩,发育于晚震旦世、晚寒武世、中—晚奥陶世。孔隙类型主要为晶间孔、溶孔、裂缝等。这些源岩和储层与地层中的泥岩在垂向上组成多套生储盖组合。     

塔里木新元古代-古生代沉积盆地演化

塔里木盆地位于中国西北新疆维吾尔自治区南部,夹持在天山与昆仑山褶皱带和阿尔金山之间,是一个长期发展形成的大型叠合盆地.在综合研究前人资料的基础上,通过对塔里木地区岩石地层、沉积建造的对比分析,划分出塔里木新元古代-古生代的被动陆缘、夭折裂谷、碳酸盐岩台地、碎屑岩陆表海、残余海盆、混积陆表海、陆内裂陷盆地、前陆盆地共8种沉积盆地类型,并分析盆地形成演化的大地构造环境:新元古代早期,塔里木进入稳定的盖层发展阶段;青白口纪发育裂谷和被动陆缘,南华纪-早震旦世发育夭折裂谷和大陆冰川;古生代主要发育碳酸盐岩台地、碎屑岩陆表海和混积陆表海;受北侧哈萨克斯坦-准噶尔板块碰撞的影响,南天山石炭纪洋盆于晚石炭世-早二叠世末俯冲消减;中二叠世始,塔里木大部分演变为前陆盆地.      

准噶尔盆地南缘二叠—三叠纪原型盆地性质与沉积环境演化

准噶尔盆地南缘(简称"准南")二叠—三叠纪原型盆地性质与沉积环境演化一直以来备受争议。通过准南6个地层小区18条典型剖面野外实测、岩相和沉积环境分析以及区域地层对比,认为准南西部(88°E以西)和准南东部(88°E以东)二叠—三叠纪在岩石组合、地层序列、沉积特征和沉积环境等方面存在差异:准南西部以碎屑岩、火山岩和火山碎屑岩组合为特征;准南东部以碳酸盐岩、火山岩和碎屑岩组合为特征。准南西部早—中二叠世地层普遍缺失或被埋藏,晚二叠世—早三叠世为陆相冲积扇—扇三角洲的粗碎屑岩沉积,中—晚三叠世发育滨浅湖相细碎屑岩。准南东部晚石炭世发育深水浊流,早—中二叠世以滨浅海相细碎屑岩为主,中二叠世后期以芦草沟组潟湖相油页岩和碳酸盐岩发育为特征;晚二叠世,普遍进入河湖相演化阶段,以细至粗碎屑岩为主;中—晚三叠世发生湖泛,主要发育三角洲和滨浅湖相碎屑岩。研究表明,准南及邻区二叠—三叠纪为裂谷盆地,经历了断陷—坳陷沉积演化阶段,准南西部和东部伸展程度的差异性导致沉积特征的不同。     

皖南东至地区震旦纪沉积相及层序地层分析

皖南东至地区的震旦系发育齐全，分布广泛．出露良好．为江南型地层最古老的盖层。沉积类型复杂多样，岩石类型相当丰富，为重要的含矿层，含有丰富的铁、锰、磷、金等沉积层控矿产，是研究震旦纪地层、沉积相和层序地层较理想地区。通过分析研究，阐述了早震旦世早期以陆源碎屑沉积环境为主，为海岸冲积扇相到陆棚相沉积，表现为一个海进过程；早震旦世晚期以冰川作用为主，为海岸冰川相到陆棚冰川沉积；晚震旦世均以碳酸盐岩沉积环境为主，为台地前缘斜坡到浅海盆地相沉积，表现为一个海退过程。震旦纪可分出两个Ⅰ类层序，早震旦世早期Ⅰ类层序由低水位体系域、海侵体系域及凝缩段构成．由于受冰川作用对下伏地层产生了强烈削切，而使高水位体系域缺失。早震旦世晚期至晚震旦世晚期，为一个完整的Ⅰ类层序。     

新疆阿克苏地区新元古代沉积特征对裂谷发育过程的指示

阿克苏地区地处塔里木克拉通西北部的盆-山结合部位,新元古代地层齐全且发育前寒武纪蓝片岩,保留了新元古代从洋壳俯冲汇聚到陆壳拉张伸展过程的记录,是近年塔里木新元古界研究的热点及重点地区。但阿克苏地区新元古代地层层序和沉积体系的研究较为薄弱,构造对沉积充填的控制作用仍不清楚,由此也制约着对塔里木克拉通初期裂谷发育演化的认识。本文综合地层学、沉积学等多种研究手段,分析阿克苏地区新元古代地层展布及垂向发育特征,将多处实测剖面与钻井-地震剖面结合,构建了阿克苏地区新元古代地层发育序列及空间对比格架。明确了由裂陷控制的沉积相类型及演化：南华纪巧恩布拉克组先后发育冲积扇/扇三角洲、水下-冰川亚相（冰碛岩）及深水陆棚相;尤尔美那克组,早期以陆上-冰川沉积为主,晚期以冲积扇沉积为主;震旦纪苏盖特布拉克组由冲积扇过渡到辫状河三角洲和潮坪相;奇格布拉克组以碳酸盐岩台地沉积为主。通过盆-山构造结合沉积序列分析,确定新元古代经历了三个构造-沉积演化阶段：（1）局限深裂谷发育阶段（南华纪）,充填冲积扇/扇三角洲及深水陆棚相沉积,其中发育两期不同环境的冰川沉积;（2）裂谷扩张期（震旦纪早期）,火山活动强烈,发育冲积扇-辫状河三角洲、潮坪相沉积;（3）坳陷发育期（震旦纪晚期）,广盆浅海环境,发育碳酸盐岩台地。     

雪峰陆内多期复合造山带震旦—三叠纪沉积演化特征

笔者通过对雪峰及其两侧震旦纪—三叠纪的地层沉积特征进行相关的野外调查和室内总结,基本明确了雪峰地区自震旦纪以来的隆凹变迁规律。根据雪峰地区的隆凹特征及古地理属性将雪峰地区震旦纪—三叠纪的构造沉积演化历程划分为五大阶段,分别为早震旦世—中奥陶世的斜坡-陆棚-盆地阶段;晚奥陶世—晚石炭世的隆起剥蚀阶段;二叠纪的碳酸盐岩台地阶段;早三叠世的碳酸盐质陆棚阶段和中三叠世—白垩纪的隆起—陆相山间盆地阶段。笔者从沉积角度证明雪峰的演化属性并非一个古陆区,而是一个多期复合叠加的陆内造山带。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.