四合屯—大康保地区义县组火山—沉积岩地质特征

四合屯－大康堡地区所出露的义县组火山－沉积岩可分为上、中、下3个层位。下部层位是以玄武质、玄武安山岩质以及安山质火山岩类为主的基性、中基性火山－沉积岩;中部是以流纹质及英安质火山岩为主的中酸性火山－沉积岩;而义县组的上部层位是以玄武岩、玄武玢岩为代表的基性火山岩。薄层状的沉凝灰岩、凝灰质粉砂岩及钙质页岩等作为火山活动间歇期的产物,常不同程度地发育于义县组火山溶岩或集块岩的底部。野外工作发现：在义县组下部层位的沉凝灰岩层中发育有以鹦嘴龙为主的古脊椎动物类化石;四合屯－大康堡一带富含有热河生物群化石的沉积层属义县组火山－沉积岩系的中部层位。稀土元素分析表明,在相同层位的火山－沉积岩岩,沉凝灰岩,凝灰质粉砂岩和钙质页岩及其与火山熔岩存在密切的相关性;而不同层位间则存在一定的差异性。稀土元素配分特征不反映出,不同的义县组火山－沉积岩内、凝灰质粉砂岩和钙质页岩及其与火山溶岩存在密切的相关性;而不同层位间则存在一定的差异性。稀土元素分特征还反映出,不同的义县组火山－沉积岩层位之间具有相似的物源关系。     

松辽盆地东缘下白垩统营城组二段火山碎屑沉积的过程、相和结构

松辽盆地东缘六台地区营城组露头地质调查和实验室分析显示,貌似正常碎屑岩的营二段是一套复杂的火山熔岩和沉积岩之间的过渡岩性。这套岩性包括了碎屑熔岩、凝灰岩、沉凝灰岩、凝灰质碎屑岩和正常碎屑岩,显示了它们形成于火山—沉积盆地的过渡环境,即火山斜坡过渡到冲积平原和湖泊环境。与火山作用有关岩相有4种端元的火山碎屑岩相:弹射坠落爆发空落相、喷射降落爆发空落相、热碎屑流相和热基浪相。火山物质堆积在火山斜坡以及前方的冲积平原上,往往以火山碎屑岩相或者冲积扇相、辫状河相保存;它们堆积在湖泊中则为三角洲相、扇三角洲相、较深水相和沼泽相。这些相的空间组合反映了火山喷发—碎屑堆积的过程。根据旋回发育营二段可以区分出3种类型的充填序列:沉积—火山充填序列、沉积充填序列和火山充填序列。较为完整的序列为粗碎屑岩—火山岩和火山碎屑岩—细碎屑岩,对应着裂谷类盆地断裂作用—火山作用—沉积充填的过程,记录在特定的地层结构中。     

徐家围子断陷徐东地区营城组火山岩储层特征研究

以营城组火山岩为主,利用岩心、测井、试油等资料,从岩性、岩相及物性等方面对徐家围子断陷徐东地区火山岩储层特征加以研究。徐东地区营城组火山岩储层的主要岩性为流纹岩、流纹质凝灰岩、流纹质熔结凝灰岩、流纹质角砾岩和流纹质角砾凝灰岩;火山岩相按岩性组合特征可分为火山爆发相、火山溢流相和火山沉积相;孔隙类型主要为原生孔隙的气孔、气孔被充填后的残余孔、裂缝及微裂缝和次生孔隙的长石溶蚀孔、火山灰溶蚀孔、球粒流纹岩中流纹质玻璃脱玻化产生的微孔隙、石英晶屑溶蚀孔等。通过对单井储地比、储层厚度频率分布、产能情况及成藏规律的分析研究将徐东地区分为三个储层发育带,找出了最有利的储层发育带,为下一步的勘探部署起到了一定的指导作用。     

松辽盆地徐家围子断陷营城组火山岩相和火山机构分析

徐家围子断陷营城组火山岩极为发育。文章通过对火山岩的岩芯观察、薄片鉴定、岩芯测试及测井资料、二维、三维地震资料的综合分析 ,将营城组火山岩盆地分为 3大相区 ,即火山喷发区、过渡区和沉积区。火山喷发区岩性由各种熔岩、火山碎屑岩和少量砂砾岩组成 ;过渡区岩性以火山碎屑岩与沉积岩互层为特征 ,夹少量火山熔岩 ;沉积区岩性包括砂砾岩、砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩。火山喷发区内可识别出 8种类型的火山岩相 (空落相、溢流相、基底涌流相、火山碎屑流相、火山泥石流相、火山沉积相、次火山相、隐爆角砾岩相 )和 3种类型的火山机构 (层火山、微型盾火山和渣锥火山 )。不同类型的火山机构具有不同火山作用、岩相分布特征和含油气性。因此火山岩相及火山机构分析对火山作用研究和油气勘探均有重要意义。     

北大巴山志留系滔河口组火山碎屑岩相序、组构特征及古火山作用环境分析

志留系滔河口组是一套发育于北大巴山地区的火山岩-火山碎屑岩-沉积岩组合。在1:10000地质填图和大比例地质剖面实测基础上,通过详细的火山碎屑岩相序和组构分析,本文在滔河口组火山-地层中共识别和划分出22个岩相,5个相组合类型。区域岩相测量与对比揭示,滔河口组火山-沉积宏观序列自下而上由玄武岩相(一般下部为块状粗粒/细粒玄武岩相、上部为枕状玄武岩相)、凝灰角砾岩相、再沉积富辉石火山碎屑砾岩相、无结构或叠瓦状凝灰质粗砾岩相、凝灰质砂岩相、生物灰岩相或泥岩相构成。岩相组合横向变化显示滔河口组古火山活动西强东弱,火山活动类型为斯托柏林型(Strombolian-type eruption)喷发。相对地,研究区西部火山-沉积序列发育较为完整。滔河口组的地层序列与岩石组合与板内火山活动产物相似,本文认为北大巴山地区志留系滔河口组火山岩-火山碎屑岩-沉积岩组合形成于洋岛或海山构造环境,是板内拉伸作用的产物。     

内蒙古东南部开鲁盆地龙湾筒龙佛堂组火山岩地质特征

开鲁盆地为陆相火山岩盆地。勘探结果表明,在陆为山岩盆地中获得了工业油流,为寻找石油油藏开辟了新途径。龙湾筒凹陷的火山岩以火山熔岩、火山碎屑沉积岩为主,根据岩石特征,可划分为三种岩相：溢流相、火山爆发箱和火山沉积相。溢流相以熔岩为主,包括安山岩、粗面岩、粗安岩、玄武岩和玄武安山岩;火山爆发相岩石包括火山角砾岩和凝灰岩;火山沉积岩相岩石包括凝灰质砂岩、凝灰质泥岩。依据火山岩相划分,结合火山岩测井和地震     

松辽盆地东缘下白垩统营城组二段火山碎屑岩的发育特征

通过精细的野外剖面测量,发现松辽盆地东缘营城组二段中发育熔岩、凝灰岩和凝灰质砂岩。凝灰岩包括熔结凝灰岩、岩屑晶屑凝灰岩、灰球泥粒凝灰岩和角砾凝灰岩。这表明作为火山活动间歇期的营城组二段沉积期依然存在一定规模的火山活动,其沉积作用具有独特的火山和沉积双重控制的特点,区别于正常的沉积作用。营城组二段是一套介于火山岩和陆源碎屑岩之间的过渡岩性,物源既有来自同期火山喷发,也有来自营城组一段和营城组下段以及更老的地层的风化剥蚀。由于存在火山物质和陆源剥蚀物质的双重物源及存在火山物质堆积和沉积作用的双重机理,这套岩石在类型上具有特殊性。存在特殊的火山-沉积作用类型,主要为冲积平原上热碎屑流河道沉积、冲积平原泛滥盆地上热基浪沉积、冲积平原泛滥盆地上空落火山灰云沉积。     

松辽盆地南部地区营城组典型火山机构地质特征

在松辽盆地地质背景研究的基础上,根据盆地南部地区营城组火山岩地质特征对火山机构进行分类,描述其地质特征,并讨论其储层特征。将研究区火山机构分成3类9种,即熔岩类火山机构、碎屑岩类火山机构和复合火山机构3类;熔岩类火山机构包括粗面质熔岩火山机构、玄武质熔岩火山机构、安山质熔岩火山机构、英安质熔岩火山机构和流纹质熔岩火山机构,碎屑岩类火山机构包括玄武质碎屑岩火山机构、安山质碎屑岩火山机构和流纹质碎屑岩火山机构,以及复合火山机构共计9种。并统计了不同类型流纹质火山机构储层的储集空间类型及孔隙度,结果表明：流纹质复合火山机构储集空间类型复杂,储层溶蚀孔缝十分发育,储层物性最好;流纹质碎屑岩火山机构储层溶蚀孔缝较为发育,储层物性中等;流纹质熔岩火山机构储集空间类型单一,储层物性最差。将长岭断陷火山机构内部储层分为高孔-高渗型、中孔-中渗型和低孔-低渗型3类,且有利储层受岩性影响较小,受岩相影响较大。     

粤东白云嶂-鸡婆嶂中生代晚期火山岩特征及地层划分

粤东白云嶂-鸡婆嶂地区中生代晚期火山岩广泛出露,为一套中酸性-碱性岩系.依据岩性、岩相、接触界面性质、喷发-沉积韵律等特征,自下而上划分为吉岭湾组、龙潭坑组、热水洞组、南山村组和白云嶂组.吉岭湾组为安山质、英安质火山碎屑岩及其熔岩;龙潭坑组为火山碎屑沉积岩;热水洞组为流纹质火山碎屑岩及其熔岩;南山村组为流纹质、英安质火山碎屑岩及其熔岩;白云嶂组为碱长流纹质-粗面质火山碎屑岩及其熔岩.该套火山岩地层构成4个喷发旋回,根据同位素年龄,确定其时代为中侏罗世-早白垩世.     

与火山作用有关的岩系测井识别与物源分析——以松南十屋油田营城组为例

松辽盆地十屋油田属于构造-岩性油气藏。营城组发育正常沉积岩、火山熔岩、凝灰岩、沉凝灰岩和凝灰质砂岩,岩石中不同程度地含有火山碎屑物质。火山碎屑的含量,不仅决定了岩石类型,而且影响储层物性。与火山作用有关的岩石类型及其分布反映了物源区的特征。岩心的岩性识别虽然精准,但数量与分布有限,影响到确定物源-沉积体系的类型与分布。测井资料的岩性识别,特别是含有火山碎屑岩石的识别可以弥补取心不足造成的限制。十屋油田不同层位岩石中K元素测井值的对比,相同层位岩石中的U、Th元素测井参数交会图,GR、DEN、CNL、AC、R_t、R_MSFL测井参数的玫瑰图和GR-PE、GR-DEN测井参数交会图,对十屋油田营城组Ⅳ-Ⅴ砂组与火山作用有关的岩石实现了有效的岩性识别,形成了测井识别模式。测井识别岩性和岩心识别岩性相结合,确定了研究区5种岩石类型分区,证明了松辽盆地十屋油田营城组Ⅳ-Ⅴ砂组来自火山岩物源、再旋回沉积岩源区的正常碎屑岩物源、受花岗岩影响的正常碎屑岩物源、受花岗岩和火山岩影响的正常碎屑岩物源以及混合区域物源沉积体系的存在与分布范围。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.