南海神狐海域天然气水合物声波测井速度与饱和度关系分析

利用南海北部神狐海域A站位的地震和测井资料综合分析神狐海域含天然气水合物沉积层的声波测井速度及水合物饱和度的分布特征和变化规律,并对水合物饱和度的理论计算值和实测值进行对比分析,同时对水合物稳定带的纵波速度特征与饱和度的关系进行了综合研究。结果表明：神狐海域A站位的水合物层厚度约20 m,纵波速度在1 873～2 226m/s之间,水合物饱和度在15.0%～47.3%之间变化,水合物饱和度值相对较高;受海底复杂地质因素的影响,根据岩心孔隙水的氯离子淡化程度实测的水合物饱和度随声波速度的变化并不是单一的正比例关系,而是随声波速度的升高而上下波动,波动幅度在10%～20%之间,总体趋势上随声波速度的升高而升高,并集中分布在理论曲线附近;利用热弹性理论速度模型计算并校正后的水合物饱和度随声波速度的增加而有规律地增加,水合物饱和度的理论计算值与实测数据比较吻合,说明所建立的岩石物理模型正确,模型参数选取合理。根据声波速度计算水合物饱和度这一方法可扩展到整个研究区域,并为研究区的水合物资源量评价提供基础数据。     

基于电阻率测井的天然气水合物饱和度估算及估算精度分析

利用电阻率测井基于阿尔奇公式能够估算孔隙空间中天然气水合物饱和度。基于神狐海域的水合物钻井(SH2站位)资料,利用密度反演的地层孔隙度与地层因子交会图,计算出估算水合物饱和度的阿尔奇常数。假定地层中水合物呈均匀分布,利用电阻率资料计算的该站位水合物饱和度平均为24%,最高达44%,水合物饱和度在垂向上具有明显的不均匀性;利用孔隙水氯离子异常估算的SH2站位水合物饱和度平均值为25%,最高值达48%,厚度为25 m。这两种方法估算的水合物饱和度基本吻合,利用电阻率资料计算的饱和度与阿尔奇常数和饱和度指数及孔隙度有关。     

南海神狐海域天然气水合物注热降压开采数值模拟研究

针对南海神狐海域天然气水合物成藏条件,利用pT+H软件和水平井技术对天然气水合物的注热和注热降压开采效果进行了模拟分析。重点讨论了注入热水温度为30、60、90℃时水合物饱和度以及CH4气体饱和度、CH4产气率、累积CH4产气量和产水量的变化规律,发现两种开采模式下水合物低饱和度分布范围随时间增长和温度升高而增大;CH4产气率在开采10 d内升高较快,之后逐渐减小。模拟结果表明:注热降压开采模式比单纯注热模式的效果有较大改善,而且温度对于提高CH4产气量效果不明显,但因为天然气水合物藏的低渗透性,神狐海域的天然气水合物的CH4产气量不大。研究结果可为南海神狐海域和类似地区天然气水合物开采提供参考。     

南海神狐海域含水合物地层测井响应特征

分析了南海北部神狐海域含天然气水合物沉积层声波速度及密度的分布特征和变化规律,并通过对比DSDP 84航次570号钻孔含天然气水合物层段测井资料,总结出神狐海域含水合物地层的测井响应规律特征:神狐海域含水合物地层存在着明显的高声波速度、低密度特征,地层密度随声波速度的变化并不是单一的反比例关系,总体趋势上随声波速度的升高而降低;含水合物地层高声波速度值主要集中在197~220 m段,饱和度值在15%~47%之间,低密度值集中在200~212 m段,分布在水合物饱和度大于20%的地层内;含水合物地层声波速度平均值为2 076 m/s,其上覆和下伏地层的声波速度平均值为1 903 m/s和1 892 m/s,所对应的地层密度值分别为1.89 g/cm3、1.98 g/cm3和2.03 g/cm3,声波速度受孔隙度和饱和度的共同影响,地层密度受水合物饱和度影响较大;从水合物上覆地层到声波速度最高值段,声波速度值增加了9.1%,相对应的地层密度值减少了4.55%,从水合物声波速度最高值段到下伏地层,声波速度值减少了8.86%,相对应的地层密度值增加了7.41%。这些测井响应特征,可用来识别地层中天然气水合物,并可以用来计算水合物的饱和度,同时结合其他地质和地球物理资料,确定水合物层的厚度、分布范围,计算天然气水合物的资源量。     

热脉冲探针-时域反射技术测量含水合物沉积物的热导率及水合物饱和度

我国在海洋和冻土区都已发现天然气水合物资源区并成功获取实物样品。含水合物沉积物的热导率是估算水合物资源量、设计合理开采方案的关键性数据之一。受水合物稳定条件和测量技术的限制,水合物热导率测定尚不完善。本文通过自主研制的天然气水合物热物理参数测量系统,开展了海洋沉积物中天然气水合物热导率与饱和度测量研究。实验使用取自南海神狐海域的沉积物作为反应介质,在压力7.8 MPa、温度2℃的条件下合成甲烷水合物,并利用热脉冲探针与时域反射技术联合测量的方式获得沉积物中水合物形成过程的热导率和饱和度等实验数据。结果表明,当水合物饱和度从0增加至49%时,体系热导率出现了先升高后降低的变化趋势。分析发现体系热导率随水合物饱和度的变化特征与水合物在沉积物中的填充方式有关,在实验选用的南海沉积物中,水合物优先选择在颗粒孔隙间成核生长,并最终与沉积物颗粒胶结共存。     

南海神狐海域天然气水合物储层参数定量评价方法

海洋型天然气水合物以固态形式赋存于尚未固结的泥质粉砂和粉砂质泥地层中,不同于常规油气藏在固结砂岩地层中的赋存模式,因此造成水合物储层测井评价的难题。2007年以来我国南海神狐地区实施了4次水合物钻探,取得丰富的地球物理与岩心资料并且证实该区存在着巨大的天然气水合物资源潜力。本文通过对神狐地区常规测井、特殊测井资料以及取心资料的研究分析,总结水合物地层各项测井响应特征,利用岩心数据刻度测井,建立储层岩性、物性以及水合物饱和度计算模型,形成一套适合神狐地区天然气水合物储层参数的定量评价技术。利用本文方法对研究区部分井进行综合评价,水合物地层孔隙度平均为49.91%,水合物饱和度平均为29.75%,孔隙结构以小孔隙为主,渗透性较差,评价结果与岩心实验结果基本一致,符合率达85%。该研究成果为神狐海域水合物资源量评价及成藏研究提供了新的参考。     

南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物成藏特征及主控因素新认识

南海北部陆坡神狐海域烃源岩生烃潜力巨大且烃类运移条件良好,可为水合物成藏提供充足的气源和通畅的疏导通道,而且神狐海域海底沉积层的温度、压力条件满足水合物形成的要求,具备了水合物聚集成藏的地质条件,成为我国水合物勘探开发的重点靶区。为了明确神狐地区水合物的成藏特征和主控因素,首次将随钻成像测井引入对水合物赋存状态、成藏序列、成藏模式和主控因素的研究中,从而为今后水合物的开采和钻井方案的设计提供强有力的理论依据。通过随钻成像测井、电阻率频谱及相对饱和度分析发现神狐海域共发育厚层状、分散状、斑块状、断层附近和薄层状5种赋存状态的水合物,其中厚层状和分散状水合物相对饱和度高且厚度大,开采价值较大,是研究区的主力水合物层,厚层状水合物常分布于水合物层顶部而分散状水合物常分布于水合物层底部;斑块状、断层附近和薄层状水合物相对饱和度较低且分布不规律,开采价值较小。厚层状、分散状、斑块状和断层附近水合物主要为深部热解气通过断层运移至水合物稳定区聚集成藏,为构造渗漏型水合物;薄层状水合物主要为浅部生物气横向运移聚集至水合物稳定域,为地层扩散型水合物。神狐海域发育开启型、填充型和界面型3种类型的断层,断层作为气体和流体的运移通道,沟通了气源和水合物稳定带,控制了水合物在纵向上和横向上的展布范围,为神狐地区水合物的主控因素。     

南海神狐海域X区块天然气水合物的控制因素

为了探讨南海神狐海域X区块天然气水合物的控制因素,开展了高分辨地震资料精细解释和天然气水合物地震相研究。结果显示,X区块存在3条主控断层和众多滑塌断层;预测的稳定带内水合物呈多层分布,稳定带底部水合物层厚度较大、连续性较好。结合地震反射特征和可能的气源讨论初步认为,X区块天然气水合物的成藏模式主要有两种类型:在断裂或滑塌构造发育区,水合物的气源以热解成因气为主,水合物呈多层分布;在构造平缓地区,水合物的气源以生物成因气为主,水合物呈单层分布,且主要分布在似海底反射(BSR)之上一个狭窄的范围内。     

考虑热传导开采天然气水合物藏的可行性研究:以南海神狐海域为例

天然气水合物作为一种新型替代能源,如何有效开发成为当前研究的热点,热激发被认为是除降压法外天然气水合物开采的另一重要途径;然而,目前对于天然气水合物热开采效率及其经济可行性仍没有清楚的认识。本项研究构建了天然气水合物注热开采的模型,该模型经过理想简化,忽略了开采过程中热对流和压力差的影响,只考虑热作用对水合物分解的影响;进一步计算了水合物注热开采的热消耗效率和天然气的能量效益、可研究水合物开采的最大产出效率。通过对南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物藏特征以及钻井取心相关重要参数的研究,计算了天然气水合物的注热开发潜力,并通过相关参数的敏感性计算和分析研究,论证了神狐海域天然气水合物注热开采效率和可行性。研究结果显示,神狐海域水合物藏的单位长度生产井段3 a的最大累积产气量为509 m3,远低于工业开发标准。水合物热激发分解速度缓慢,注热开采水合物生产成本较高,经济效益低下;因此,基于热传导开采南海神狐海域天然气水合物不具备工业应用的可行性。     

南海北部陆坡天然气水合物及其赋存沉积物特征

南海北部陆坡的天然气水合物样品各具特色,神狐海域天然气水合物样品肉眼不可见,是典型的分散型水合物;珠江口盆地东部海域天然气水合物样品具有块状、脉状、结核状及分散状等多种赋存形式。在实验室内,采用现代分析仪器对这些水合物及其赋存的沉积物样品进行了系统的分析测试,研究了南海北部陆坡神狐、珠江口盆地东部海域天然气水合物的微观结构、水合指数、气体组成等基本特征,探讨了沉积物对天然气水合物赋存形式及微观分布的影响。结果表明,神狐海域沉积物中富含钙质微化石和有孔虫有利于水合物生成,且水合物主要分布在其腔体内;珠江口盆地沉积物颗粒更细,且不含微化石与有孔虫,故难以生成分散状水合物。研究区天然气水合物是典型的Ⅰ型结构,主要组成气体是甲烷,占99.4%以上;神狐海域与珠江口盆地水合物中甲烷分子在大笼的占有率99.3%以上,在小笼中分别为85.7%和91.4%,相应的水合指数分别为5.99和5.90。碳、氢同位素的综合研究表明,研究区天然气水合物的甲烷主要来源于微生物作用下的CO_2还原。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.