专题制图系统中面状符号自动绘制的新算法——晕线图案法

在专题制图系统中,面状符号的自动绘制具有重要意义。晕线法是绘制面状符号较为常用的方法,然因其图形结构简单,对于绘制较为复杂的专题地图,分级,对比效果均不够理想,为此,本文提出了晕线图案法。这种方法以晕线法为基础,用不同的晕线,虚晕线的适当运算构成图案,从而实现面状符号的自动输出,本方法图案设计简单,既可交互式输出也可自动生成图案,既保留了晕线法优点,又实现了面状符号的多样化输出。利用晕线图案法,笔者绘制了黄土高原微机地理信息系统专题图部分,并取得了较理想的输出效果。     

基于ObjectArx.net的面状符号自动绘制的实现方法

面状符号的绘制是数字化测图软件必不可少的功能,也是基于AutoCAD平台的数字化测图软件开发的重要组成部分.针对AutoCAD用户在面状符号绘制方面存在的问题,通过对传统CAD面状区域填充算法的研究,提出一种用自定义块对象作填充图案并结合传统的图案填充法和插入法来实现面状符号自动绘制的简易方法,并运用C#+ObjectArx.net在AutoCAD 2007中实现了该算法.     

小比例尺地图面状水系名称注记自动配置研究

在丰富面状水系的注记配置规则基础上,深入研究了其名称注记自动配置中两个关键算法,即要素主骨架线求取和注记配置方案的设计,并提出了基于单调链化简思想确定面状水系主骨架线的改进算法,在此基础上设计了面状水系名称注记自动配置方案。     

线状符号的分解与组合

线状符号是地图上常用的符号,本文在分析其构造原理的基础上,提出了规则线状符号的逻辑构造函数。同时为了能够满足地图的视觉效果需要,讨论了在机助实现过程中的一些算法。     

基于图形分割的面状符号自动填充算法

针对现有制图软件在面状符号填充方面存在的符号缺失、压盖等问题,提出了一种基于图形分割的面状符号自动填充算法。该算法通过计算面的骨架线,对复杂面进行分解,判断分解后的简单面的形状,分别赋予不同的制图表达规则,实现面状符号的自动填充。结果表明,该算法可以有效实现狭长以及包含狭长分支的不规则图形的合理填充,有效解决了填充符号与图形边界、注记的压盖问题,提高了制图自动化,大大减少了制图工作量。     

基于FME和ArcGIS的面状多边形数据处理方法

面状多边形之间会出现相互重叠和空隙,如何快速处理这些拓扑关系的错误是一个影响效率的关键问题。本文介绍应用FME和ArcGIS相结合的技术方法,解决多边形要素之间出现相互重叠和空隙的情况;并在此基础上,在FME中实现对经重叠和空隙处理的多边形要素层进行规则的编号,实现基础数据质量控制。     

共轭面状特征的快速提取与遥感影像精确配准

使用数学形态学的"膨胀算子"对影像进行预处理,提出了一种改进的基于高斯拉普拉斯算子的面状特征提取和细化方法,并利用边界代数快速标注边界封闭的面状特征。在提取面状特征的基础上,利用奇异值分解算法,实现了基于面状质心的遥感影像匹配,进而完成精确配准。实验结果表明,与传统方法相比,此方法在速度与准确度上具有明显优势。     

3维面状要素注记的自动配置研究

随着3维地图的发展,2维地图中的一些注记自动配置规则和方法在3维环境下显得并不适用.在分析3维注记视觉变量及其影响因素的基础上,对3维地形图中面状要素的注记配置规则进行了研究,提出一种基于约束性Delaunay三角网提取面状要素注记定位线、并结合3维地形图中面状要素的符号特征获取注记定位点的3维面状要素注记自动配置方法,在基于ArcEngine的3维地形图自动绘制系统中得到了成功应用.     

以直角方式转折的面状要素图形简化方法

讨论了面状要素图形轮廓简化的一些规则以及面的空间知识获取方法,结合以直角方式转折的面状要素图形轮廓的特点,重点讨论了其图形渐进式简化方法。     

以直角方式转折的面状要素图形简化方法

讨论了面状要素图形轮廓简化的一些规则以及面的空间知识获取方法,结合以直角方式转 折的面状要素图形轮廓的特点,重点讨论了其图形渐进式简化方法。     

面向自动综合的河系结构化模型研究

针对地图上河流的自动综合,建立了基于河段的河系结构化数据模型,该模型充分考虑了河段与河段、河段与面状水系要素之间的空间关系,以及河系河段的层次关系;建立了一种面向自动综合的河系结构化数据模型,模型包含了大量水系综合所需要的信息。基于上述数据模型,设计了一种方便快捷的河系结构化算法,该算法较好地克服了现有河系结构化算法只针对河流以及只适用于形态相对简单的河系的缺陷,较为全面地考虑了河系结构中出现的各种复杂问题,具有较强的实用性。     

Pattern based map comparisons

Map comparison techniques based on a pixel-by-pixel comparison are useful for many purposes, but fail to reveal important aspects of map similarities and differences. In contrast, pattern based map comparison techniques address the question of structural similarity, although with these approaches the comparison problem becomes open ended, since there is an unlimited number of ways to characterise a pattern. Two types of pattern based technique are used here to analyse the test sets of maps. The first, a fuzzy polygon based matching technique, focuses on the meso-scale aspects of pattern. It is based on the areal intersection of land use polygons on the two maps being compared. The areal intersection, areal complement, and polygon size values are fuzzified into an appropriate set of categories, a set of fuzzy inference rules is applied to derive memberships in local matching categories, and finally the local matching category memberships are defuzzified to yield local matching values for each land use polygon on the reference map. The second approach, fractal analysis, captures macro-scale or global qualities of the maps. Two measures are calculated here: the radial dimension and the cluster size—frequency dimension. The polygon matching approach provides only limited insight when applied to the case of the map set representing differences in classification. It proves much more effective when applied to the problem of change detection, revealing areas where the pattern has changed and giving local measures of the degree of change. The approach is particularly useful in the case where there is a considerable degree of random change at the pixel level, as changes in the underlying pattern are extracted from the noise, while pixel based approaches largely detect the noise.     

利用结构面对象的高分遥感影像建筑物变化检测

根据建筑物具有丰富的角点和规则的外观形状的特点,本文提出了依据线段信息生成建筑物变化检测基本单元——结构面对象的建筑物变化检测方法。从高分遥感影像中提取出建筑物的边缘线及屋顶外形线条,生成结构面对象并提取其在两时相影像中相应的特征信息,通过监督分类获取变化建筑区域。试验结果表明,利用结构面对象进行建筑物变化检测能较完整地覆盖变化建筑物表面且对象边缘检测效果较好。     

Data matching of building polygons at multiple map scales improved by contextual information and relaxation

The aim of matching spatial data at different map scales is to find corresponding objects at different levels of detail (LODs) that represent the same real-world phenomena. This is a prerequisite for integrating, evaluating and updating spatial data collected and maintained at various scales. However, matching spatial data is not straightforward due to the ambiguities caused by problems like many-to-many correspondence, non-systematic displacement and different LODs between data sets. This paper proposes an approach to matching areal objects (e.g. buildings) based on relaxation labeling techniques widely applied in pattern recognition and computer vision. The underlying idea is to utilize contextual information (quantified by compatibility coefficient) in an iterative process, where the ambiguities are reduced until a consistent matching is achieved. This paper describes (1) a domain-specific extension to previous relaxation schemes and (2) a new compatibility coefficient that exploits relative relationships between areal object pairs in spatial data. Our approach were validated through extensive experiments using building data sets at 1:10k and 1:50k as an example. Our contextual approach showed superior performance against a non-contextual approach in general and especially in ambiguous situations. The proposed approach can also be applied to matching other areal features and/or for a different scale range.     

基于有向属性关系图的典型道路交叉口结构识别方法

提出采用有向属性关系图描述道路交叉口结构,形成典型道路交叉口结构模板库.通过将道路网矢量表示转化成有向属性关系图表示,采用图匹配技术识别道路网中的典型交叉口.实现有关算法,通过试验验证该方法的有效性,并分析其局限性和适用范围.该方法可在基于结构的交叉口简化过程中用于典型交叉口结构识别.     

城市空间信息规则网格与不规则网格的数据转换

对从不规则网格向规则网格进行社会经济信息转换的方法进行了比较和研究，并采用蒙特卡罗和GIS相结合的方法，以人口数据为例，利用土地利用分类信息将以行政区为基础采集的人口数据转换到规则网格中。实验证明，转换后的人口分布数据较好地体现了人口在空间的分布情况，并可根据不同的需要，聚合成不同大小的网格，能较好地满足城市微观建模和宏观社会经济信息统计分析的需要。     

On aggregation in spatial econometric modelling

The spatial aggregation problem – also termed the modifiable areal unit problem – has attracted regular attention in spatial statistics and econometrics. In this study econometric aggregation analysis is used to investigate the formal composition of meso-areal parameters given micro-areal underlying relations with spatial dependence. Impact on stochastic terms (possible meso-areal spatial autocorrelation) is also studied. Finally consequences for meso-areal estimation are derived, the general finding having been that spatial aggregation leads to meso-region specific parameter values, with the estimation problems this implies.     

规则池塘群的复杂直线模式识别

针对现有面要素直线模式识别方法难以解决规则池塘中破碎区域的问题,提出了一种规则池塘群的复杂直线模式识别方法。首先,分析了规则池塘群的空间特征和认知特点,提出了“主次关系→并列关系→直线模式→复杂直线模式”的多层次认知顺序;其次,设计了主次关系池塘组、并列关系池塘组、直线模式池塘群的识别方法;最后,构建了复杂直线模式池塘群的识别模型。试验表明:本文方法能够消除破碎区域对规则池塘群直线模式提取的不利影响,有效提升复杂直线模式识别的质量。     

AUTOMATED TEXTURE ANALYSIS ON LANDSCAPE MAPS

A procedure for formalizing and classifying the textures created by various geographic features on maps is outlined with the objective of providing a mathematical basis for their analysis by computer. The topological digital modeling of “geotextures” is based on the identification of mathematical sets (matrices) describing the content (either nominally or ordinally scaled) and distribution (either discrete or continuous) of elements comprising a particular texture. Several examples of such models are presented in detail for both discrete and continuous areal data and are compared in terms of their space requirements in the random access memory of a computer. Translated from: Geografiyo i prirodnyye resursy, 1986, No. 4, pp. 121-129.