四川盆地东部中二叠统茅口组眼球状石灰岩储层特征及成因

眼球状石灰岩长久以来通常被看作一类非油气储集岩类,而且其成因一直颇有争议。通过对11条野外剖面的观测以及室内薄片鉴定和物性分析,对川东地区茅口组眼球状石灰岩的岩石学特征和储集性能进行研究,并初步探讨了储层的成因机制。研究发现,眼球状石灰岩"眼球"与"眼皮"宏观、微观特征具有较大差异:"眼皮"部分储渗性能相对较好,储集空间主要为各类次生溶蚀孔隙,孔渗相关性好,为低孔-低渗的孔隙型储层。研究结果表明:在盆地内广泛分布的眼球状石灰岩,可作为油气勘探中的致密灰岩储集体。基于眼球状石灰岩宏观、微观特征,结合前人研究成果,初步认为眼球状石灰岩储层的形成与该类岩石的成岩过程密切相关,早期海水埋藏成岩作用阶段形成的层状组构差异,为后期的暴露岩溶作用奠定了物质基础,沉积后的岩溶作用是储层形成的关键。     

重庆南川地区中二叠统茅口组眼球状灰岩成因

中二叠世茅口组中-下部发育一种特殊的眼球状灰岩, 眼球部分通常为颜色较浅, 富含生屑颗粒的灰岩; 而眼皮部分通常为颜色较暗的泥灰岩。其成因一直存在分歧。本文通过对重庆南川大铺子剖面茅口组底部眼球状灰岩的野外观察和室内研究, 认为陆源输入的改变导致眼球和眼皮部分泥质含量的差异; 在成岩过程中, 碳酸盐沉积物为主的眼球部分因为胶结作用而没有被机械和压实作用破坏, 泥质含量较多的眼皮部分则受到强烈的压实。因此, 该地区眼球状灰岩的形成是沉积和成岩过程相互作用的结果, 为浅海陆棚沉积环境。     

中上扬子地区二叠纪缺氧环境

中上扬子地区二叠纪缺氧环境较为发育,缺氧沉积的岩石类型主要有黑色泥页岩、黑色薄层硅岩, 深灰色-灰黑色中-薄层泥晶石灰岩和含泥石灰岩。前 3种岩石类型常形成暗色泥页岩-薄层硅岩-泥晶石灰 岩组合,而含泥石灰岩则主要为眼球状石灰岩的 “ 眼皮”部分。分别对这两种组合的岩石特征、古生物特征及 地球化学特征进行了研究,并分析了各自的沉积环境以及缺氧环境的成因。分析认为暗色泥页岩-薄层硅岩- 泥晶石灰岩组合为盆地、盆地边缘或斜坡环境的产物,其缺氧环境主要为大规模的海侵形成;眼球状石灰岩的 “ 眼皮”部分应为碳酸盐岩台地的产物,其缺氧环境应为上升流作用形成。     

华南中二叠统眼球状石灰岩特征及成因的思考

眼球状石灰岩是华南地区中二叠统常见的一种碳酸盐岩岩石类型,由“眼球”和“眼皮”组成,广泛分布于中二叠统栖霞组下部和茅口组中下部。关于眼球状石灰岩特征和成因的研究,已经取得了较为丰富的成果,笔者对这些成果进行了评述:对眼球状石灰岩的分布特征、岩石学特征及地球化学特征进行了总结;对其各种成因观点进行了讨论。在此基础上,阐述了眼球状石灰岩特征研究存在的争议,指出了下一步研究应关注的方面,尤其是在微观特征及地球化学特征方面,同时认为眼球状石灰岩的石油地质意义应该引起足够的重视。     

云贵地区二叠系瘤石灰岩的成因

云南东北部及贵州北部的二叠系中广泛发育了瘤石灰岩（亦称眼球石灰岩）。瘤石灰岩由颜色较浅、较纯净的石灰岩瘤和颜色较深、泥质含量较高、微缝合线发育密集的包层组成。组成瘤和包层的石灰岩类型一致,为生屑石灰岩、生屑质灰泥石灰岩、含生屑灰泥石灰岩或灰泥石灰岩。本次研究认为,瘤石灰岩是压溶成岩作用的产物,不是某种沉积环境的标志     

恩施剖面栖霞组下部贫氧-缺氧环境成因模式

我国华南地区二叠系栖霞组沉积了多套富有机碳的暗色岩系,是华南地区油气勘探的潜在烃源岩。其形成主要与水体的氧化还原以及古特提斯海洋洋流系统有关。然而,栖霞期水体的缺氧-贫氧的成因模式还需要更多的地质证据。本文选择湖北省恩施剖面栖霞组下部臭灰岩段钙质页岩及碳酸盐岩夹层为研究对象,开展稀土元素REE、微量元素Th/U比值以及碳酸盐矿物晶格内微量硫酸盐硫同位素组成分析。研究结果表明,栖霞组下部臭灰岩段的下部沉积水体主要为缺氧至贫氧条件,而臭灰岩段上部主要为贫氧至氧化条件。这些缺氧至贫氧沉积主要是由洋流的上涌造成。洋流的上涌将深水环境中缺氧、贫氧的底部水体涌至陆棚斜坡地带,造成斜坡浅水地带形成一个近似倒三角的缺氧-贫氧水体带,从而沉积了栖霞组暗色薄层石灰岩或钙质页岩。     

碳酸盐岩碳同位素地层学研究中数据的有效性

碳酸盐岩碳稳定同位素组成数据能否有效地反应原始大洋的同位素组成是稳定同位素地层学研究成败的关键,因此,如何准确地判断碳同位素比值的有效性成为该稳定同位素地层学研究中的焦点问题之一。碳同位素值有效性受成岩作用、地层缺失、样品处理过程等多方面因素影响,但成岩作用是诸多因素中最普遍、最主要的,因而正确判别碳同位素值可靠性通常也就是对样品及其同位素组成经受成岩改造程度的评定。确保碳同位素测试结果可靠应主要把握前期严格选样和后期数据分析两个重要环节。前期选样包括野外和室内两步,是在宏观尺度上对数据可靠性的把握;后期数据分析则主要是在严格选样的基础上,利用碳(及附带的氧)同位素自身数据特征以及借助Mn、Fe、Sr等微量元素特征从元素级别的微观角度对同位素值有效性做出进一步判别。     

湖北兴山大峡口剖面二叠系岩石特征及沉积环境分析

湖北兴山大峡口剖面二叠系自下而上可以分为栖霞组、茅口组、吴家坪组和长兴组,总厚度为43372 m。该剖面岩石以石灰岩为主,含少量的白云岩、硅岩和页岩。石灰岩可进一步分为生屑石灰岩、生屑质石灰岩、含生屑石灰岩、泥（粉）晶石灰岩和眼球状石灰岩。眼球状石灰岩主要分布于栖霞组下部和茅口组中下部,为沉积作用和成岩作用的共同产物。白云岩主要是呈斑块状分布的石灰质白云岩,主要分布于长兴组上部,其可能为石灰岩经埋藏白云化作用而形成。硅岩呈结核状、团块状、条带状,为交代成因。根据岩性、古生物化石、沉积构造等相标志分析,划分出了滨岸、碳酸盐岩台地、盆地边缘和盆地等4种沉积环境,其中碳酸盐岩开阔台地内局部出现浅滩环境。沉积演化表明,该地区二叠纪发生了两次较大规模的海进、海退旋回,第1次海侵始于中二叠世栖霞组沉积初期,结束于茅口组沉积末期;第2次海侵始于吴家坪组沉积初期,直至长兴组沉积期末结束。初步分析表明,研究区二叠系具有良好的烃源岩条件和储集条件。     

湖南桑植二叠系茅口组硅泥岩段的有机白云岩环境

湖南仁村坪剖面二叠系茅口组中段发育一套富有机质硅泥质岩,夹含有多层白云岩沉积。其白云岩的岩石学特征显示,白云石颗粒具有簇状低有序度隐晶质晶体特征,不同于次生白云岩的自形-半自形菱形的晶体类型,应属于沉积孔隙水体埋藏有机质的硫酸盐氧化过程产生的有机自生白云石类型。该层段碳-氧同位素表现出特征的负相关关系,与硫酸盐还原菌作用(SRB)的埋藏有机质氧化强度有关。生屑颗粒白云岩所表现出的重氧同位素特征,代表浅水环境有机质氧化过程特殊的氧同位素分馏途径。4.5m和5.9m处生屑白云岩表现的碳同位素强烈负偏,应与甲烷的硫酸盐缺氧氧化(AOM)过程有关。硅质泥灰岩和钙质泥岩因具有较低的孔隙度和早期碳酸钙沉降供应,难以充分发生与硫酸盐还原作用相关的自生白云石化,因而表现出甲烷生成作用带碱性孔隙水特征的重碳同位素组成特征。仁村坪剖面茅口组中段硅泥质岩段的岩石学特征、草莓状黄铁矿特征以及碳-氧同位素负相关关系等诸多证据,均显示其沉积环境处于斜坡相的富有机质供应和埋藏环境。     

哈萨克斯坦Zanazor油田石炭系KT Ⅱ碳酸盐岩层成岩作用与孔隙演化

石炭系KT Ⅱ碳酸盐岩层是扎纳若尔油田的主要勘探开发层之一,研究成岩作用对储层孔隙演化的影响具有重要意义。在薄片观察及碳氧同位素、阴极发光、流体包裹体等地化分析的基础之上,阐明了研究区KT Ⅱ碳酸盐岩层的主要成岩作用类型、成岩序列及其对孔隙演化的影响,并得出如下结论：(1)对储集物性有明显影响的成岩作用主要包括压实-压溶作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用及破裂作用等;(2)划分出滩相亮晶颗粒灰岩和潮坪相灰泥石灰岩两类成岩演化模式及孔隙演化模式,前者可细分为亮晶有孔虫石灰岩和亮晶砂屑鲕粒石灰岩成岩及孔隙演化模式两种亚类;(3)成岩作用是储层储集物性的主控因素之一,岩石类型(受沉积微环境的控制)的差异决定着不同早期成岩响应,进而影响后期成岩改造,并控制着差异性储层的形成。因此,在沉积基础之上的成岩改造对储层储集性能差异性分布具有同样重要的控制作用。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20141243Chen Ge(Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China);Si Chunsong Study on Sedimentary Numerical Simulation Method of Fan Delta Sand Body(Journal of Geology,     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20142599Chen Sanming(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Concealed Deposits Exploration,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin541004,China);He Yuzhou Block Model and Reserves Estimation of Panzhihua Iron Deposit Based on 3D Geological Modeling(Journal of Guilin University of Technology,ISSN1674-9057,CN45-1375/N,33(4),2013,p.610-615,9illus.,1table,15refs.)     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20140594 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geology Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Faults in the Jingzhou Basin and Their Tectonic Settings(Geotectonica et Metallogenia,ISSN1001-1552,CN44-1595/P,37(2),2013,p.173-183,6illus.,59refs.)Key words:basin evolution,tectonic setting,South China In the Upper Paleozoic and Jurassic se-     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20141912Cao Hui(State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)Gravitational Collapse and Folding during Orogenesis:A Comparative Study of FIA Trends and Fold Axial Plane Traces(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(6),2013,p.1818-1828,9illus.,35refs.,with