华北陆台太古宙绿岩带金矿的成矿特征

华北陆台大多数的金矿床均产在绿岩带及与之有成因联系的岩浆岩中。绿岩带金矿可划分为原生金矿床和再生金矿床两类。原生金矿床可细分为层控金矿床和脉状金矿床，再生金矿床主要为与交代重熔岩浆作用有关的热液金矿。地层岩性、构造和岩体是绿岩带金矿的主要控矿因素。绿岩带金矿成矿物质主要来自深部，成矿流体为富含ＣＯ＿２的多成因混合热水溶液。成矿作用常是多期、多阶段。华北陆台绿岩带金矿同世界绿岩带金矿相比，既有相似性，又有独特性。     

Genetic Analogy Between Sediment—Hosted Gold Deposits and Sediment—Hosted Copper Deposits in Southwest China

The sediment-hosted copper deposits according to the authors‘ study were formed from connate formation water during the post-sedimentary or diagenetic stage while the sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits are unanimously considered to be of post-sedimentary hydrothermal origin.Therefore,apart from their own individulities.These two types of deposits must share some characters in common.Comparisons are attempted,in this paper,between the sediment-hosted copper deposits in southwest China and the Triassic sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi Triangle in terms of geological and geochemical features.     

冀西北水泉沟杂岩体及与其有关金矿床的~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar同位素年代学研究

冀西北金矿集中区是我国华北地台北缘金矿成矿带的重要组成部分,区内金矿主要产于水泉沟碱性杂岩体及邻近的太古宙变质岩内。Ar-Ar同位素年龄测定结果显示,金矿床成矿年龄(172～188 Ma)与水泉沟碱性杂岩体的形成年龄(304～306 Ma)相差达120 Ma。综合研究推断金矿床不是碱性岩浆直接演化产物,而是在燕山期构造—岩浆活动影响下,地下循环热流体对矿源岩——碱性杂岩体淋滤、萃取,形成富含金的成矿热液,最终在有利的成矿构造部位沉淀富集的结果。因此本区的金矿床均属于与碱性杂岩体有关的改造型热液金矿。     

A study on the genetic relations between Permian Longtan Formation coal series strata and Carlin-type gold deposits,southwestern Guizhou Province,China

A large number of the Carlin-type gold deposits occur in the Longtan Formation in southwestern Guizhou Province. The Longtan Formation contains abundant basalt, tuff and siliceous rocks. All rocks of the Long-tan Formation are enriched in gold, which were deposited in a limited platform environment in the transition zone from marine to continental. The process of sedimentation was accompanied by the eruption of Emeishan basalt and hydrothermal deposition controlled by co-sedimentary submarine deep faults in the west, which led to the formation of a peculiar gold-bearing formation with coal series strata. This formation controlled the occurrence of the Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou Province. In response to the remobilization of the Emei mantle plume during the Yanshanian period, As, Au and other ore-forming materials were continuously extracted by deeply circulating waters from the Emeishan basalt and coal seams, thereafter forming ore-forming hydrothermal solutions. When these elements were transported in the coal seams, large amounts of As, Au and other elements were enriched in pyrite within the coal seams, thus forming high-As coal and Carlin-type gold deposits in the Longtan Formation coal series strata.     

Sediment—Hosted Gold Deposits in China_geochemistry and Prospecting

Sediment-hosted gold deposits are the major type of gold resources in china,Concen trated mostly in the two“Triangle Regios“,they are generally hosted in fine-clastic turbidite,hydrothermal chet and marl ranging from cambrian to Triassic in age,structurally controlled by domes,anticlines and second-ordered faults.They are similar to the Carlin-type gold deposits in mineral assemblage and geochemical marks,with an element association closely comparable to those of modern springs and submarine hydrothermal sediments.Organic matter may have played an important role in mineralization .The ore solution may be hydrothermally altered meteoric water developed i areas of local geothermal anomaly.     

The Effects of Applying the Association of Al, K, and Sn in Stream Sediments for Gold Exploration in Different Landscapes

Geochemical data of altered wall rocks are important for the metallogenic prognosis of hydrothermal gold deposits. Indicator elements of altered wall rocks such as K, Al, As, Sb, and Hg have been successfully used to assess gold anomalies in lithogeochemical survey. However, such researches have rarely been done in stream sediment survey for the exploration of gold from various landscapes. On the basis of the geochemical analysis of altered wall rocks of gold deposits in the cold desert areas of Gansu (甘肃) Province in Northwest China, it is found that the combination of Al, K, and Sn could serve as an important indicator of hydrothermal gold deposits and can be used to evaluate the metallogenic prospective of gold anomalies in stream sediments. More studies performed in the cold grassland areas and the moderate-low relief mountainous areas showed that, both weak and strong geochemical anomalies can be extracted, if strictly abiding by the ways of calculation and addition of the binary values of the indicator elements with equal weight, and this provides the sound delineation of metallogenic perspective areas.     

Geology and Geochemistry of Reworking Gold Deposits in Intrusive Rocks of China—Ⅱ Gold Deposits and Their Genesis

Gold deposits in intrusive masses include the veinlet dissemination,quartz vein and veinlet dissemination vein types,They are distributed in fracture zones along the endocontact zone of a batholith or in the centre and edge of a stock.The metallogenic epochs are Yenshanian,Hercynian,Archean,Proterozoic and Himalayan,The gold deposits are characterized by a big difference in time span between gold mineralization and the formation of host masses Ore-forming materials were derived from the masses and auriferous strata and ore-forming fluids came from meteoric and formation waters.When circulating water was heated by ascending heat flow,gold would be extracted,concentrated and transported from auriferous rocks and then precipitated in the masses during the late tectonic movement,Finally gold deposits were formed in the intrusive masses.     

中国东部冰长石—绢云母型低温浅成热液金矿

中国东部许多金矿床产在中生代火山岩中,前人将其归于火山热液型矿床,作者将其划为冰长石-绢云母型低温浅成热液矿床,并讨论了其主要特征.许多产在变质岩和花岗岩中金矿过去分别归于变质热液和岩浆热液或者统称中温或中低温热液矿床,其中一部分作者也将其归于冰长石-绢云母型低温浅成热液矿床.这种矿床斑岩型金矿在空间上叠加,在国外有例子,在国内虽有争议,但有可能存在.文中讨论了美洲西部太平洋岛弧与中国东部矿床类型组合类似,但成矿时代有所差别,并从板块构造角度对比进行解释.作者强调指出,由于我国东部成矿时代老,剥蚀作用使得我们对这种矿床认识产生困难,但只要努力一定能打开找矿新思路.     

冀东-辽西地区喜峰口-叨尔登金成矿带的成矿机理

喜峰口-叨尔登金成矿带上的金矿床产出空间各不相同,矿床的围岩有花岗岩、变质岩及沉积岩.矿体的分布均受控于断层破碎带,矿床成因与热液有关.通过对铅、硫以及包裹体水同位素的研究,确定了金矿在成矿时间上与燕山期花岗岩一致,成矿热液中的水主要来源于花岗岩,成矿物质黄铁矿中的硫来源于花岗岩.因此说明研究区的金矿为燕山期花岗岩期后热液成因.产于地壳深部的富含成矿物质的花岗岩浆在上侵过程中同化了部分太古宙变质岩并从中汲取了成矿物质,将其带到地壳浅部,最后沿构造裂隙充填成矿.     

Types and Ore-forming Conditions of Gold Deposits in the Jinsha River-Lancang River-Nujiang River Area

The Jinsha River-Lancang River-Nujiang River area is one of the important prospect areas for noble metal and nonferous metal deposits of China. Of a great variety of gold deposits present in this area, the following types seem to be economically most valuable and promising: tectonic alteration type in ophiolitic melange; polymetallic quartz vein type related to intermediate-acid intrusions; finely disseminated type in fracture zones; mixed hydrothermal type in tectonic fractures of carbonate rocks; hydrothermal type related to subvolcanic rocks; volcanic-hot spring type; submarine volcano exhalation-sedimentary-hydrothermal reformation type. Metallogenic epochs are exclusively Mesozoic and Cenozoic, and ore deposits and orebodies are controlled by linear structures. Magmatic activity has affected gold mineralization in varying degrees, and gold deposits are basically of mesothermal-epithermal type with ubiquitous and intense alterations. Ore-forming materials and hydrothermal solutions show multi-source character.     

The Discovery of Native Ruthenium in Nuanquanzi and Tuling—Shihu Gold Deposits：Implications for Source of Gold

Native ruthenium and platinum-bearing hedleyite were recognized two gold deposits contained in Archaean metamorphic rocks in northern China.They are coexistent with native gold,quartz and pyrite.The high W content of native ruthenium may reflect the precipitation of ores in a W-rich hydrothermal system at moderate to high temperatures,The presence of platinum-group minerals(PGM)in the two deposits suggests that Au and PGE were both derived from mantle-source rocks.     

东秦岭上宫金矿成矿流体与成矿物质来源新认识

上宫金矿床位于华北克拉通南缘的熊耳地体之中,是典型的构造蚀变岩型金矿.本文对上宫金矿的同位素地球化学资料进行了系统分析和综合研究,对其成矿物质和成矿流体的来源取得了一些新的认识.氢-氧-碳同位素体系研究表明,成矿流体并非来自燕山期岩浆热液,也不是来自于太华群或者官道口群和栾川群的变质脱水作用,而主要来自深部地幔或者由幔源岩浆派生,并在成矿的过程中逐渐向大气降水演化.硫-铅-锶同位素体系指示成矿物质为壳幔混合来源,地幔和太华群可能均提供了部分成矿物质.印支期华北与扬子板块发生碰撞对接时导致了强烈的壳幔相互作用,并驱动深部流体向上运移,上官金矿正是在这种构造背景下形成的.     

Genetic Type and Metallogenic Mechanism of Bankuan Gold Deposit in Special Reference to the Studies of Fluid Inclusions and Isotopes in Minerals

Auriferous quartz veins in the Bankuan gold deposit occur in the interlayer broken zone of the basal conglomerate of the Tietonggou Formation or at the unconformity between the Tietonggou Formation and the crystalline basement.The composition of fluid inclusions in the minerals indicates that the nature and composition of ore-forming hydrothermal solutions show a drastical change soon after the solutions reached the Tietonggou Formation from the crystalline basement,resulting in gold precipitation.So the Bankuan gold deposit can be assigned to the conglomerate stata-bound-type deposits.137 thermometric data are concentrated in the three ranges 400-340℃,330-220℃ and 180-160℃,representing three episodes of metalogenesis,Oxygen isotope studies demonstrate the evolution of ore-forming hydrothermal solutions from early metamorphic to late meteoric,Diversity of ore-forming materials dominated by deep-source material is supported by sulphur and lead isotope data.From the above discussions it may be concluded that the deposit formed by metamorphism induced as a result of Mesozoic northward intracontinental subduction along the Machaoying fault.     

Ore—Fluid Systems of Fine Disseminated Gold Deposits Along the Southeastern Margin of the Yangtze Plate

Fine disseminated gold deposits occurring along the southeastern margin of the Yangtze Plate belong to the epithermal type resulting from different systems of ore-forming fluids.According to their sources, the ore-forming fluids can be divided into four systems: a)meteoric water system; b)oil-brine system; c)basin-brine system;and d)magmatic-formation water system.The four hydrothermal systems are responsible for four types of gold deposits, respectively.The meteoric water system produces hot spring gold deposits. The basin-brines,which are derived from fissure water, structural water and absorbed water sealed up in strata, are responsible for the absin-brine-type deposits.The oil-brine system, having the same source as the bain-brines ,is characterized by the involvement of organic matter and is responsible for the oil-brine-type deposits. Inclusion fluid data show that there are obvious differences in chemical composition and carbon, oxygen,hydrogen and sulfur isotopes for these hydrothermal systems.Different metallogenic provinces, in which one of the four systems is dominant, can be recognized in the region.     

Discovery of Cosmic Dust in Gold Deposits in Northwestern Sichuan and Its Significance

Abstract In recent years, a considerable amount of microscopic spherules have been found in concentrates recovered from some stratabound gold deposits occurring in Middle-Upper Triassic turbidite series in northwestern Sichuan. Study indicates that these spherules are cosmic dust. It is the first time that cosmic dust of extraterrestrial origin has been found in hydrothermal gold deposits in China. The spherules are steel-grey in colour and show metallic luster. Their grain size is commonly less than 100 μm. According to their composition, they belong to chromium - rich iron cosmic dust. The spherules have complex and diverse microscopic structures and textures, i.e. they show a very distinct Widmanstāten structure. The variation of cosmic dust content in gold deposits exhibits a positive correlation with the mineralization intensities and hydrothermal alteration. Such a relation indicates that the ore substances may transport not only mechanically but also may chemically in hydrothermal solutions.     

熊耳山—外方山矿集区中生代Au-Mo成矿系统

熊耳山—外方山矿集区位于秦岭造山带之华北板块南缘,经历了复杂的碰撞造山过程,成矿时间跨度大,成矿强度高,成矿作用多样。复合造山过程和相应的成矿作用已被深入研究,但成矿系统的划分和叠加成矿作用尚需研究。本文将熊耳山—外方山矿集区发育的Au-Mo矿床划分为造山型Mo矿床、斑岩型Mo矿床、岩浆热液脉型Mo矿床、造山型Au矿床和岩浆热液型Au矿床5个类型,对应5种成矿系统：(1)造山型Mo矿床形成于250~227 Ma的同碰撞环境和227~194 Ma的后碰撞环境,为变质热液萃取壳源Mo成矿;(2)斑岩型Mo矿床形成于163~135 Ma的洋陆俯冲环境和135~116 Ma的岩石圈减薄环境,为岩浆热液携带幔源或壳源Mo成矿;(3)岩浆热液脉型Mo矿床形成于227~194 Ma的后碰撞环境,为岩浆热液携带幔源Mo成矿;(4)造山型Au矿床在三叠纪发生了预富集作用,主要形成于163~135 Ma的洋陆俯冲环境和135~103 Ma的岩石圈减薄环境,为变质热液萃取壳源Au成矿;(5)岩浆热液型Au矿床仅形成于135~103 Ma的岩石圈减薄环境,为岩浆热液携带壳源Au成矿。矿集区主要存在两种叠加成矿作用,即不同构造背景下多种成矿系统的叠加和同一构造背景下不同成矿系统的叠加。     

华北陆块北缘中段金矿床类型分布和地质特征

华北陆块北缘中段金矿床分布较多 ,产出较为集中 ,也是我国重要的黄金生产基地。本区是我国地质历史演化最久 ,又经历了多期、多阶段的构造 -岩浆活动的叠加 ,因而金矿床的形成具有多期性、多样性、继承性和新生性等特点。本区金矿床主要产在绿岩带构造 -岩浆活动的有利部位 ,统称绿岩带型金矿床 ,可分为同构造晚期初生型金矿床和构造期后再生型热液金矿床两类 ,又可细分为若干亚类 ,其中再生型热液金矿床分布较广 ,规模较大 ,具有较大找矿潜力。由于区内发育多期、多阶段的成矿构造 -岩浆活动 ,因而在一个金矿床密集区内 ,有时在不同的构造部位 ,分别产出初生型和再生型热液金矿床 ,这是指导找矿的重要地质依据     

中国金矿成矿地质特征、预测模型及资源潜力

为了摸清全国金矿资源潜力,科学合理地部署金矿地质勘查工作,在全国金矿资源潜力评价成果的基础上,总结了金矿成矿规律、时空分布及资源潜力特征,跟踪金矿勘查进展,提出金矿勘查部署建议。中国金矿床虽以小型居多,但大中型金矿床的资源储量约占80%。金矿床在中生代呈大规模成矿特征,其矿床数和资源储量均居主要地位,其次为新生代、晚古生代、中新元古代、早古生代。金矿床在空间上呈区域集中分布特征,根据成矿地质背景、成矿条件和金矿床空间分布,结合地球物理、地球化学特征、预测资源量,修订了金矿成矿区带划分方案,确定了57个Ⅲ级金矿成矿区带,其中胶东、小秦岭-伏牛山、滇黔桂、西秦岭、燕辽、松潘-摩天岭、东秦岭、长江中下游、丽江-哀牢山和吉南-辽东成矿区带,其查明资源储量和预测资源量在全国均居前列。以服务于矿产资源潜力评价为目的,提出了金矿预测类型划分方案,将金矿床类型归纳为12类,分别为与中深成侵入岩有关的热液型、微细浸染型、构造破碎蚀变岩型、陆相火山岩型、变质碎屑岩地层中热液型、斑岩型、夕卡岩型、砂金型、花岗绿岩型、海相火山岩型、风化壳型、砾岩型,其中以前5种矿产预测类型为主。在总结金矿床地质背景、地质特征和找矿标志的基础上,建立主要类型金矿预测评价模型。全国金矿资源潜力评价预测金资源量31 125.6 t,预测深度大多小于1 000 m,50%的预测资源量分布于已知矿床外围及深部。根据资源潜力评价成果,结合近年来金矿勘查取得新的找矿进展,找矿主攻矿床类型为中深成侵入岩有关的热液型、微细浸染型、构造破碎蚀变岩型、陆相火山岩型;中国东部胶东、小秦岭-伏牛山、西秦岭、滇黔桂为金矿重点勘查区带,已知矿床深部和外围仍是金矿重点找矿地段;西部地区如东昆仑、巴颜喀拉、冈底斯、班公湖-怒江、丽江-哀牢山等区带的金矿勘查突破,基础性地质勘查和科研工作投入,为西部地区金矿勘查开发提供理论和技术支撑,有利于开创西部地区金矿勘查的新局面。     

西秦岭夏河—合作地区早子沟和加甘滩金矿床石英微量元素特征及意义

西秦岭造山带发育有大量三叠纪的金矿床,早子沟和加甘滩金矿床是其中最典型的两个矿床,其金资源量分别为116 t和154 t,均为特大型金矿床。早子沟、加甘滩金矿床均位于夏河—合作区域性逆冲推覆断裂以南。早子沟赋矿地层为三叠统古浪堤组,赋矿岩石为泥质板岩、条带状硅质板岩及粉砂质板岩;加甘滩矿区出露地层为三叠统隆务河组,金矿体赋存于长石石英变砂岩夹粉砂质板岩岩性段内。加甘滩金矿床的研究程度相对较低,属中低温构造蚀变岩型金矿床;早子沟金矿床研究程度较高,但是对它的成因仍有不同的认识。石英的微量元素地球化学特征能够提供成矿流体来源与演化的信息,通过对早子沟和加甘滩金矿床开展石英的微量元素地球化学特征研究,探讨其成矿流体来源、成矿条件以及石英微量元素对金矿床形成的指示,为西秦岭造山带金矿床成因研究提供重要的信息。早子沟和加甘滩金矿床不同类型矿石中石英具有相似的稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线,总体表现出轻稀土元素相对富集、重稀土元素轻微亏损的特征,而且轻稀土元素与重稀土元素分馏程度高,重稀土元素内部分馏程度弱。 早子沟金矿床成矿期热液石英中Rb与Li呈负相关,Rb与Cs呈正相关,而加甘滩金矿床热液石英中Rb与Li、Cs相关性不明显,表明早子沟金矿床石英中Li含量随流体含量的增加而减少,而Cs含量随流体含量的增加而增加。大多数样品具有Eu负异常和弱的Ce正异常,表明早子沟和加甘滩金矿床形成于还原环境,成矿温度较低。样品的(La/Yb)_N较大,反映成矿深度相对较浅。石英的Y/Ho值分别为25.14~30.14和23.40~28.94,指示成矿流体与地壳关系密切。大多数石英样品的Th/La和 Nb/La 值小于1,在大陆地壳标准化图解中具有明显的Sc负异常,Cr、W、Pb和U正异常,表明成矿流体富Cl^-,相对富集Cr、W、Pb和U等元素。结合大地构造背景分析,早子沟和加甘滩金矿形成于大陆边缘环境。     

中蒙俄跨境区域铜、金、铅、锌、铀成矿特征对比及意义

本次研究的中蒙俄跨境区在大地构造位置上位于中亚造山带东部,是多种矿产的成矿密集区。本区成矿区带包括2个Ⅰ级成矿域、2个Ⅱ级成矿省和9个Ⅲ级成矿带。区内金属矿床的分布主要受北东-北北东向及北西向两组断裂的控制。研究区重点金属矿产中,铜矿床以斑岩型为主;金矿床以岩浆热液型为主,也有部分作为伴生矿种产于斑岩型铜(金)矿床之中;铅、锌矿床以热液脉型为主;铀矿床以火山岩型为主。铜、金、铅、锌、铀成矿作用与燕山期岩浆及其热液活动关系最为密切。本研究区具有良好的成矿地质条件和巨大的找矿前景,是进一步开展铜、金、铅、锌、铀等金属矿产找矿工作的重点地区。