传感器校准对花岗岩单轴压缩矩张量分析的影响

矩张量反演理论是研究岩石破裂机制的有效手段,但反演结果易存在较大误差,从而误导对震源机制的理解。为更加清晰地了解岩石宏观破裂面的产生过程及发生机制,基于花岗岩单轴压缩试验,借助超声波测试和声发射监测等手段,对岩石破裂震源进行定位分析,筛选位于宏观破裂面附近且定位误差较小的事件进行矩张量反演研究,并采用监测网校准法对传感器进行校准。结果表明:震源定位结果与试样宏观破裂面所在位置较为吻合;传感器校准使得震源矩张量反演误差(RMS)大幅降低,各事件在T-k图和P/T轴图上的分布更加集中,震源剪切成分及各类型事件占比随之改变;校准之后各事件的走向角、倾角及滑动角分布更加集中,与试样的宏观破裂面较为一致;部分震源的张裂角由负转正。以上结果较为合理地解释了试样破裂过程及破裂机制,突出了传感器校准对矩张量反演的重要性,为更加深入地了解岩石破裂机制提供了指导和借鉴。     

不同岩石的抗压和抗拉破坏特征试验研究

为探究不同岩性岩石在发生破裂时的演化模式,采用声发射监测系统对大理岩、花岗岩、灰岩、砂岩的巴西劈裂试验和单轴压缩试验监测。试验结果表明,巴西劈裂试验应力变化为非线性变化和线性变化,且不同岩石在巴西劈裂破坏时会产生二次破坏;单轴压缩条件下不同岩样在发生破坏时具有典型的全应力–应变曲线特征,声发射参数变化随应力变化较为一致,但不同岩性对于声发射参数的响应存在差异;在劈裂和压缩过程中,振铃计数和撞击计数对于岩石破坏的发生更为敏感,且岩石越坚硬,发生破坏时释放的能量越多。     

岩体破裂矩张量反演方法及其应用

地震及岩体失稳破裂过程中,破裂机制、震源参数及破裂能量等信息均可通过矩张量方法求解,文中详细介绍了矩张量基本理论,对比分析了绝对矩张量反演法、相对矩张量反演法、混合型矩张量反演法等3种常用方法的优缺点。在详细归纳、总结国内外相关文献的基础上,就水压致裂、采矿及深埋隧道等工程领域综述了矩张量反演理论在岩体工程中的应用现状,并结合其在德国黑林根矿区微震事件震源机制分析中的应用实例,表明通过矩张量反演获取的震源机制解及震源参数等信息,在岩体工程灾害预警及防治、水压致裂过程监测和控制等领域具有重要作用。最后分析了影响矩张量反演精度的因素及应用于岩体工程领域时存在的不足,包括定位精度低、波形识别及处理困难等问题,并对其在采矿、石油等岩体工程领域的应用前景、改进措施及需进一步研究的问题等进行了探讨,为矩张量反演方法的推广应用提供重要的参考。     

基于颗粒离散元模型的不同加载速率下花岗岩数值试验研究

不同加载速率条件下岩石的力学特性,对于其动载下破裂内在机制的研究具有积极的意义。基于颗粒流理论,通过黏结颗粒模型（bonded particle model,简称BPM）虚拟实现不同加载速率0.001～0.500 m/s下花岗岩单轴压缩和巴西劈裂试验,定量分析加载速率对应力-应变、破裂形态、应变能率及声发射的影响。结果表明：单轴抗压强度和抗拉强度及其对应峰值应变随加载速率增加而非线性增长;单轴压缩作用下,随加载速率增加,试样由单一斜截面破坏向多斜截面破坏转变,且主控裂隙带宽度急剧增大,由裂纹数量及水平向高应变率区域变化规律可明显看出,试样破坏程度随着加载速率增加而逐渐加剧;巴西劈裂作用下试样从一条主控裂隙向多条主控裂隙转变,且裂纹向圆盘试样两侧边缘部分延伸,破坏程度加剧;单轴压缩和巴西劈裂作用下,声发射事件及应变能率均随加载速率增加而呈现出非线性增长趋势。     

基于声发射上升时间/振幅与平均频率值的花岗岩劈裂破坏评价指标研究

通过花岗岩巴西劈裂试验,研究基于声发射RA（上升时间/振幅）与AF（平均频率）值的参数指标描述岩石破坏剧烈程度的可行性与优势。通过对比破坏过程中的RA与AF值分布的变化,与矩张量分析结果相互印证,发现即使宏观上以张拉为主的岩石劈裂破坏,在临近破坏阶段,仍会出现剪切破裂成分增加的现象,并提出了花岗岩巴西劈裂试验中基于RA与AF指标进行岩石破裂机制分析的判定建议值;提出r =RA/AF作为描述岩石破坏剧烈程度的基本指标,对比其与振幅参数在不同破坏阶段的变化趋势及不同传播距离下的衰减规律,结果表明：在衰减的影响下,基于r的参数指标将得到偏安全的评价结果;进一步提出r值变异系数CV(r)作为r值参数的统计指标,并与基于振幅的统计指标b值进行对比,对比结果验证了以CV(r)描述岩石破坏剧烈程度的可行性,且根据b值对岩石失稳破坏的判定值提出了花岗岩劈裂破坏中的CV(r)建议判定值。     

中高温三轴应力下鲁灰花岗岩热破裂声发射特征的试验研究

在中高温三轴应力作用下岩石内部物理化学性质和结构特性将发生变化,随着岩石内部结构的变化会引发一系列的声发射现象。通过试验研究了大试件花岗岩在三轴压力状态下声发射随温度的变化规律。试验研究表明：①随着温度升高,岩石的声发射现象是间断发生的;②花岗岩存在一个开始发生热破裂的门槛值温度,其值为120 ℃左右;③试验温度范围内花岗岩热破裂的声发射现象可分为5个阶段,即岩石原生裂隙整合阶段、热破裂前声发射静默阶段、热破裂声发射阶段、大规模热破裂后声发射静默阶段、二次热破裂开始阶段。     

花岗岩巴西劈裂渐进破坏特征与能量演化研究

既有的巴西劈裂试验与模拟研究多集中在宏观破坏模式与细观演化规律上,对劈裂渐进过程的能量演化特征的分析较少。结合数字图像相关技术(DIC)与声发射实时监测,开展花岗岩的巴西劈裂实验。首先分析实验过程中,岩石破裂模式与破裂尺度的演化规律。在此基础上,采用颗粒流程序(PFC2D)对劈裂试验过程进行数值模拟,分析实验过程中内部裂纹演化过程的能量特征。试验与数值模拟对比结果表明:加载过程中岩样的损伤变化一共经历了4个阶段,即裂隙压密阶段(Ⅰ)、裂纹萌生阶段(Ⅱ)、裂纹扩展阶段(Ⅲ)、峰后破坏阶段(Ⅳ)。试样在裂隙萌生和裂纹扩展阶段以拉张型微破裂为主,裂纹扩展阶段后期产生剪切型破裂,并在加载直径方向形成大尺度裂纹并贯穿整个圆盘形成宏观破坏;试样在裂隙压密和萌生阶段几乎无耗散能,外力所做功几乎都转为岩体内可释放应变能,在破裂扩展后期应变能快速释放,声发射能量在峰值应力附近时达到最大值,峰后破坏阶段试件的可释放应变能快速减小,能量通过形成大量新裂面被耗散掉。     

巴西劈裂法在层状岩体抗拉强度测试中的分析与讨论EI北大核心CSCD

为分析巴西圆盘劈裂法在层状岩体抗拉强度试验中的适用性,在以往层状岩体巴西圆盘劈裂试验成果分析基础上,选取层理砂岩为试验对象,设计并进行了考虑不同层理角度的砂岩巴西圆盘劈裂试验。分析结果表明,(1)层状岩体抗拉强度的各向异性特点非常明显,层理角度对各种层状岩体的劈裂抗拉强度的影响规律是基本类似的,只是影响程度不一样;(2)不同层理角度圆盘试样的破裂面形状差别较大,其破坏模式可以归纳为直线型、折线型和弧形型;(3)当层理角度0°<β<90°时,破裂面的发展规律不能严格满足巴西圆盘劈裂试验力学理论模型的假定,采用式(1)计算得到的劈裂抗拉强度只能是一个近似的值;(4)当圆盘试样加载线两侧的岩石材料、层理结构对称分布时,加载时圆盘内的应力分布可以较好地满足其理论计算模型,其试验结果比较准确。研究成果可为层状岩体抗拉强度的准确测定提供较好的参考。     

巴西劈裂法在层状岩体抗拉强度测试中的分析与讨论

为分析巴西圆盘劈裂法在层状岩体抗拉强度试验中的适用性,在以往层状岩体巴西圆盘劈裂试验成果分析基础上,选取层理砂岩为试验对象,设计并进行了考虑不同层理角度的砂岩巴西圆盘劈裂试验。分析结果表明,（1）层状岩体抗拉强度的各向异性特点非常明显,层理角度对各种层状岩体的劈裂抗拉强度的影响规律是基本类似的,只是影响程度不一样;（2）不同层理角度圆盘试样的破裂面形状差别较大,其破坏模式可以归纳为直线型、折线型和弧形型;（3）当层理角度0°＜β＜90°时,破裂面的发展规律不能严格满足巴西圆盘劈裂试验力学理论模型的假定,采用式（1）计算得到的劈裂抗拉强度只能是一个近似的值;（4）当圆盘试样加载线两侧的岩石材料、层理结构对称分布时,加载时圆盘内的应力分布可以较好地满足其理论计算模型,其试验结果比较准确。研究成果可为层状岩体抗拉强度的准确测定提供较好的参考。     

石灰岩声发射特性及其演化规律试验研究

为定量描述不同应力条件下岩石材料声发射特性及其特性演变规律,分析不同应力条件下岩石声发射参数与应力、变形的量化关系,对广西高峰矿石灰岩进行了单轴压缩、拉伸和劈裂条件下的声发射特性试验,在此基础上将模糊自相似分维概念引入岩石的声发射试验分析中,就不同应力条件下岩石声发射所表现出的自相似规律进行了研究。研究表明:在压应力作用下石灰岩声发射出现短暂的"钝化期",其声发射事件率及能量率模糊容量维记数曲线出现了"最小-回升"现象;在劈裂条件下石灰岩声发射事件频发且其声发射参数序列同样存在模糊自相似容量维特性,但其模糊容量参数的演化过程未能观测到"最小-回升"现象;在直接拉伸试验中,由于"胶结、引力"材料声发射活动具有瞬发性,不易监测,本次试验可测范围内无法计算其分维数,因此在拉伸条件下岩石试样是否具有自相似性演化规律还有待于进一步的研究。      

On Tension Failure of 2-D Rock Specimens and Associated Acoustic Emission

Summary To understand the failure mechanism of quasi-brittle materials like rock under tensile stress, observations on the failure process of granite and marble plate specimens under tension are summarized and presented. Micro- and macro-failure properties of rock plates under uniaxial tension have been characterized by using an acoustic emission technique. Acoustic emission signals associated with micro-fractures are captured to locate the sources. An algorithm based on arrival time difference is developed for this purpose. The results reveal clearly the failure processes of rock which include initiation, nucleation and propagation of micro-fractures when the axial stress is close to the peak strength of rock. It is believed that the difference in heterogeneity between granite and marble specimens leads to different fracture shapes and different behaviors of associated acoustic emissions. Numerical simulation of acoustic emissions for two-dimensional tensile test is also carried out. The simulated characteristics are in good agreement with the experimental results.     

基于矩张量反演的传感器校准方法应用和对比

矩张量反演理论是研究深部岩体破裂机制的有效手段,而监测台站/传感器校准对获取准确的矩张量结果十分重要。为求得更加准确的校准系数和矩张量结果,提出一种新的传感器校准方法——搜索校准法。将该方法和监测网校准法分别应用于加利福尼亚州北部的Geysers地热田微震监测数据中,并综合考虑不同震源机制参数、预设校准系数、噪声添加方式及噪声水平等因素的影响,进行两种校准方法有效性对比的理论计算和模拟分析。结果表明：两种校准方法均可通过微震监测数据获得稳定的校准系数,且校准后的震源成分及应力状态分布均更加集中;所有模拟工况下,两种校准方法均可有效降低矩张量反演误差;低噪声条件下,两种方法对应的矩张量反演误差较小且十分接近;混合噪声和高噪声条件下,搜索校准法的准确性和稳定性多优于监测网校准法;进而优选出Geysers地热田微震监测数据更加可靠的矩张量结果。研究思路和结论为微地震矩张量研究提供了进一步指导。     

A Relative Moment Tensor Inversion Technique Applied to Seismicity Induced by Mining

Summary. Studies of source mechanisms of mining-induced seismic events play an important role in understanding the various modes of failure observed around underground excavations and enable the geometry of likely planes of failure to be determined. These planes can be mapped using conventional techniques, for example, geological fracture mapping. However, such an approach is often problematical due to limited access to the site and/or poor exposures (if any) of the failure plane. An added difficulty is that planes of failure often do not follow faults of geological origin, but are related to the geometry of the advancing stope face. For example, the development of face-parallel shear zones ahead of deep-level stope faces. In such cases, the stresses induced by mining dominate over the geological structure in the critical region close to the stope face. Seismic methods therefore have the potential of being a practical method of studying the development of seismic shear zones underground.Slip on such a failure plane generates a three dimensional elastic wave that propagates through the rockmass, carrying a wealth of information regarding the source rupture process. The ground motions caused by the passage of the wave can be recorded by arrays of sensitive instruments called seismometers. These sets of recordings (seismograms) provide the basic data that seismologists use to study these elastic waves as they propagate through the Earth. Conventional seismic analyses provide scalar measurements of the rupture size and intensity. However, through a process known as moment tensor inversion (MTI), the seismograms recorded from a seismic event can be used to calculate a moment tensor that describes the three dimensional nature of the source mechanism. Interpretation of the moment tensor gives insight into whether the rockmass failed in tension, compression or shear and indicates the direction of movement and the failure plane.Moment tensor solutions computed using conventional MTI methods are sensitive to noise and may be biased due to systematic errors in the measurements. The primary objective of this study was to develop a robust MTI method to estimate the moment tensors of clusters of seismic events recorded in the underground environment. To achieve this, three hybrid MTI methods were developed by the author. These methods involve different iterative weighting schemes designed to enhance the accuracy of the computed moment tensors by decreasing the effect of outliers (data points whose residuals lie far from the mean or median error). The additional information required for hybrid methods is obtained by considering a spatial cluster of seismic events and assuming that the waves generated by each event in the cluster follow a similar path through the rockmass and allowing a common ray-path to be assumed. Hence the unknown effect of the heterogeneous rockmass on the waveform is similar for all the events in the cluster.The final objective was to determine whether the techniques developed could be successfully applied to real data. The hybrid MTI methods using the median and the weighted mean correction were applied to a cluster of 10 events, having remarkably similar waveforms, recorded at Oryx Gold Mine. For comparative purposes, the more conventional absolute method was also applied. The solutions computed using the hybrid MTI with a median correction displayed a distinct improvement after the iterative residual correction procedure was applied, in contrast to the solutions obtained from the absolute method. The radiation patterns and fault-plane solutions from the hybrid method showed a high degree of similarity, and were probably more accurate reflections of reality. These observations are very encouraging and point towards the potential for using the hybrid MTI method with a median correction as a standard processing tool for mine seismicity.The implications of this work are that a robust method for calculating the focal mechanisms of clusters of seismic events induced by mining activities has been developed. Regular application will lead to a better understanding of rock fracture processes and to improved safety underground.     

岩石破裂声发射关键特征信号优选方法

岩石破裂过程的声发射中大量的低能常规信号易将少量的高能关键信号特征规律淹没,不利于前兆特征分析和灾变预警。从岩石破裂失稳预警角度出发,以提取影响岩石结构稳定的关键破裂事件声发射信号为目标,提出了岩石破裂失稳关键特征信号的识别准则及其定义。构建了基于信号能量贡献率的岩石破裂关键事件声发射信号的优选方法,并针对花岗岩、大理岩、煤岩和粉砂岩进行了岩石破坏失稳的声发射监测试验验证。试验结果表明,新方法能有效提取岩石破裂过程中影响岩石整体稳定的关键声发射信号,具有一定的普适性。着重从声发射事件率突降、相对平静期和累计能量急升跃阶等前兆特征对优选后岩石破裂关键特征信号进行了一致性检验。检验结果表明,优选后的关键特征信号与上述前兆特征高度一致,并能够有效地提高后期声发射特征参数计算效率,方法有效可行。     

基于矩张量的深埋隧洞岩爆机制分析

以锦屏二级水电站微震监测数据为基础,将矩张量引入到深埋隧洞岩爆机制分析研究中。对分析过程中遇到的2个关键问题提出了针对性的建议：① 隧洞工程为线性工程,传感器布置空间有限,难以形成良性传感器阵列,矩张量分析结果的可靠性受到很大的影响,为此,提出了数值计算过程中的坐标系空间旋转法。该方法按最优路径旋转隧道坐标系,使对于同一个事件的每个传感器,源-传感器射线到新坐标系的3个方向余弦差值在10倍数值范围以内,在数值计算过程中,可以得到较理想的矩张量结果。②针对Ohtsu使用矩张量分解判断岩石破裂类型的方法中,提出的各分量比重计算公式,仅适用于各分量均为受拉的情况。考虑快速掘进条件下隧洞工程受力方向的不确定性,扩展其分量比重计算公式到更一般适用状态。在此基础上,建立了一套完整的岩爆孕育过程矩张量分析方法。利用该方法对锦屏二级水电站典型岩爆微震数据进行分析,结果表明,该方法可以较好地解释岩爆孕育过程岩石破裂演化机制。     

四川康定某深埋隧道花岗岩岩爆物理模拟实验研究

四川康定折多山某隧道因其埋深大、构造应力高度集中,在修建过程中极易产生岩爆.为探索折多山某隧道花岗岩段不同深度条件下岩爆机制,利用真三轴岩爆实验系统,开展了不同深度下的花岗岩岩爆物理模拟实验.借助应力监测、高速摄像和声发射等系统,从声、光、力等多角度研究了折多山某隧道花岗岩岩爆的阶段特征、时间特征、主要破坏方式、裂纹演化等规律.结果表明:折多山花岗岩岩爆具有时滞性特征(time delaying rockburst,TDR),在500~1 100 m不同埋深条件下,约770 m为折多山花岗岩单面临空真三轴强度的临界深度;不同深度下的岩爆有明显阶段特征,可分为平静期、劈裂成板、板折剥落、整体弹射4个阶段;声发射特征揭示折多山花岗岩岩爆主要为张拉破坏,随深度增加,张拉裂纹逐渐增加,剪切裂纹逐渐减少;根据岩爆时应力差与单轴抗压强度比值将折多山花岗岩岩爆分为3种破坏模式:小颗粒弹射破坏、岩板劈裂破坏、岩屑混合弹射破坏;且应力比值$ \left({\sigma }_{v}-{\sigma }_{h1}\right)/{\sigma }_{c} $越大,岩爆烈度越大.      

Moment tensors and micromechanical models

A numerical modelling approach that simulates cracking and failure in rock and the associated seismicity is presented and a technique is described for quantifying the seismic source mechanisms of the modelled events. The modelling approach represents rock as an assemblage of circular particles bonded together at points of contact. The connecting bonds can break under applied stress forming cracks and fractures in the modelled rock. If numerical damping is set to reproduce realistic levels of attenuation, then energy is released when the bonds break and seismic source information can be obtained as damage occurs. A technique is described by which moment tensors and moment magnitudes can be calculated for these simulated seismic events. The technique basically involves integrating around the source and summing the components of force change at the surrounding particle contacts to obtain the elements of the moment tensor matrix. The moment magnitude is then calculated from the eigenvalues of the moment tensor. The modelling approach is tested by simulating a well-controlled experiment in which a tunnel is excavated in highly stressed granite while microseismicity is recorded. The seismicity produced by the model is compared to the actual recorded seismicity underground. The model reproduces the spatial and temporal distribution of seismicity observed around the tunnel and also the magnitudes of the events. A direct comparison between the actual and simulated moment tensors is not performed due to the two-dimensional nature of the model, however, qualitative comparisons are presented and it is shown that the model produces intuitively realistic source mechanisms. The ability to obtain seismic source information from the models provides a unique means for model validation through comparison with actual recorded seismicity. Once it is established that the model is performing in a realistic manner, it can then be used to examine the micromechanics of cracking, failure and the associated seismicity and to help resolve the non-uniqueness of the geophysical interpretation. This is demonstrated by examining in detail the mechanics of one of the modelled seismic events by observation of the time dependence of the moment tensor and by direct examination of the particle motions at the simulated source.