辽西地区降水农业满足度与干旱发生规律分析

利用1960—2014年辽西葫芦岛和朝阳地区9个气象站的气候观测资料,采用积分湿度指标和湿润指数等气候诊断分析方法,研究辽西地区4—9月农作物生长季降水的变化和降水农业满足度及干旱的发生规律。结果表明:1960—2014年辽西葫芦岛和朝阳地区4—9月农作物生长季降水呈减少的趋势,其中近20 a岭南沿海地区农作物生长季降水减少8.7%,岭北内陆地区农作物生长季降水减少11.1%,降水减少主要集中在7—9月。近55 a辽西地区农作物生长季湿润指数减小,岭南区K的气候倾向率为-0.023/10 a,岭北区K的气候倾向率为-0.015/10 a;干旱发生频率呈增加的趋势,近20 a岭南区干旱发生频率增加了30.0%,岭北区干旱发生频率增加了25.0%。辽西地区中度和重度干旱存在9—11 a的准周期。近55 a辽西地区农作物生长季降水农业满足度下降,近20 a岭南沿海气候区农作物生长季降水农业满足度下降11.8%,岭北内陆气候区农作物生长季降水农业满足度下降11.2%。辽西葫芦岛和朝阳地农业需水满足度下降是由于降水减少造成的,干旱发生频率增加,对正常农业生产造成威胁。因此,应加强水资源管理和应用,提高水资源利用率,适应气候变化调整农业生产结构,以应对干旱灾害造成的损失。     

基于Hurst指数的黑龙江省作物生长季降水趋势研究

基于黑龙江省78个气象站1971—2016年逐日降水资料,综合采用墨西哥帽小波分析、Hurst指数分析等方法,对黑龙江省作物生长季(5—9月)降水量变化和未来趋势进行分析及预测。结果表明:1971—2016年,黑龙江省生长季、5月、6月降水量存在7 a、14 a、7 a左右的主周期,7月、8月、9月降水量存在2 a、3 a、7 a左右的第1主周期及6 a、11 a、21 a左右的第2主周期,各月均存在最近几年降水偏多的趋势;作物生长季降水量年际间为波动式振荡变化,7月、8月振荡幅度相对较大。年代际变化总体存在增加—减少—增加趋势,20世纪80年代、90年代降水量普遍偏多,2010年以来出现急转升高变化;单站各月Hurst指数均在0.5以上,降水存在比较明显的赫斯特现象;降水主要出现在夏季且以7月最为集中,最近几年降水偏多、7月异常降水集中以及主要流域未来7月降水的持续增加趋势在农业防灾减灾上值得关注。     

内蒙古近50年生长季日照时数变化特征

内蒙古生长季日照时数明显减少的趋势会对当地的农业生产有不利的影响.通过分析内蒙古自治区20个气象站1961-2010年生长季日照地面观测资料,用最小二乘法、累积距平、滑动t检验等方法分析了内蒙古地区近50年生长季的日照时数变化特征,揭示其主要的变化规律.结果表明:①内蒙古生长季近50年日照时数呈减少趋势,中部地区减少速率最大(-29.4 h/10a),西部地区其次(-19.10h/10a),东部地区最小(-14.7 h/10a).②内蒙古生长季日照时数在1978年附近存在一次显著突变,表现为日照时数的急剧减少;但其在减少的过程中有两次微弱的反弹.③生长季各月的日照时数变化趋势基本一致,呈现为不同速率的减少趋势.其中6月减少最多,其次是5、9、7、8月,4月减少最慢.     

东北地区夏季降水时空变化特征

采用东北地区99个测站1960～2000年逐日降水资料，运用小波分析、突变分析、旋转EOF等方法，研究了东北地区不同区域夏季降水的长期变化特征。结果表明，东北地区夏季降水呈减少趋势，并存在14年和2～4年的变化周期。东北地区夏季降水异常可分为5种空间分布类型：东北西南部型、东北东南部型，东北东北部型、东北西北部型、东北中部型。东北东南部地区夏季降水减少趋势最明显，东北西南部降水的增加趋势最明显。各区域降水的变化周期有所区别，东北东北部存在16～18年的变化周期，其它地区存在10～14年的变化周期，各区域降水突变的时间主要在60年代和80年代。     

基于SPI的1961－2020年昌吉地区作物生长季气象干旱时空特征研究

基于昌吉地区7个气象站1961－2020年降水量资料，计算昌吉地区作物生长季标准化降水指数（SPI-7）。运用趋势分析法、M-K突变检验法和小波分析法探究了昌吉地区作物生长季SPI-7指数的年际和年代变化特征；在此基础上分析了作物生长季干旱的站次比和干旱强度的年际变化,并结合该区实际发生的旱灾对SPI进行了验证。结果表明：1961—2020年昌吉地区作物生长季标准化降水指数以0.08/10 a的速率呈微弱的正趋势（变湿），在年代变化趋势中呈现出变干-变湿-变干的变化波动, 1981年标准化降水指数由低到高突变；干旱强度呈增加趋势，干旱发生的区域面积有轻微减少的趋势；干旱强度在全区范围内主要为轻旱和中旱等级，并表现为全域性干旱和区域性干旱；空间分布上看干旱率最高区域在东部地区，轻旱主要集中在东部，中旱、重旱和特旱集中在西部地区，干旱强度大的区域大致分布在西部地区；在周期性变化方面，SPI指数存在着6年、9年、16年周期震荡；历史旱灾与SPI指数干旱评价结果吻合率较高，SPI指数在昌吉地区作物生长季的干旱监测与分析中具有较好的实用性。     

1961-2009年东北地区日照时数变化特征

根据1961-2009年东北地区104个气象站的日照时数、气温、降水、风速和相对湿度资料,利用趋势分析、Mann-Kendall分析和相关分析等方法,研究东北地区日照时数月、季、年的时空变化特征,同时还对可能影响日照时数的气候因子进行分析。结果表明：东北地区5月日照时数最高,12月日照时数最低。年日照时数呈显著减少趋势,平均每10 a减少40.5 h;除秋季日照时数变化不显著外,其他季节日照时数均显著减少。在20世纪80年代初期存在明显的突变,日照时数开始减少。东北地区日照时数大致呈西高东低的经向分布;除黑龙江北部地区外,其余大部地区日照时数均呈减少的趋势,其中吉林北部地区减少最为明显。东北地区日照时数与气温呈负相关关系,相关系数为-0.40;与降水呈负相关关系,相关系数为-0.37;与风速呈正相关关系,相关系数为0.53;与相对湿度呈负相关关系,相关系数为-0.32。前三者均通过了99.9 %的信度检验,相对湿度通过了99.5 %的信度检验。     

新疆博州地区气候生长季降水变化分析

摘 要：对新疆博州（博尔塔拉蒙古自治州）地区1958-2005年作物生长季降水资料的分析结果表明：博州地区作物生长季降水量存在显著增加趋势,特别是20世纪90年代以来降水偏多年略多于偏少年;降水存在5～7 a、16 a 和30 a 左右的周期变化;90年代以来,由于博河上游地区5月份降水偏少,而且博河中游地区第一场"透雨"日期又快速推后以及透雨次数减少等原因,造成河谷一带春夏干旱尤为突出;而在6-8月份,博河上游地区降水量与大雨日数的显著增加却极易诱发山区洪灾;秋季月降水量的普遍增加对作物的采收晾晒不利,但是山区秋季降水的增加有利于秋水转为春用。     

不同升温情景下中国东北地区平均气候和极端气候事件变化预估

利用区域气候模式RegCM4的逐日气温和降水资料,预估1.5℃和2.0℃升温情景下,东北地区平均气候和极端气候事件的变化。结果表明：RCP4.5排放情景下,模式预计在2030年和2044年左右稳定达到1.5℃和2.0℃升温;两种升温情景下,东北地区气温、积温、生长季长度均呈增加趋势,且增幅随着升温阈值的升高而增加;1.5℃升温情景下,年平均气温增幅为1.19℃,年平均降水距平百分率增幅为5.78%,积温增加247.1℃·d,生长季长度延长7.0 d;2.0℃升温情景下气温、积温、生长季长度增幅较1.5℃升温情景下显著,但是年和四季降水普遍减少,年降水距平百分率减小1.96%。两种升温情景下,极端高温事件显著增加,极端低温事件显著减少,极端降水事件普遍增加。霜冻日数、结冰日数均呈显著减少趋势,热浪持续指数呈显著增加趋势;未来东北地区降水极端性增强,不仅单次降水过程的量级增大,极端降水过程的量级也明显增大,随着升温阈值的增大,极端降水的强度也逐渐增大。     

平顶山近50 a气温和降水变化特征分析

利用平顶山地区7个气象站1957-2008年气温和降水资料,采用直线回归法对其变化趋势进行分析,结果表明:近50 a来该地区气温呈上升趋势,夏季气温呈下降趋势,春、秋、冬季为上升趋势;在温室效应作用下,平顶山市区四季平均气温均呈上升趋势.降水量总体呈上升趋势,四季中冬、夏季为增加趋势,春、秋季为减少趋势.高温、低温、暴雨日数呈减少趋势.     

基于聚类分析的中国东北地区气温和降水时空变化特征

利用1961-2010 年中国东北地区81 个代表站逐日气温和降水资料,采用旋转主分量分析（REOF）和聚类分析（CAST）相结合的方法,对东北地区年平均气温和年降水的时空变化特征进行了分析。结果表明：东北地区年平均气温呈显著的增加趋势,但区域性较为明显,北部和东部地区的升温幅度较小,西部和南部升温幅度较大;年降水量呈现减少的趋势,西部地区降水减少的趋势较为显著。     

东北地区夏季不同等级降水变化特征及小雨雨量减少成因分析

利用1961～2017年我国东北地区96个站点逐日降水、相对湿度和气温等资料,运用趋势分析、Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法,分析了东北地区夏季小雨、中雨、大雨、暴雨的气候变化特征,并对东北地区小雨量减少进行了成因分析,得出主要结论如下:东北地区夏季总降水量与各量级降水频率和贡献率均呈显著的正相关,总降水量的多寡受大雨频率及贡献率的影响最为显著。小雨量和中雨量的减少是导致东北地区夏季总降水量减少的主要原因,暴雨量受暴雨贡献率增加影响呈增加趋势。小雨量和小雨贡献率在1993年前后出现了年代际突变,小雨贡献率的突变是造成小雨量年代际突变的内在因素。东北地区总降水量呈减少趋势的站点有72个;小雨量呈减少趋势的站点有85个,显著减少的站点数达到25个;中雨量呈减少趋势的站点有70个,显著减少的站点只有9个;大雨量呈增加与减少趋势的站点数相当;而暴雨量呈增加趋势的站点数大于减少的站点数。从云形成机制角度出发,分别讨论大气水汽、温度、气溶胶浓度变化对东北地区小雨量减少的影响。结果表明,在全球变暖背景下东北地区气温增加和气溶胶浓度增加是导致该地区小雨量减少的主要原因。     

Changes of Accumulated Temperature, Growing Season andPrecipitation in the North China Plain from 1961 to 2009

Using the high-quality observed meteorological data,changes of the thermal conditions and precipitation over the North China Plain from 1961 to 2009 were examined.Trends of accumulated temperature and negative temperature,growing season duration,as well as seasonal and annual rainfalls at 48 stations were analyzed.The results show that the accumulated temperature increased significantly by 348.5℃ day due to global warming during 1961 2009 while the absolute accumulated negative temperature decreased apparently by 175.3℃ day.The start of growing season displayed a significant negative trend of-14.3 days during 1961-2009,but the end of growing season delayed insignificantly by 6.7 days.As a result,the length of growing sea.son increased by 21.0 days.The annual and autumn rainfalls decreased slightly while summer rainfall and summer rainy days decreased significantly.In contrast,spring rainfall increased slightly without significant trends.All the results indicate that the thermal conditions were improved to benefit the crop growth over the North China Plain during 1961-2009,and the decreasing annual and summer rainfalls had no direct negative impact on the crop growth.But the decreasing summer rainfall was likely to influence the water resources in North China,especially the underground water,reservoir water,as well as river runoff,which would have influenced the irrigation of agriculture.     

Changes of Accumulated Temperature, Growing Season and Precipitation in the North China Plain from 1961 to 2009

Using the high-quality observed meteorological data, changes of the thermal conditions and precipitation over the North China Plain from 1961 to 2009 were examined. Trends of accumulated temperature and negative temperature, growing season duration, as well as seasonal and annual rainfalls at 48 stations were analyzed. The results show that the accumulated temperature increased significantly by 348.5℃ day due to global warming during 1961-2009 while the absolute accumulated negative temperature decreased apparently by 175.3℃ day. The start of growing season displayed a significant negative trend of -14.3 days during 1961- 2009, but the end of growing season delayed insignificantly by 6.7 days. As a result, the length of growing season increased by 21.0 days. The annual and autumn rainfalls decreased slightly while summer rainfall and summer rainy days decreased significantly. In contrast, spring rainfall increased slightly without significant trends. All the results indicate that the thermal conditions were improved to benefit the crop growth over the North China Plain during 1961-2009, and the decreasing annual and summer rainfalls had no direct negative impact on the crop growth. But the decreasing summer rainfall was likely to influence the water resources in North China, especially the underground water, reservoir water, as well as river runoff, which would have influenced the irrigation of agriculture.     

中国近50a极端降水事件变化特征的季节性差异

利用中国419个测站1958-2007年逐日降水资料集,分析了近50a中国不同区域年和季节极端降水事件的基本变化特征。结果表明,多年平均极端降水事件的空间分布具有明显的纬向分布特征,并表现出显著的季节性差异。长江以南地区是春、冬季极端降水事件发生频次较高的区域;而年、夏季以及秋季极端降水事件发生频次在西南地区较高,在西北东部较低。年极端降水事件频次的长期变化趋势与夏季相似,华北和东北有增加趋势,其他地区为弱的减少趋势;其他季节的长期变化趋势存在明显的区域和季节性差异。年和季节极端降水事件的发生频次具有显著的年际和年代际变化特征。年极端降水事件时间序列的多项式拟合曲线的变化情况与夏季基本一致;而其他季节的变化则存在较大差异,表现出显著的季节性差异。     

Impacts of Urbanization on the Precipitation Characteristics in Guangdong Province,China

With the development of urbanization, whether precipitation characteristics in Guangdong Province, China, from 1981 to 2015 have changed are investigated using rain gauge data from 76 stations. These characteristics include annual precipitation, rainfall frequency, intense rainfall(defined as hourly precipitation ≥ 20 mm), light precipitation(defined as hourly precipitation ≤ 2.5 mm), and extreme rainfall(defined as hourly rainfall exceeding the 99.9 th percentile of the hourly rainfall distribution). During these 35 years, the annual precipitation shows an increasing trend in the urban areas.While rainfall frequency and light precipitation have a decreasing trend, intense rainfall frequency shows an increasing trend. The heavy and extreme rainfall frequency both exhibit an increasing trend in the Pearl River Delta region, where urbanization is the most significant. These trends in both the warm seasons(May-October) and during the pre-flood season(April-June) appear to be more significant. On the contrary, the annual precipitation amount in rural areas has a decreasing trend. Although the heavy and extreme precipitation also show an increasing trend, it is not as strong and significant as that in the urban areas. During periods in which a tropical cyclone makes landfall along the South China Coast, the rainfall in urban areas has been consistently more than that in surrounding areas. The precipitation in the urban areas and to their west is higher after 1995, when the urbanization accelerated. These results suggest that urbanization has a significant impact on the precipitation characteristics of Guangdong Province.     

Regional trends in recent precipitation indices in China

Summary Regional characteristics of recent precipitation indices in China were analyzed from a daily rainfall dataset based on 494 stations during 1961 to 2000. Some indices such as precipitation percentiles, precipitation intensity, and precipitation persistence were used and their inter-decadal differences were shown in this study. Over the last 40 years, precipitation indices in China showed increasing and decreasing trends separated into three main regions. A decreasing trend of annual precipitation and summer precipitation was observed from the southern part of northeast China to the mid-low Yellow River valley and the upper Yangtze River valley. This region also showed a decreasing trend in precipitation intensity and a decreasing trend in the frequency of persistent wet days. On the other hand, increasing trends in precipitation intensity were found in the Xinjiang region (northwest China), the northern part of northeast China, and southeast China, mainly to the south of the mid-low Yangtze River. The indices of persistent wet days and strong rainfall have contributed to the increasing frequency of floods in southeast China and the Xinjiang region in the last two decades. Persistent dry days and weakening rainfall have resulted in the increasing frequency of drought along the Yellow River valley including North China. Regional precipitation characteristics and trends in precipitation indices indicate the climate state variations in the last four decades. A warm-wet climate state was found in northwest China and in the northern part of northeast China. A warm-dry climate state extends from the southern part of northeast China to the Yellow River valley, while a cool-wet summer was found in southeast China, particularly in the mid-low Yangtze River valley over the last two decades.     

Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Extreme Hourly Precipitation over Eastern China in the Warm Season

Based on hourly precipitation data in eastern China in the warm season during 1961-2000,spatial distributions of frequency for 20 mm h 1 and 50 mm h 1 precipitation were analyzed,and the criteria of short-duration rainfall events and severe rainfall events are discussed.Furthermore,the percentile method was used to define local hourly extreme precipitation;based on this,diurnal variations and trends in extreme precipitation were further studied.The results of this study show that,over Yunnan,South China,North China,and Northeast China,the most frequent extreme precipitation events occur most frequently in late afternoon and/or early evening.In the Guizhou Plateau and the Sichuan Basin,the maximum frequency of extreme precipitation events occurs in the late night and/or early morning.And in the western Sichuan Plateau,the maximum frequency occurs in the middle of the night.The frequency of extreme precipitation (based on hourly rainfall measurements) has increased in most parts of eastern China,especially in Northeast China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,but precipitation has decreased significantly in North China in the past 50 years.In addition,stations in the Guizhou Plateau and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River exhibit significant increasing trends in hourly precipitation extremes during the nighttime more than during the daytime.     

Simulation and Projection of Changes in Rainy Season Precipitation over China Using the WRF Model

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used in a regional climate model configuration to simulate past precipitation climate of China during the rainy season (May-September) of 1981-2000, and to investigate potential future (2041-2060 and 2081-2100) changes in precipitation over China relative to the reference period 1981-2000. WRF is run with initial conditions from a coupled general circulation model, i.e., the high-resolution version of MIROC (Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate). WRF reproduces the observed distribution of rainy season precipitation in 1981-2000 and its interannual variations better than MIROC. MIROC projects increases in rainy season precipitation over most parts of China and decreases of more than 25 mm over parts of Taiwan and central Tibet by the mid-21st century. WRF projects decreases in rainfall over southern Tibetan Plateau, Southwest China, and northwestern part of Northeast China, and increases in rainfall by more than 100 mm along the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and over the lower reaches of the Yangtze River during 2041-2060. MIROC projects further increases in rainfall over most of China by the end of the 21st century, although simulated rainfall decreases by more than 25 mm over parts of Taiwan, Guangxi, Guizhou, and central Tibet. WRF projects increased rainfall of more than 100 mm along the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and over the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and decreased rainfall over Southwest China, and southern Tibetan Plateau by the end of the 21st century.     

1951—2008年吉林市气候变化特征

应用滑动平均、滑动变异系数等方法对吉林市1951-2008年气温和降水量进行了分析.结果发现:吉林市气温旱上升趋势,平均气温增温速率比全国高0.10℃/10a,但比东北区低0.03℃/10a;降水总体旱减少的趋势,春季降水有增长的趋势,夏季降水目前处于少雨段,秋季降水变化不明显,冬季降雪呈逐渐递增的趋势;降水的变率明显...