基于机械比能理论的煤岩可钻性分级方法

通过机械比能对煤矿瓦斯抽采钻孔过程中的围岩进行可钻性分级,可为钻机调整钻进参数提供依据。针对瓦斯抽采钻孔过程中人工判层难度大、效率低的问题,提出一种以机械比能为可钻性评价指标,结合极限学习机的煤岩可钻性分级方法。采用ABAQUS建立了PDC钻头破岩仿真模型,从材料类型、钻头转速和钻压力三个方面研究了PDC钻头破岩过程中钻进速度和机械比能的变化规律。同时,获得了钻进参数及机械比能的训练数据,采用极限学习机分别对钻进参数和机械比能数据进行学习,最后,对这两种可钻性分级指标下的分级准确率进行对比。结果表明:以机械比能作为可钻性指标时的分级准确率达到90%以上,高于以钻进参数作为可钻性指标时的准确率。分级结果可以为钻机调整钻进参数、实现自适应钻进提供理论依据。      

模糊综合评判法在岩石可钻性分级中的应用

将传统的岩石物理力学性质测试方法与模糊理论中的模糊综合评判法相结合,总结出一种相对简单但有效的岩石可钻性分级模型.结合实际钻进的岩石,确定分级模型的影响因素分别是为压入硬度、摆球塑性系数、金刚石钻进时效;以正态分布函数作为隶属函数来计算模型的评价矩阵,通过模型确定岩石的可钻性等级.运用Matlab软件将计算过程实现程序化,模型计算结果表明该方法能够对岩石可钻性作出较客观精确的分析.     

基于钻孔摄像技术的岩体完整性评价方法

通过钻孔摄像技术获取岩体的结构特性,提出一种评价岩体完整性的新方法--RMDI法,并应用于开滦煤矿唐山矿区数字钻孔摄像工程地质勘测中的离层孔。结果表明：（1）高精度的钻孔图像能为岩体完整性评价提供可靠的结果;（2）DIDF能反映钻孔壁岩体完整程度的轴向分布状况;（3）RMDI法用于评价岩体完整性是可行的;（4）RMDI法能实现全孔段或局部孔段的岩体完整性评价,完成对岩体不同完整段的位置搜索。     

准噶尔盆地中部地区钻头优选技术应用研究

岩石可钻性是决定钻井效率的基本因素,反映了钻进时岩石破碎的难易程度,是合理选择钻进方式、钻头类型和设计钻进参数的依据。基于地层岩石可钻性的计算方法,结合实钻井的测井资料分析,建立了准噶尔盆地中部区块地层岩石可钻性剖面,并以此为依据推荐了适用于不同地层的钻头类型,现场应用结果表明,所用钻头具有很好的适用性,能够进一步提高准噶尔盆地中部地区的机械钻速,对于该地区的后续钻井钻头类型的选择具有重要的指导意义。     

Drillability prediction: geological influences in hard rock drill and blast tunnelling

 Usually the main subject in preliminary site investigations prior to tunnelling projects is the prediction of tunnel stability. During the past years in conventional drill and blast tunnelling, problems have occurred also connected to the accurate prediction of drillability in hard rock. The drillability is not only decisive for the wear of tools and equipment but is – along with the drilling velocity – a standard factor for the progress of excavation works. The estimation of drillability in predicted rock conditions might bear an extensive risk of costs. Therefore, an improved prediction of drilling velocity and bit wear would be desireable. The drillability of a rock mass is determined by various geological and mechanical parameters. In this report some major correlations of specific rock properties and especially geological factors with measured bit wear and drilling velocity are shown. Drilling velocity is dependent on a lot of geological parameters: Those principal parameters include jointing of rock mass, orientation of schistosity (rock anisotropy), degree of interlocking of microstructures, porosity and quality of cementation of clastic rock, degree of hydrothermal decomposition and weathering of a rock mass. Drilling bit wear increases with the equivalent quartz content. The equivalent quartz content builds the main property for the content of wear-relevant minerals. For various groups of rock types different connections with the equivalent quartz content could be detected. In sandstone bit wear is also dependent on porosity or the quality of the cementation. Finally, an investigation program is submitted, which helps to improve the estimation of rock drillability in planning future tunnel projects. Received: 14 June 1996/Accepted: 10 January 1997     

珊瑚礁岩体完整性评价方法

目前,针对珊瑚礁的钻探勘察工作十分有限,获取完整的珊瑚礁地质信息则更加困难,而开展珊瑚礁的研究对我国海洋资源的开发和利用具有重要意义。结合西沙琛航岛地质调查,应用数字钻孔摄像技术,获得大量第一手地质资料,由于传统的岩体完整性指数（RMDI）法并不完全适用于珊瑚礁岩体的评价,考虑到珊瑚礁岩体的孔洞尺寸效应,提出珊瑚礁孔密度的概念,并建立孔密度函数和块度函数,从而改变传统RMDI法中的? 值,重新构建珊瑚礁岩体完整性密度函数（DIDF）,最终确定珊瑚礁RMDI值,对珊瑚礁岩体的完整性进行评价,并应用于南海西沙群岛琛航岛数字钻孔摄像工程地质勘测中CK1孔的完整性评价,与其他评价结果一致,结果表明：高精度的钻孔图像能为珊瑚礁岩体完整性评价提供可靠的结果;孔密度函数能反映钻孔壁孔洞对珊瑚礁岩体影响程度的轴向分布状况;DIDF能反映钻孔孔壁珊瑚礁岩体完整程度的轴向分布状况;RMDI法用于评价珊瑚礁岩体完整性是可行的,能实现全孔或局部孔段的珊瑚礁岩体完整性评价。     

Textural characterisation of rocks

Textural characteristics are a major factor in determining the mechanical behaviour of rocks and in the prediction of performance of rock cutting and drilling equipment. The principal textural characteristics of rocks are grain size, grain shape, grain orientation, relative proportion of grains and matrix material which were herein quantitatively measured using a modern image analysis system. These features resulted in a texture coefficient represented by a single number for each rock specimen. In this study a range of both textural and mechanical data for a range of rock types are given with some of the textural determination methodology. Correlation between textural and physical properties are also highlighted. The results of drilling tests using polycrystalline diamond compact (pin and hybrid) and impregnated diamond core bits in the rocks are presented which demonstrate the influence of rock texture on drillability. The rock texture can be used as a predictive factor for assessing the drillability and cuttability, mechanical and wear performance of rocks.     

新型热压WC-Fe基金刚石钻头钻进试验

为满足硬岩钻探的需要,将传统的热压碳化钨(WC)基金刚石钻头胎体中一部分WC用Fe代替,用Excel中的回归分析和非线性规划求解计算出的最优胎体配方,试制了新型热压WC-Fe基金刚石钻头,在可钻性为8级以上的岩石上进行了室内、外钻进试验,取得了较好的效果。      

高能射流式液动锤在花岗岩中的钻进研究

由于干热岩地层通常为火成岩,研磨性强、可钻性差,现有常规工艺方法钻进效率低,为此专门研制了用于干热岩钻进用的SC-86H型高能射流式液动锤,并对该高能射流式液动锤样机进行了地面钻进试验。试验采用可钻性等级为10级的完整花岗岩作为钻进对象,观测了冲锤质量、活塞行程和泵量对机械钻速的影响。试验结果表明：增大冲锤质量、活塞行程和泵量有利于提高机械钻速。试验过程中获得的最大机械钻速为5.19 m/h,较常规回转钻进机械钻速提升显著。     

基于空间插值的工程岩体RQD预测方法

作为工程实际中评价岩体性质的重要指标,RQD的应用已相当广泛。但工程岩体中RQD值的分布存在一定的结构性和随机性,因此,通过对特定位置钻探获取的RQD值无法很到位地表达整个空间区域的实际岩石质量。为了弥补这方面的不足,统计学中的空间插值法为此提供了有力的手段。考虑到空间RQD分布存在各向异性,以及在工程坐标系中很难描述RQD分布的结构性,首先计算工程坐标系下已获取RQD值的主要黑塞方向（pHd）;然后构建空间旋转与比例缩放矩阵对其进行坐标标准化处理。在标准化的空间中,引入Kriging插值法,采用变异函数描述RQD在标准空间结构上的变化,建立其空间变异规律的数学模型,并对其进行插值计算;最后将标准空间进行坐标逆变换,实现了对工程坐标系下RQD分布的预测。利用R语言编程将该方法应用于工程实例,结果表明,这种空间插值法能够有效地预测工程岩体中RQD值的分布规律,弥补了局部钻探的局限性。     

鄂西地区坚硬“打滑”地层钻进方法

在鄂西地区磷矿、铅锌矿、银钒矿赋矿地层及上覆地层中,普遍存在着坚硬岩层。震旦系白云岩中含大量的硅质层和经化学沉积形成的＂玉髓＂层,硅质含量超过80%,并且结构致密,呈弱研磨性,岩石可钻性达到Ⅸ～Ⅹ级。通过钻探现场生产试验,从金刚石钻头选型、人工修磨钻头方法、金刚石钻进工艺参数选择等几个方面总结了生产实践中取得的成功经验,为今后进一步解决钻进打滑问题提出了思路。     

南海西部海域难钻地层特征及破碎机制研究

近年来,南海西部海域部分油田的下第三系地层机械钻速较慢,严重影响了勘探开发进度,为了降低钻井成本,增加钻井时效,必须掌握该海域难钻地层的特征及破碎机制。首先开展了岩屑矿物组分测定,结合录井资料,掌握了南海西部海域难钻地层的岩性特征。在对难钻地层的破坏强度、硬度、塑性系数、可钻性、研磨性等相关参数室内试验的基础上,建立了该地层岩石力学参数的预测模型,并基于30口测井的资料建立了难钻地层抗钻特性剖面和南海西部海域三维可钻性剖面,揭示了区域难钻地层的分布情况及抗钻特性;为解决难钻地层的工艺技术难题,还进行了难钻地层PDC钻头的破岩机制试验研究,研究了PDC钻头牙齿齿形、钻压和转速对破岩效率的影响。研究发现：北部湾盆地建议提高钻头的攻击性,并采用高转速的动力钻具复合钻进方式;珠江口盆地应提高钻头复合片的耐磨性,采用较高钻压和合理顶驱转速,为更好地控制钻井成本和提高钻井综合经济效益提供技术指导。     

Quantitative assessment of rock texture and correlation with drillability and strength properties

Summary A dimensionless quantitative measure of rock texture, describing grain: —shape, orientation, degree of grain interlocking and relative proportions of grains and matrix (packing density) has been developed. Data required for the model are obtained by image analysis of thin sections and concerns percentage areas of grains and matrix, length, breadth, perimeter, orientation and area of each grain in the viewing window. The results of rock strength, diamond and percussion drillability tests in eleven sandstones, marbles and igneous rocks are reported, and correlated with the developed texture coefficient. The texture coefficient returns highly statistically significant correlations with rock strength and drillability data. Sandstones have low texture coefficients and high drillability whereas igneous rocks have high texture coefficients and low drillability. With particular reference to percussive drillability it is suggested that extensional crack propagation in the sandstones in an energy efficient process since fracture paths propagate through the weak phyllosilicate matrix. Extensional crack propagation in the igneous rocks is an energy intensive process since a significant proportion of the available drilling energy is consumed in the formation of intra-granular fracture paths. Observational and correlated data are supportive of the suggestion that the texture coefficient is a measure of the resistance of the microstructure of a rock to crack propagation, whether it be inter-or intra-granular. The texture coefficient can be used as a predictive tool for the assessment of drillability and rock strength properties. The technique offers a useful approach in understanding fracture initiation and growth as controlled by the texture of intact rock samples.     

实钻条件下井底岩石可钻性预测模型研究

标准岩石可钻性是在室内常压下测定的,主要反映岩石固有的力学性质,没有考虑围压对于可钻性的影响。实际钻井条件下岩石受到井底各种应力的作用,其可钻性会发生变化。根据对可钻性测定原理的分析,牙齿吃入深度是影响可钻性的重要因素,基于摩尔-库仑准则,在考虑岩石本身的力学性质和岩石围压的基础上,建立了牙齿吃入深度计算公式。通过对某油田岩芯进行可钻性试验测定,并计算出试验条件下各岩芯的牙齿吃入深度,经过拟合发现,两者可以建立较为密切的关系。由于牙齿吃入深度的计算公式中包含围压以及岩石的力学性质两方面的影响,因此,可以利用计算吃入深度来预测实际钻井条件下的岩石可钻性。     

关于金刚石钻头胎体硬度分布的试验研究

钻头胎体硬度是一项重要技术指标,应与所钻岩石的硬度（可钻性）和研磨性相适应。胎体硬度直接影响钻探技术经济指标的提高和钻进工艺参数的选择。试验研究表明,钻头胎体硬度分布很不均匀,差别很大。首先应从胎体烧结工艺上找原因,烧结压力偏小（5 MPa）可能是首要原因。钻头、工艺参数、操作技术等都很重要,缺一不可。钻进技术经济指标低,不一定都是钻头质量问题,要从多方面进行研究。提倡把经验打钻提高到科学打钻上来。     

A new rock mass classification for Coal Measures Rocks

This paper examines a new rock mass classification system (RMCR) for Coal Measures Rocks which is based on extensive laboratory testing results. The new system has been developed using 12 parameters which consist of mineral content index, uniaxial compressive strength, uniaxial tensile strength, Young's modulus of elasticity, shear strength, cohesion of rocks, angle of internal friction, point load index, cone indenter index, Cerchar index, Shore schleroscope hardness and specific energy index. The RMCR value was obtained by a number of laboratory and in situ testing results which were obtained from the coal site. The objective of the RMCR is to estimate the rock mass properties for engineering purposes.     

岩石力学性质及可钻性分级研究

岩石力学性质和可钻性是分析和评价岩石抵抗破碎和钻进的基本性质，也是合理选择碎岩工具和工艺的基础。因此，对岩石力学性质和可钻性的深入研究，采用能够反映某种碎岩方式实质的综合力学性质指标评定岩石可钻性，应用数理统计学原理，依据岩石力学性质和可钻性指标，建立表示岩石可钻性的数学模型，并以此模型进行岩石可钻性分级，可及满足岩土工程施工生产的急需。     

岩体风化的综合分带研究

岩体的风化不仅会引起岩石物质成份、化学成份变化 ,而且也引起岩体裂隙、岩体完整性的改变。因而风化岩体中裂隙数量、岩体块度的变化与岩体的风化程度具有较好的对应关系。论文研究了用岩体裂隙间距、岩体的完整性指标、岩石质量指标对岩体风化程度进行分带 ,较好地将岩体风化分带与岩体结构、岩体工程特性紧密地结合起来。在岩体风化程度的定量划分上作了新的探索。     

新型高效破岩钻井技术及工业化应用研究

高效破岩技术对提高破岩效率、减少钻进时间和降低钻井成本有重要作用。近年来,针对当前油气田钻井深、地层硬度高、研磨性强、可钻性极差等特点,形成了新型的高效破岩技术。主要包括:新型气体安全高效钻井技术、孕镶PDC钻头+涡轮复合钻井技术、PDC钻头+扭力冲击器钻井技术以及新型ONYX360旋转钻头技术,现场应用表明,这些钻井技术对提高破岩效率、机械钻速和节约钻井周期和成本有较好的效果。     

深井蠕变地层钻井液密度优化技术

深部地层盐岩钻井是钻井工程中的重大技术难题之一。由于盐岩性能的特殊性,当钻开井眼后盐岩蠕变,常造成井眼失稳、卡钻、固井后挤毁套管等事故,给钻井带来重大经济损失。结合山东胜科1井钻井工程,对深部地层盐岩及软泥岩等岩层的蠕变速率进行测试,采用三维数值模拟方法获得了盐岩及软泥岩的蠕变参数。并通过所获得的蠕变参数,对胜利油田东营区块盐岩及软泥岩井眼不同深度、不同钻井液密度下地层的蠕变速率进行了分析,获得了盐岩及软泥岩井眼许可钻井液密度。研究成果可以为钻井工程钻井液密度选用提供指导意义。