裂纹对直墙拱形隧道围岩损伤破坏模式的影响规律研究

运用不同的有限元分析软件(RFPA~(2D)、ABAQUS)模拟研究隧道周边裂纹对直墙拱形隧道围岩稳定性的影响。裂纹分布在隧道拱底、边墙、拱肩、拱顶等部位,将两种数值模拟方法进行对比分析,研究隧道周边裂纹的起裂、扩展机制及隧道围岩在围压载荷作用下的破坏形式。为了验证数值模拟结果,采用水泥砂浆制作隧道模型进行模型试验并与数值模拟结果进行对比分析,其数值分析与模型试验结果较为一致。结果表明,隧道墙脚处的裂纹是隧道围岩破坏的较弱位置;隧道拱顶圆弧位置处的裂纹与隧道拱顶圆弧圆心成45°夹角时,隧道模型的抗压强度最低,稳定性最差;隧道在围压作用下,破坏形式主要是拱底、拱顶的拉伸破坏和边墙、裂纹尖端的压剪破坏。     

循环加卸载下直墙拱形巷（隧）道应力松弛特性试验研究

针对硬岩应力松弛特性及岩爆研究的不足,开展了低、中、高载荷下的循环加卸载直墙拱形巷（隧）道应力松弛过程试验,得出了应力松弛规律,建立了应力松弛模型,探讨了应力松弛机制。结果表明：在低载荷下的循环加卸载直墙拱形巷（隧）道应力松弛过程均呈现出迅速衰减、逐渐衰减和稳定3个演化阶段,应力松弛规律一致,但随着循环次数的增加,应力松弛时间放缓,应力衰减损失程度在降低;低载荷下的应力松弛过程是巷（隧）道围岩拉应力和压应力同时衰减的过程,内部没有损伤产生,整体未产生破裂;在中等载荷下的循环加卸载直墙拱形巷（隧）道围岩应力松弛过程同样呈现出迅速衰减、逐渐衰减和稳定3个演化阶段,随着循环次数的增加总体上呈现应力松弛时间放缓的趋势,最终同样表现为巷（隧）道围岩拉应力和压应力同时衰减的过程;与低载荷下相比,中等载荷下的应力松弛过程变慢,内部有损伤产生,但后续循环未导致围岩破坏;在高载荷下的直墙拱形巷（隧）道围岩呈现拉应力持续增加和压应力持续减小的过程,巷（隧）道持续损伤破裂,侧帮产生层爆,最终形成V型爆坑,整体呈现两次明显爆裂破坏;采用分数阶微积分理论来描述循环加卸载情况下的应力松弛过程,建立了分数阶模型即应...     

带裂纹隧道二次支护内设衬套补强效果的有限元分析

以平面有限元位移法对铁山隧道和大垭口隧道带裂纹二次支护内设钢筋混凝土衬套的补强效果进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明：加了钢筋混凝土衬套后,可大大降低裂纹尖端的应力强度因子,显著地提高衬砌承载安全系数。     

基于扩展有限元的深部岩体分区破裂化现象初步数值模拟

通过轮廓法追踪岩石裂纹扩展轨迹,将其嵌入ABAQUS扩展有限元（EFE）平台,对单轴压力下裂隙试件受压过程进行了模拟验证,裂纹起裂扩展效果良好。以此为平台,将推导得到的弧形裂纹应力强度因子嵌入其中,以最大周向拉应力准则为开裂准则,认为当其大于岩体断裂韧度时,硐室围岩体内初始裂纹将开始扩展。在此基础上,以发现分区破裂现象的圆形隧道模型试验为背景开展了分区破裂的数值模拟试验。模拟结果发现,深部巷道围岩出现了3~4层破裂分区,证实深部巷道围岩存在分区破裂现象。将数值模拟结果与模型试验完成后模型围岩破坏状态对比,发现二者破裂区分布特征基本一致。数值模拟结果表明,EFEM方法在处理复杂岩体裂纹问题方面的有效性。     

深隧道围岩稳定性的数值模拟与模型试验研究

在大型真三轴模型试验机上进行隧道的超载试验,试验过程中采用内窥摄影实时监测试件的破坏演化全过程,确定了高应力条件下隧道的变形特征和裂纹演化特征;采用应变测量技术对隧道关键部位的应变值进行了测量,据此分析了围岩体的应力变化规律。针对相似材料的力学特性,建立了应变软化模型,采用与模型试验相同的边界条件进行了数值模拟分析,对围岩体的塑性应变变化过程和应力场进行了研究。结果表明,两种手段反映的破坏演化过程是基本吻合的,所反映的围岩体应力变化规律也是一致的。     

三维裂纹布置角度对砂浆材料强度的影响

利用伺服控制试验系统及声发射设备对含有单椭圆裂纹的非均质砂浆材料进行物理试验,获得了单轴加载作用下不同布置角度的三维内部裂纹试样的全应力-应变曲线和声发射数据。找到了声发射数据与应力-应变曲线的对应关系。根据对应关系,判断出试样的起裂应力及破坏应力。分析了裂纹布置角度对材料强度的影响,分析表明：裂纹与加载方向为45º夹角时最难破坏,与加载方向成60º夹角时最容易破坏。此外,裂纹尖端起裂应力为试样极限强度的86.07 %～87.42 %。     

基于3D-ILC含偏心内裂纹半圆弯拉断裂特性研究

断裂力学是各行业的基础学科之一。半圆弯拉(SCB)试验为该领域经典试验,目前含裂纹的SCB研究多为底部切口等表面裂纹或穿透型裂纹研究。内裂纹和内部类裂纹缺陷是材料的固有属性,但是对于SCB内裂纹扩展规律研究较少。基于3D-ILC（三维激光疲劳内裂纹）技术,分析了表面无任何影响的情况下凭空生成任意参数的纯内裂纹,在SCB试样中生成内裂纹,对含内裂纹试样进行SCB试验,分析了裂纹生长过程、应力双折射规律、I-II-III型裂纹扩展面、破坏形态、宏微观断口特征,开展数值模拟,得到裂纹尖端应力强度因子分布规律及扩展路径,与物理试验一致。结果表明：（1）基于3D-ILC的SCB内裂纹及I-II-III型扩展断裂规律明显,3D-ILC为断裂力学中的内裂纹问题研究提供了有力工具;（2）应力云纹在内裂纹处显示应力集中,SCB整体云纹在内裂纹处发生明显变异;（3）SCB试样从预制裂纹处发生压剪型起裂,发生I-II-III型裂纹扩展,分为光滑区和撕裂区,持续生长转变为动态断裂进而破坏,动态断口存在裂纹分叉出现雾化区、羽毛区特征;（4）根据M积分和最大周向应力准则,对试样进行了数值模拟,得到了试样内裂纹尖端应力强度因子分布规律及扩展路径,与试验结果一致。结论与成果对断裂力学领域的SCB试验、内裂纹、I-II-III型断裂问题、裂纹扩展路径模拟问题的研究,具有重要意义。     

基于CDEM的隧道卸压爆破及岩爆抑制效应模拟

硬岩隧道开挖过程中的岩爆灾害与隧道围岩的应力状态密切相关，卸压爆破可减缓围岩体应力集中程度，是一种直接有效的岩爆防治措施。以巴陕高速公路米仓山隧道岩爆段卸压爆破为例，运用GDEM-BlockDyna(块体动力学仿真系统)软件进行考虑高地应力和岩体非均质性条件的隧道分步开挖数值模拟分析；将卸压爆破作为唯一变量，进行了两组方案(是否进行卸压爆破)的数值模拟对比分析，并结合微震监测数据，对隧道围岩卸压爆破效果进行检验。结果表明:在隧道围岩分步开挖过程(未进行卸压爆破)的模拟中，围岩出现起裂损伤，应力集中和局部裂纹贯通等现象，并可能诱发岩爆灾害；在围岩卸压爆破条件下，围岩应力集中以及损伤程度有所降低，岩爆风险得到抑制。对比两组模拟结果，损伤均集中于拱顶及拱底，损伤半径比值(卸压/未卸压)分别为3.4倍(拱顶)、1.47倍(拱底)，损伤体积比值(卸压/未卸压)为5.36倍，但区域最大损伤量值从1(未卸压)降低到0.6(卸压)，且围岩应力峰值降低约5 MPa，应力梯度降低0.8 MPa ·m-1，表明围岩仍具有自稳能力，岩爆发生风险降低。相关结果可为隧道高地应力围岩段实施卸压爆破和合理设计卸压爆破方式提供理论依据。     

爆炸荷载下不对称Y型裂纹扩展规律的试验研究

采用爆炸加载透射式动焦散测试系统,研究了爆炸荷载下不对称Y型裂纹扩展的动态行为。试验结果表明:爆炸荷载下两相向运动裂纹在相遇前裂纹尖端奇异场相互影响,焦散斑扭曲,裂纹尖端应力场改变,相遇前沿偏离水平方向相向扩展,偏离角度逐渐增大,相遇后偏离角度逐渐减小并朝对方已有裂纹方向扩展;两分支裂纹相交于主裂纹,翼裂纹主要从与入射应力波夹角较小和长度较长的分支裂纹起裂,沿周向最大拉应力垂直方向扩展;入射应力波夹角较小和长度较长的分支裂纹对入射应力波夹角较大和长度较短的分支裂纹扩展及其尖端应力强度因子有抑制作用;分支裂纹尖端动态应力强度因子均值随分支裂纹与应力波夹角增大而减小,分支翼裂纹扩展速度呈现振荡式变化规律。研究结果为实际工程中分析相互贯通裂纹的扩展规律提供了可靠依据。     

高水压条件下大理岩破坏机理试验研究

锦屏二级水电站深埋隧洞中大理岩洞段处于高水压力和高应力环境中, 该段在施工过程中多次发生严重突水灾害。对该段大理岩的高水压条件岩石力学试验表明, 高水压条件下, 岩石应力-应变曲线在峰值应力附近出现明显平缓段, 应力降大, 岩石峰值强度及脆性破坏后破碎程度随水压力升高而升高, 岩石试件以压致拉裂破坏为主。基于高水压条件下裂纹周边应力解析分析, 认为裂隙中高水压力存在降低了裂隙尖端附近高应力集中效应, 与加载方向一定小夹角范围内的微裂隙尖端附近最大拉应力集中程度接近, 这使得岩石中应变能可进一步积累、压致拉裂型微裂隙数量进一步增加, 岩石呈脆性破坏, 并且破碎程度明显增加。研究工作对深埋隧洞突水灾害防治及强降雨诱发高速滑坡灾害预防具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

Influence of inclination angles and confining pressures on mechanical behavior of rock materials containing a preexisting crack

To deeply understand the cracking mechanical behavior of brittle rock materials, numerical simulations of a rock specimen containing a single preexisting crack were carried out by the expanded distinct element method (EDEM). Based on the analysis of crack tips and a comparison between stress- and strain-based methods, the strain strength criterion was adopted in the numerical models to simulate the crack initiation and propagation processes under uniaxial and biaxial compression. The simulation results indicated that the crack inclination angle and confining pressure had a great influence on the tensile and shear properties, peak strength, and failure behaviors, which also showed a good agreement with the experimental results. If the specimen was under uniaxial compression, it was found that the initiation stress and peak strength first decreased and then increased with an increasing inclination angle α. Regardless of the size of α, tensile cracks initiated prior to shear cracks. If α was small (such as α ≤ 30°), the tensile cracks dominated the specimen failure, the wing cracks propagated towards the direction of uniaxial compression, and the propagation of shear cracks was inhibited by the high concentration of tensile stress. In contrast, if α was large (such as α ≥ 45°), mixed cracks dominated the specimen failure, and the external loading favored the further propagation of shear cracks. Analyzing the numerical results of the specimen with a 45° inclination angle under biaxial compression, it was revealed that lateral confinement had a significant influence on the initiation sequence and the mechanical properties of new cracks.     

Analysis of fracture propagation in a rock mass surrounding a tunnel under high internal pressure by the element-free Galerkin method

Fractures developed around high pressurized gas or air storage tunnels can progressively extend to the ground surface, eventually leading to an uplift failure. A tool reasonably reproducing the failure patterns is necessary for stability assessment. In this study, a numerical method based on the element-free Galerkin (EFG) method with a cohesive crack model is developed to simulate fracture propagation patterns in the rock mass around a tunnel under high internal pressure. A series of physical model tests was also conducted to validate the reliability of the developed method. A qualitative agreement between physical model tests and numerical results can be obtained. The in situ stress ratio, k, has a strong influence on both the position of crack initiation and the propagation direction. The numerical analyses were extended to full-scale problems. Numerical tests were performed to investigate the prime influencing factors on the failure patterns of a high pressurized gas circular tunnel with varying parameters. The results suggest that initial in situ stress conditions with a high k (larger than 1) is favorable for construction of pressurized gas or air storage tunnels.     

Three‐dimensional simulations of tensile cracks in geomaterials by coupling meshless and finite element method

Failure in geotechnical engineering is often related to tension‐induced cracking in geomaterials. In this paper, a coupled meshless method and FEM is developed to analyze the problem of three‐dimensional cracking. The radial point interpolation method (RPIM) is used to model cracks in the smeared crack framework with an isotropic damage model. The identification of the meshless region is based on the stress state computed by FEM, and the adaptive coupling of RPIM and FEM is achieved by a direct algorithm. Mesh‐bias dependency, which poses difficulties in FEM‐based cracking simulations, is circumvented by a crack tracking algorithm. The performance of our scheme is demonstrated by two numerical examples, that is, the four‐point bending test on concrete beam and the surface cracks caused by tunnel excavation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于3D-ILC含内裂纹孔口脆性固体断裂特性试验

孔口问题为力学领域中经典问题之一,也是岩土如隧洞、巷道等工程领域重要的问题之一。随断裂力学的发展,对含裂纹孔口问题的研究也不断深入。但是,以往研究多集中在二维问题或者含表面裂纹的孔口问题,含纯内裂纹的孔口问题研究报道较少。基于3D-ILC技术（对表面无任何影响的情况下,凭空生成任意参数的深埋内裂纹）,在含有孔口的脆性材料中生成内裂纹,开展单轴压缩试验,与无裂纹完整孔口试样试验结果及已有文献进行对比,并开展理论与数值模拟研究。结果表明：（1）3D-ILC与传统方法相比,裂纹特征更为真实,为解决断裂力学中的三维内裂纹问题奠定了基础;（2）完整孔口试样裂纹形态主要有主裂纹与八字形裂纹;（3）含内裂纹试样裂纹形态以内裂纹扩展为主,主要有翼裂纹、次生裂纹、反翼裂纹、反向次生裂纹、竖向扭曲裂纹与主裂纹6种;（4）含裂纹孔口试样最终的破坏荷载比无裂纹孔口试样平均低76.49%,起裂应力较无裂纹孔口试样平均低96.72%;（5）通过数值模拟对完整孔口试样、含主裂纹孔口试样、含内裂纹孔口试样的裂纹扩展进行定性分析,与试验结论一致。该研究结果为含三维内裂纹的孔口脆性材料的断裂理论研究提供了物理试验基础。     

Near-surface foundation level assessment from seismic measurements: a case study of north Jeddah City,Saudi Arabia

In this study, a comprehensive assessment on the generation mechanism, distribution characteristics, and extension rules of structure cracks was conducted by in situ monitoring and field investigation in the Chengchao Iron Mine. Structure cracks are affected by many factors, e.g., surface deformation, structure strength, occurrence position, and machine vibration. They initially occur in a structure when the strength of the structure is not enough to resist the inner strain as surface deformation increases. In contrast, increases in width and length of structure crack exert stress release in the structure and thus decrease structure deformation surrounding the crack. A great ground crack may adversely aggravate structure cracking and release the stress of surrounding rock masses. In addition, micro cracks in rock masses provide favorable conditions for the generation and extension of cracks, resulting that cracks occur in shaft walls more easily and extend towards the deeper. The initial distribution of cracks is generally consistent with such micro cracks. Subsequently, cracks in deep rock masses will extend along the strike of the mined-out area as surface deformation increases. Sensibilities to cracking of structures are changed by their different strain resistances and become stronger from bolt-shotcrete shaft, bolt-shotcrete tunnel, and brick-concrete building to brick wall. Based on distribution characteristics of cracks and wave velocity in rock masses, the overlaying strata affected by underground mining can be divided into four zones: broken zone, broken transition zone, crack generation zone, and micro deformation zone.     

爆破开挖对岩体含水裂纹扩展的扰动机制

岩体裂纹的水力劈裂是岩体开裂渗漏甚至施工涌水的重要影响因素之一,也是岩土工程界的研究热点。从断裂力学角度分析了爆破开挖对岩体含水裂纹扩展的扰动作用,结果表明,爆破开挖扰动下,岩体含水裂纹的扩展,与爆炸应力波强度及其入射角、地应力的大小与方向、孔隙水压大小、裂纹的倾角及断裂韧度等因素相关;爆炸应力波的作用,相当于增大了岩体裂纹中的孔隙水压力,每1 cm/s的峰值振动速度相当于增大100 kPa的孔隙水压力,爆破振动速度越大,所产生的爆破扰动荷载越大;岩体开挖引起的岩体裂纹近区地应力及其孔隙水压力的变化,对裂纹的失稳与扩展具有较复杂的影响,可改变裂纹的失稳扩展模式。     

基于热-水-力-损伤耦合数值模型的高地温水工高压隧洞围岩承载特性

针对高地温水工高压隧洞围岩的力学行为特点,在考虑岩体的渗透系数、热传导系数随岩体损伤发生变化的基础上,基于多物理场耦合理论,提出一种考虑硬岩强度力学参数劣化的含损伤演化的热-水-力-损伤耦合模型,并给出了该模型的FLAC3D数值实现方法。通过与物理模型试验结果对比,验证了模型的可靠性,进而利用该模型推演了高地温水工高压隧洞的多物理场耦合演化过程,分析了不同影响因素下的承载特性。研究结果表明：隧洞充水运行后,高地温水工高压隧洞的多场耦合效应显著,尤其高地温梯度和高内水压力联合作用下产生的迭加拉应力对围岩的承载安全具有不利影响;温度梯度、内水压力以及岩体线膨胀系数越大,隧洞围岩的损伤程度与开裂深度越大;当隧洞横断面的侧压力系数趋向于1时,洞周出现的宏观裂缝较多,且出现方位不确定;当隧洞横断面侧压力系数小于1/3时,洞周出现的宏观裂缝相对较少,且主要出现在与初始地应力的最大主应力方向相平行的方向上。常规锚喷支护对高地温水工高压隧洞的加固效果不佳。     

岩石剪切细观开裂演化与贯通机制分析

利用自主研发的煤岩剪切细观试验装置,以砂岩为研究对象,开展了不同饱和度数条件下的岩石剪切细观开裂演化与贯通机制试验研究,分析了砂岩剪切细观开裂演化过程和贯通机制,探讨了饱水系数对细观开裂和裂纹形态特征的影响。研究结果表明：剪切过程中,伴随着应力降,裂纹一般首先出现在剪切面中部,几条裂纹间断分布,距离较近的裂纹相互连通形成大裂纹,在应力继续下降的一瞬间,各裂纹连通形成贯通面;水的弱化作用影响了岩石的强度,使得试件底部出现较大的次级裂纹;饱水系数越大,分叉裂纹越多,使得试件的表面裂纹形态更加复杂,断裂面弯折段的数目越多,下端部次级裂纹越发育,整体损伤范围越大;细观上,局部独立裂纹贯通过程伴随着胶结颗粒岩桥的梁式旋转和弯曲折断,水的弱化作用,使得岩桥内部和外部微裂纹增多;随着饱水系数的增加,岩石剪切过程中出现的独立和次级裂纹的数目均呈增加趋势。     

Effect of Tunnel Shape and Support System on Stability of a Tunnel in a Deep Coal Mine in China

Stability level of tunnels that exist in an underground mine has a great influence on the safety, production and economic performance of the mine. Ensuring of stability for soft-rock tunnels is an important task for deep coal mines located in high in situ stress conditions. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of tunnel shape and support pattern on the deformation, failure zone and stability around a tunnel located in a coal rock mass in China and to select an appropriate tunnel shape and a support pattern to provide a stable stress-deformation condition around the tunnel. Using the available information on stratigraphy, geological structures, in situ stress measurements and geo-mechanical properties of intact rock and discontinuity interfaces, a three-dimensional numerical model was built using the FLAC software to simulate the stress conditions around the tunnel in the coal rock mass. Analyses were conducted for several tunnel shapes and rock support patterns. Results obtained for the distribution of failed zones, and stress and displacement fields around the tunnel were compared to select the best tunnel shape and support pattern to achieve the optimum stability conditions. Also, a comparison is given between the numerical predictions and field deformation monitoring results.     

Polygonal grain‐based distinct element modeling for mechanical behavior of brittle rock

The microstructure of rock was numerically reproduced by a polygonal grain‐based model, and its mechanical behavior was examined by performing the uniaxial compression test and Brazilian tests via the Universal Distinct Element Code. The numerical results of the model demonstrated good agreement with the experimental results obtained with rock specimens in terms of the stress–strain behavior, strength characteristics, and brittle fracture phenomenon. An encouraging result is that the grain‐based model‐Universal Distinct Element Code model can reproduce a low ratio of tensile to compressive strength of 1/20 to 1/10 without the need for an additional process. This finding is ascribed to the fact that the geometrical features of polygons can effectively capture the effects of angularity, finite rotation, and interlocking of grains that exist in reality. A numerical methodology to monitor the evolution of micro‐cracks was developed, which enabled us to examine the progressive process of the failure and distinguish the contribution of tensile cracking to the process from that of shear cracking. From the observations of the micro‐cracking process in reference to the stress–strain relation, crack initiation stress, and crack damage stress, it can be concluded that the failure process of the model closely resembles the microscopic observations of rock. We also carried out a parametric study to examine the relationships between the microscopic properties and the macroscopic behavior of the model. Depending on the micro‐properties, the model exhibited a variety of responses to the external load in terms of the strength and deformation characteristics, the evolution of micro‐cracks, and the post‐peak behavior. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.