示踪试验在探查灰岩含水层突水通道中应用

为了查明新庄孜煤矿63301工作面1组煤层底板灰岩含水层的突水通道,分别从太原组灰岩、奥陶系灰岩含水层投放NaCl示踪剂,寒武系灰岩含水层观测孔投放KI示踪剂,在工作面突水点间隔采集样品。经测试分析其浓度随时间变化关系曲线发现:底板太原组灰岩含水层中存在多条小通道和一条大通道,奥陶系灰岩含水层中存在多条小通道,而寒武系灰岩含水层存在2条通道,在不同灰岩含水层通道中,水流速度存在较大差异性,反映了其岩溶裂隙发育非均匀性特点。此外,利用本次突水资料,计算灰岩含水层的参数。为工作面底板太原组灰岩水害治理提供依据。      

华北煤矿奥灰突水特点及防治对策研究

奥陶系灰岩含水层是华北地区各矿区煤层开采的重要水害,通过对奥灰突水及相关的案例分析,认为奥灰突水多发生在区域降水量大于700mm的矿区;导水断层和陷落柱是造成突水的主要通道;奥灰水也可以通过补给薄层灰岩而进入矿井;不同层段的奥灰岩,其富水性不同,奥灰岩顶界具有一定的隔水作用。针对华北地区煤矿奥灰突水特点,提出其防范对策应是加强不同层位的水文地质探查,重点防范集中导水通道突水,并进行中间层的改造。     

淮北煤田矿井充水因素与防治水措施研究

淮北矿区矿井突水的主要充水水源是老窑积水、新生界松散层底部含水层（组）水、煤层顶、底板砂岩裂隙水、太原组与奥陶系灰岩水。矿井众多重大突水事故表明，加强太原组、奥陶系石灰岩含水层和断层破碎带的探测与疏放工作，是降低煤矿突水风险的必要条件。     

基于地下水流场数值模型的矿井突水量预算

矿井发生特大突水后,第一时间掌握突水水源,并预测突水量的大小,可以为制定水害治理方案提供有力支持。利用前期通过放水试验获取的水文地质参数及建立的井田奥陶系灰岩含水层数值模型,对峰峰矿区九龙煤矿的突水水源及突水量进行了分析计算。结果发现：突水初期与突水点相距2 350m的奥灰观测孔的水位下降趋势与前期奥灰放水试验的基本一致,因此,判断突水水源为煤系地层基底奥陶系灰岩含水层水。实测瞬时突水量为2 778m3/h;利用比拟法得到的Q-S方程预算突水量为2 879m3/h;通过数值模型预算的突水稳定涌水量为2 280m3/h,三者相差不大,以此说明数值模拟在矿井突水量预算中具有一定的实用价值。     

采动影响下矿井突水水源Fisher判别与地下水补给关系反演

为了揭示采动影响下矿井突水水源误判原因,进而推测地下水补给关系,收集了朱仙庄煤矿历年水化学资料,建立了突水水源的Fisher判别模型,并根据水样误判结果以及矿井地质与水文地质条件,反演分析了地下水补给关系.研究结果表明朱仙庄煤矿煤系砂岩裂隙含水层全部水样回判正确,含水层较为封闭,与其他含水层无水力联系;新生界第四含水层、侏罗系砾岩含水层与石炭系或奥陶系灰岩含水层部分水样误判,矿井采动影响下不同时期含水层间的地下水存在不同程度的水力联系,矿井新生界第四含水层水源对侏罗系砾岩含水层存在补给,石炭系或奥陶系灰岩水则通过矿井南部露水补给新生界第四含水层.地下水动力条件的变化验证了地下水补给关系.建立突水水源判别模型,分析回代误判原因,反演地下水补给关系,为正确认识矿井采动影响下地下水循环条件提出了新的研究手段.     

3222工作面突水灾害成因与治理技术

通过对第四系“四含”长观孔、“太灰”长观孔、“奥灰”长观孔的水位观测及突水水质的化验,认为皖北矿务局祁东煤矿-420水平3222工作面发生的(涌水量达1670m3/h)特大突水灾害的突水水源应来自第四系第四含水层,其突水通道可能是:①工作面上方隐伏存在古河床切割的深沟,②工作面中存在垂向导水裂隙带,使“四含”水下泻所致。通过采用强排、截流、拔架及堵源的治理方案,恢复了矿井生产。     

良庄煤矿51101W工作面突水机理

新汶矿业集团良庄煤矿51101W工作面因底板突水导致工作面被淹。通过水质分析,判定突水水源是奥陶系灰岩岩溶水。根据工作面附近的地质构造推断,突水通道为延伸到奥陶系与石炭系不整合面的铲状滑动断层(该断层最大落差只有7 m左右)。结合工程实践指出,在该矿,根据断层落差来判断断层导水性的观点并不正确,并提出了“用断层落差(H)与其倾角(α)之比值(S)来说明断层对突水影响程度”的观点。      

临涣矿区突水水源标型微量元素及其判别模型

利用示踪不同含水层水文地球化学特征的标型微量元素捕捉突水预兆期内的水文地球化学信息,建立判别模型分析煤矿重大突水水源,具有重要的理论与实践意义。本课题利用任楼井田及所在临涣矿区其他生产矿井的长观孔、矿井出水点从上而下分别取第四系第四含水层、二叠系煤系砂岩含水层、石炭系太原组岩溶含水层及奥陶系岩溶含水层24个水样,测试了24种微量元素含量。通过分析4类主要突水含水层微量元素含量与聚类规律,得到了Be、Zn、Ga、Sr、U、Zr、Cs、Ba8种主要突水含水层的标型微量元素,建立了以标型微量元素作为解释变量的突水水源Bayes线性判别模型。以24个水样为训练样本,得到模型判别正确率达到了80%,并分析了区域水循环与水文地球化学演化对判别模型效果具有一定程度的控制作用。     

祁东煤矿6#地面水文长期观测孔施工技术实践

结合太原组灰岩水文长期观测孔施工实例,介绍水文长观孔施工技术。从设备与机具选择、泥浆护壁、孔斜预防、成孔、下管、洗孔和抽水试验,分析施工中遇到的难点与对策,通过对孔内水位的观测,为工作面防冶水提供参考依据。     

厚煤层放顶煤开采底板突水机理及水害探查技术

为研究受奥陶系灰岩(简称"奥灰")水威胁的工作面能否采取放顶煤开采,选择准格尔煤田黄玉川煤矿研究奥灰突水机理。该矿6上煤底板承受奥灰水压为0～4.49MPa,隔水层厚度为54.296～75.78 m,6上煤底板奥灰突水系数为0～0.085 MPa/m,绝大部分区域小于临界突水系数0.06 MPa/m;而一盘区巷道掘进遇断层时曾发生多次突水,说明该区具有不同的突水机理。矿井断层、裂隙发育,存在隐伏陷落柱,对断层、陷落柱的放水试验发现,北北东向地质优势面控制奥灰含水层富水性。在黄玉川煤矿216上01工作面,通过定水头压水试验测得底板最大破坏深度为34.9 m,阐明了准格尔煤田底板奥灰强渗通道耦合底板破坏的突水机理,改变了从纵向上认识底板奥灰突水的传统,从平面上施工小角度定向长钻孔探查垂向强渗通道,并进一步局部注浆加固,解决了采掘过程中的奥灰水害。     

大气水—地表水—土壤水—地下水相互转化关系的试验研究

本文重点研究了有作物条件下不同供水农田的“四水”相互转化,突出了有作物条件下降水入渗、潜水蒸发的差异性,土壤水在农业生态环境中的重要性,为水资源多目标开发,探索新路子。     

水资源(环境)承载力的研究进展

概述了水资源(环境)承载力的概念、特征、量化评价方法及其总体研究的进展。强调了系统研究水资源(环境)承载力的重要现实意义。指出了当前研究中的不足,以及有待进一步研究的问题。     

供水管井设计出水量的确定

论述了管井出水能力的概念及确定管井出水量的理论依据。科学合理的出水量设计和避免过量抽水,是确保管井良好运行、延长管井使用寿命的关键。并以孟加拉国Barapukuria电厂水源地为例,对管井出水量的设计方法进行了详细说明。      

Effect of Zob-Ahan effluent water on ground water quality

Even though, application of industrial effluent water may alleviate the irrigation water shortage in dry regions such as Iran, but uncontrolled discharge into environment and agricultural land may cause unirreversible harmful damage to environments. Therefore, application of industrial effluent water should consider the environmental consequences such as soil, ground water and food contamination. In this study the effect application of Zob-Ahan effluent water for irrigation water and seepage from evaporation ponds on the chemical composition of surrounding well-water were seasonally investigated from April to March in 2003. The water from the selected well was sampled and analyzed for pH, EC, nitrate, hardness, TSS, TDS, and cations including Na^＋, Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋, anions including SO4^2-, CO3^2-, HCO3^-, Cl^-, and heavy metals including Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe, Cr, Mn, Co, and Zn . The results were compared with standard levels for ground water resources, irrigation water, and direct human consumption. The result shows that the ground water in the vicinity of effluent water application fields and evaporation ponds is contaminated and the concentrations of NO3, Cl and Fe are higher than standard permissible levels for ground water resources. For irrigation or discharge into absorption well the heavy metal concentrations of Cu, Cr, Co, and Fe are limiting.     

水汽场中气液态水质量比的确定方法

包气带中裂隙岩体含水量无法用仪器或者实验的方法获取,也无法用理论方法计算,而这部分水对生态复绿和文物保护等的影响不容忽视。为了解决这一问题,确定岩体内气液态水的质量比（α）是关键。在岩体、气态水和液态水组成的开放系统中,当系统内相对湿度达到100%,系统达到局域平衡态。根据热动力学平衡理论,此时系统内气液态水的密度和质量都相等,即液态水和气态水的质量之比为一常数。因此,为了求取α值,文章设计了室内试验,通过对有效试验数据的分析,获取计算α经验公式。试验研究表明:质量比α跟温度t呈指数函数关系;当气态水达到饱和时,液态水的质量远大于气态水的质量。此研究不仅为定量评价包气带中岩体内水汽含量提供一种计算方法,同时对探讨包气带中岩体内气液态水转化规律具有十分重要的参考价值。     

Arsenic contamination of ground and pond water and water purification system using pond water in Bangladesh

This paper, firstly, shows the distribution of arsenic-contaminated groundwater in Samta village. This village, which is in Jessore district in Bangladesh, was chosen as a model village for investigating the mechanism of groundwater contamination. 90% of the tube wells in this village had arsenic concentrations above the Bangladesh standard of 0.05 mg/l. Tube wells with arsenic concentrations of over 0.50 mg/l were distributed in the southern part of the village with a belt-like shape from east to west. Secondly, groundwater distribution is discussed with respect to its flow and the high arsenic zone (As≥0.50 mg/l) agrees well with the drifting zone of the groundwater. Furthermore, arsenic-free water supply systems suitable for a small area in the village have been developed. A pond sand filter (PSF) system which purifies pond water is discussed in this paper. Prior to the construction of the PSF, the water quality in ponds was examined for arsenic levels. The inflow of drainage from the tube wells was found to be the major cause of arsenic contamination of pond water. The PSF installed in Samta is working very well and produces a good quality of treated water.     

General ground water geochemistry of Hellas using bottled water samples

Sixty-one still bottled water samples, representing 41 locations, were collected from Hellas for the purpose of studying the geochemistry of ground water. Since, the dominating lithology comprises limestone, dolomitic limestone, marble, and mafic–ultramafic rocks (ophiolites), the dominant major ions in Hellenic bottled waters are Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, CO₃²⁻ and HCO₃⁻, and are, thus, classified in the Ca²⁺–Mg²⁺–HCO₃⁻ hydrochemical facies. The source aquifers of Hellenic bottled water are apparently continuously replenished by fresh water. Comparison of values of Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cl⁻, HCO₃⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, pH and electrical conductivity, displayed on bottle labels with those of this study, has shown that there is a fairly good correlation between the two data sets, suggesting that the geochemistry of source aquifers is relatively stable over time, at least from 1998 to 2008.     

生态及环境需水量研究进展与前瞻

论述了国内外有关生态、环境需水研究的进展情况,包括研究内容、定量计算方法及其研究成果等。在此基础上,指出目前生态、环境需水研究领域存在的主要问题,从理论和实践两个方面,提出了生态、环境需水今后需进一步研究的课题。     

Assessing water quality using water quality index and multivariate analysis

Groundwater is increasingly gaining significance as the main solution to the water supply problems in Ghana, especially in the rural areas. This study was conducted to determine which factors play significant roles in the hydrochemistry of groundwater from the southern Voltaian formation. Conventional graphical and multivariate statistical methods were used. The study reveals three main factors controlling the hydrochemistry. Silicate mineral weathering and reverse cation exchange are the most important processes affecting the hydrochemistry of groundwater at this part of the formation. Interpolation maps created from factor scores suggest that these processes are the most pervasive, recording high scores almost everywhere in the study area. Carbonate mineral weathering is the second most important process in the hydrochemistry. This study finds that carbonate mineral weathering in the area is probably facilitated by carbonic acid rather than sulfuric acid. Chemicals from agricultural activities constitute the third most important process influencing groundwater quality in the area. Eighty samples were used to calculate water quality indices, WQI, which were in turn used to classify groundwater from the study area. Over 98% of the samples fall within the “Excellent” and “Good” categories, suggesting that groundwater from the southern Voltaian formation is generally acceptable for drinking purposes.