巧设两条主线 提高课堂效率

正如果说一节完整的课离不开一条贯穿课本内容的逻辑思路,那么上一节生动有效的课则需要多一条思路,即贴近学生的生活主线。一、缜密的逻辑思路逻辑思路也可以称之为知识思路,即如何根据课本内容大纲要求,设置符合逻辑的知识体系。"交通运输方式和布局"一课从内容上看结构很清晰,①交通运输方式及选择→②交通运输发展方向→③交通运输网的基本要素→④交通运输布局的影响因素。但是如何能够     

调整教学设计 主线提高学生学习效果

以提高学生学习有效性为目标,选取"城市化"这一内容为突破口,由青年教师和经验型教师先后对这一内容进行了三轮教学设计,设计思想从"学科的知识框架逻辑结构"到"问题式教学",再到"以学生学习活动为中心"。通过实践研究,探寻这一类课的教学方法和策略。     

例谈地理教学主线设计的四种方法

一、以情境设计为主线：入境——明理——导行 叶圣陶说：“胸有境,入境始与亲”。准确把握教材的感情基调和实质性内容,这是创设教学情境的基础;准确把握学生的心态变化,这是驾驭课堂教学情境的关键。情境的创设需要教师反复钻研教材,充分把握教材的知识结构和学生的思维基础,充分利用学生的生活经验,设身处地用真情实景去感染学生,才能最大限度地激发学生掌握知识的内驱力,从而使学生进入最佳的学习状态。     

优化教学主线赋予地理课堂以“灵魂”

优秀的文学作品常有一条贯穿始终的主线,高效的地理课堂也必定有一条清晰、明朗的教学主线,它是教师在反复研究教材、教法、学法的基础上形成的教学思路。教学主线的设计是教学设计中的核心问题。教学好像“顺藤摸瓜”,教师作为新课程的积极推进者和实施者,应在备课时预没、编写一根思维之“藤”（教学主线）,并以此流程组织教学。     

中国乡村转型重构研究进展与展望——逻辑主线与内容框架

伴随快速城镇化,乡村地域正经历着经济社会发展方式转变为主导的人文过程,前瞻性地研究乡村转型发展过程格局、演进机理及空间优化重组研究意义重大。本文系统梳理乡村发展转型内涵、过程格局、驱动机制、类型模式、乡村空间重构、农村发展理论及农村空心化等系列成果研究进展,并进行简要研究评述。在此基础上,对中国乡村发展转型与重构的研究核心内容和逻辑主线加以凝练总结。未来乡村发展转型与重构研究应以人地关系地域系统理论为指导,以揭示不同地域类型区的乡村转型发展过程及演进机制为核心,以建构乡村空间优化重组理论和探究模式途径为目标,综合集成遥感与GIS、抽样调查和模型方法,重点研究不同典型地域的乡村转型发展的多尺度过程规律、地域类型、动力机制,深化乡村空间体系演化规律和优化重组的内外机制,及乡村社会文化网络、技术制度转型重组等方面的研究,进行乡村多维空间重组的情景模拟。结合典型案例实证研究,解构乡村多维空间重构理论与模式的成长机制与区域主导地理要素;比较分析典型模式的演化过程和要素互馈作用机制;探寻推进乡村良性转型发展及空间优化重组的地域模式和科学途径。     

高中地理知识主线单元教学设计——以选择性必修课程“地貌”单元为例

单元教学是落实地理学科核心素养的有效途径之一。现阶段,知识主线的教学单元仍是教师们广泛选择的单元设计与实施类型。本文以高中地理选择性必修课程"地貌"单元为例,探讨地理知识主线单元教学设计的主要环节,包括围绕大概念确定单元主题、规划进阶式单元教学目标、设计单元学习活动及评价等方面。     

基于知识主线的学习单元设计 ——以"地球的历史"为例

指向地理学科核心素养的教学方式倡导单元教学,基于知识主线的学习单元设计具有可优化性、整体性和进阶性的特点.本文以"地球的历史"为例进行单元设计,从单元育人价值的挖掘、核心问题和单元主线的确定、单元活动任务和活动评价的设计等方面,总结了基于知识主线的学习单元设计的实施要点.     

以人才为主线 以教育为基础 促进科学技术快速发展 为盛世兴林奠定坚实基础

同志们:经过全体代表的共同努力,这次全国林业人才工作会议已经圆满完成了预定的各项议程,今天就要结束了。这次会议是国家林业局认真学习贯彻党的十六大和十六届四中全会精神,深入贯彻落实中共中央、国务院《关于进一步加强人才工作的决定》、《关于加快林业发展的决定》和全国人才工作会议、全国林业工作会议精神,以科学发展观和科学人才观为指导,广泛动员和组织林业系统的干部职工进一步振奋精神,励精图治,坚定不移地走人才强林、科教兴林之路,为实现我国林业的全面协调可持续发展而召开的一次十分重要的会议。国务院对这次会议十分重视,…     

情境主线在初中地理教学中的探索与实践——以人教版“澳大利亚”为例

地理新课标把"以学生发展为本"作为指导思想,选择"改变学生的学习方式"为地理教学改革的突破口,让学生"学习生活中的地理"和"终身发展有用的地理"。而情境教学主线就是以生动形象的情景激起学生学习情绪为手段,情节贯穿于整个教学过程的一种教学方法。情境教学主线的特色是"言、行、情"三者融为一体,其核心就是激发学生的情感。一、情境教学主线在初中地理教学中的特点1.让地理教学更贴近生活     

以人地协调观为主线的高中人文地理教学的进阶设计--以必修《地理二》为例

本文探讨在必修《地理二》的教学中,以人地协调观为主线,通过人地协调观视角下的概念教学、各教学主题的价值定位、开放性教学活动的开展,对高中人文地理教学进行系统设计,以实现对学生人地协调观的进阶培养。     

美丽中国建设——人地和谐共生理论与评估指标体系及应用

The Beautiful China Initiative(BCI)is a plan for the sustainable development of the Chinese nation as well as for China to fulfill the United Nations’2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.The Chinese government’s“five-in-one”approach provides strategic arrangements for developing the BCI,and President Xi Jinping proposed a timetable and“road map”for the BCI at the National Conference on Ecological and Environmental Protection.Nevertheless,the theoretical basis,evaluation index system,evaluation criteria and effectiveness of the BCI are currently unclear.This paper begins by exploring the basic content of the BCI from narrow and broad perspectives.It regards the theory of human-nature harmonious coexistence and the five-in-one beauty theory as the core theoretical bases of the BCI and constructs a five-element BCI evaluation index system(ecological environment,green development,social harmony,system perfection and cultural heritage)and utilizes the assessment method of the United Nations’Human Development Index to assess scientifically the effectiveness of the BCI in 341 prefecture-level cities.The results show the average BCI index(the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beauty Index)score to be 0.28,which is quite low,while the average scores for the individual element indexes of the ecological environment index,green development index,social harmony index,system perfection index and cultural heritage index are 0.6,0.22,0.29,0.22 and 0.07,respectively.All of these are relatively low values,with relatively large discrepancies in regional development,indicating that progress in the BCI is generally slow and unbalanced.To realize the BCI’s timetable and roadmap to a high quality and high standard,it is suggested that a common system for evaluating the progress of the BCI is developed and promulgated so that dynamic monitoring and phased evaluations can take place;BCI technical assessment standards are compiled and published;BCI comprehensive zoning is undertaken;pilot projects adapted to local conditions are launched in BCI sample areas;and BCI results are incorporated into performance indicators at all levels of government.     

基于垂直带谱的南北过渡带1:5万植被类型图遥感制图研究——以太白山为例

The compilation of 1:250,000 vegetation type map in the North-South transitional zone and 1:50,000 vegetation type maps in typical mountainous areas is one of the main tasks of Integrated Scientific Investigation of the North-South Transitional Zone of China.In the past,vegetation type maps were compiled by a large number of ground field surveys.Although the field survey method is accurate,it is not only time-consuming,but also only covers a small area due to the limitations of physical environment conditions.Remote sensing data can make up for the limitation of field survey because of its full coverage.However,there are still some difficulties and bottlenecks in the extraction of remote sensing information of vegetation types,especially in the automatic extraction.As an example of the compilation of 1:50,000 vegetation type map,this paper explores and studies the remote sensing extraction and mapping methods of vegetation type with medium and large scales based on mountain altitudinal belts of Taibai Mountain,using multi-temporal high resolution remote sensing data,ground survey data,previous vegetation type map and forest survey data.The results show that:1)mountain altitudinal belts can effectively support remote sensing classification and mapping of 1:50,000 vegetation type map in mountain areas.Terrain constraint factors with mountain altitudinal belt information can be generated by mountain altitudinal belts and 1:10,000 Digital Surface Model(DSM)data of Taibai Mountain.Combining the terrain constraint factors with multi-temporal and high-resolution remote sensing data,ground survey data and previous small-scale vegetation type map data,the vegetation types at all levels can be extracted effectively.2)The basic remote sensing interpretation and mapping process for typical mountains is interpretation of vegetation type-groups→interpretation of vegetation formation groups,formations and subformations→interpretation and classification of vegetation types&subtypes,which is a combination method of top-down method and bottom-up method,not the top-down or the bottom-up classification according to the level of mapping units.The results of this study provide a demonstration and scientific basis for the compilation of large and medium scale vegetation type maps.     

Rural resident household food consumption patterns in the Ganzhou district of Zhangye city: an analysis based on ELES Model

Demand for food plays an important role in the adjustment of prices for agricultural products and for adjusting agricultural structure.By using the extended linear expenditure system(ELES),we analyzed the food consumption structure of rural residents in the Ganzhou district of Zhangye city,and determined the basic food-consumption demand,the marginal propensity of consumption,the income elasticities of demand,and the own-price and cross-price elasticities of local rural residents,all of which illustrate the influencing factors on food consumption of rural residents and for forecasting the food-consumption structure.Those analyses show the following:the rural residents’ expenditure on household basic food consumption reaches about 7,050.35 Yuan;the marginal propensities of consumption of fruits and vegetables are relatively high(0.062 and 0.106,respectively),followed by meat(0.044);the demands for various foods are increasing as income increases,with the largest income elasticity of demand corresponding to fruits(1.354) and the lowest to cereal(0.310);fruits and vegetables have relatively high own-price elasticities(respectively-0.879 and-0.442),with the cereal having the lowest one(-0.184).An increase in cereal prices would greatly affect demand for other products;with the rising size of rural households,the consumption for meat is decreasing whereas it is increasing for cereal.The improvement of household education levels will lead to the increase of fruit consumption(E = 0.297),which indicates that people will pay more attention to diet and nutrition structure with the improvement of education.Further,although the amount of cereal expenditure is continually growing,the share will be declining with the increase of household income in 2006-2012.For all these reasons,therefore,the government should encourage the cultivation of economic crops and guide the development of stockbreeding to ensure the stability of cereal output.In order to attain the balance between supply and demand,it is important to rationally a     

珠江三角洲地区城镇化与生态韧性的耦合协调研究

Urban resilience is an emerging research topic of urban studies, and its essence is described by the ability of cities to resist, recover, and adapt to uncertain disturbances. This paper constructs a "Size-Density-Morphology" urban ecological resilience evaluation system, uses a coupling coordination degree model to measure the degree of coupling coordination between urbanization and ecological resilience in the Pearl River Delta from 2000 to 2015, and conducts an in-depth discussion on its spatiotemporal characteristics. The results show the following.(1) From 2000 to 2015, the urbanization level of cities in the study area generally increased while the level of ecological resilience declined. The coupling coordination degree between the two systems decreased from basic coordination to basic imbalance.(2) In terms of spatial distribution, the coupling coordination degree between urbanization and ecological resilience of cities presented a circular pattern that centered on the cities at the estuary of the Pearl River and increased toward the periphery.(3) Ecological resilience sub-systems played variable roles in the coupling coordination between urbanization and ecological resilience. Specifically, size resilience mainly played a reverse blocking role;the influence of morphology resilience was generally positive and continued to increase over time;the effect of density resilience was positive and continued to decline and further became negative after falling below zero. The main pathways for achieving coordinated and sustainable development of future urbanization and ecological resilience in the Pearl River Delta include: leading the coordinated development of regions with new urbanization, improving ecological resilience by strictly observing the three areas and three lines, adapting to ecological carrying capacity, and rationally arranging urban green spaces.     

Spatiotemporal evolution of urban carbon emission performance in China and prediction of future trends

Climate change resulting from CO_2 emissions has become an important global environmental issue in recent years.Improving carbon emission performance is one way to reduce carbon emissions.Although carbon emission performance has been discussed at the national and industrial levels,city-level studies are lacking due to the limited availability of statistics on energy consumption.In this study,based on city-level remote sensing data on carbon emissions in China from 1992–2013,we used the slacks-based measure of super-efficiency to evaluate urban carbon emission performance.The traditional Markov probability transfer matrix and spatial Markov probability transfer matrix were constructed to explore the spatiotemporal evolution of urban carbon emission performance in China for the first time and predict long-term trends in carbon emission performance.The results show that urban carbon emission performance in China steadily increased during the study period with some fluctuations.However,the overall level of carbon emission performance remains low,indicating great potential for improvements in energy conservation and emission reduction.The spatial pattern of urban carbon emission performance in China can be described as"high in the south and low in the north,"and significant differences in carbon emission performance were found between cities.The spatial Markov probabilistic transfer matrix results indicate that the transfer of carbon emission performance in Chinese cities is stable,resulting in a"club convergence"phenomenon.Furthermore,neighborhood backgrounds play an important role in the transfer between carbon emission performance types.Based on the prediction of long-term trends in carbon emission performance,carbon emission performance is expected to improve gradually over time.Therefore,China should continue to strengthen research and development aimed at improving urban carbon emission performance and achieving the national energy conservation and emission reduction goals.Meanwhile,neighboring cities with different neighborhood backgrounds should pursue cooperative economic strategies that balance economic growth,energy conservation,and emission reductions to realize low-carbon construction and sustainable development.     

长三角地区产业转型的大气污染效应——基于空间溢出视角

The Yangtze River Delta(YRD) is a region in China with a serious contradiction between economic growth and environmental pollution. Exploring the spatiotemporal effects and influencing factors of air pollution in the region is highly important for formulating policies to promote the high-quality development of urban industries. This study uses the spatial Durbin model(SDM) to analyze the local direct and spatial spillover effects of industrial transformation on air pollution and quantifies the contribution of each factor. From 2008 to 2018, there was a significant spatial agglomeration of industrial sulfur dioxide emissions(ISDE) in the YRD, and every 1% increase in ISDE led to a synchronous increase of 0.603% in the ISDE in adjacent cities. The industrial scale index(ISCI) and industrial structure index(ISTI), as the core factors of industrial transformation, significantly affect the emissions of sulfur dioxide in the YRD, and the elastic coefficients are 0.677 and-0.368, respectively. The order of the direct effect of the explanatory variables on local ISDE is ISCI>ISTI>foreign direct investment(FDI)>enterprise technological innovation(ETI)>environmental regulation(ER)> per capita GDP(PGDP). Similarly, the order of the spatial spillover effect of all variables on ISDE in adjacent cities is ISCI>PGDP>FDI>ETI>ISTI>ER, and the coefficients of the ISCI and ISTI are 1.531 and 0.113, respectively. This study contributes to the existing research that verifies the environmental Kuznets curve in the YRD, denies the pollution heaven hypothesis, indicates the Porter hypothesis, and provides empirical evidence for the formation mechanism of regional environmental pollution from a spatial spillover perspective.     

1958-2017年长江流域气候变化的时空特征与热点区域

The Yangtze River Watershed in China is a climate change hotspot featuring strong spatial and temporal variability;hence, it poses a certain threat to social development. Identifying the characteristics of and regions vulnerable to climate change is significantly important for formulating adaptive countermeasures. However, with regard to the Yangtze River Watershed, there is currently a lack of research on these aspects from the perspective of natural and anthropogenic factors. To address this issue, in this study, based on the temperature and precipitation records from 717 meteorological stations, the RClim Dex and random forest models were used to assess the spatiotemporal characteristics of climate change and identify mainly the natural and anthropogenic factors influencing climate change hotspots in the Yangtze River Watershed for the period 1958-2017. The results indicated a significant increasing trend in temperature, a trend of wet and dry polarization in the annual precipitation, and that the number of temperature indices with significant variations was 2.8 times greater than that of precipitation indices. Significant differences were also noted in the responses of the climate change characteristics of the sub-basins to anthropogenic and natural factors;the delta plain of the Yangtze River estuary exhibited the most significant climate changes, where 88.89% of the extreme climate indices varied considerably. Furthermore, the characteristics that were similar among the identified hotpots, including human activities(higher Gross Domestic Product and construction land proportions) and natural factors(high altitudes and large proportions of grassland and water bodies), were positively correlated with the rapid climate warming.     

自然保护地旅游人地关系演进过程研究——以博格达为例

Protected areas have a double mandate of both "protection" and "use." Naturebased tourism is considered an effective tool in terms of environmental conservation. Understanding the causes and consequences of a spatiotemporal succession of tourism construction is an important channel to explore the changes of tourism-environment interaction in the protected area. To analyze the spatio-temporal variations in tourism construction lands, we adopted Mt. Bogda as an example. We systematically quantified the interaction between these changes and environmental variables and explored the evolution process of tourism-environment interaction of the mountainous protected area in the northwest arid region. Our results revealed the following:(1) In the Bogda protected area, the proportion of tourism construction lands first appeared to be increasing, then decreasing dramatically, and finally growing slowly. The spatial expansion of tourism construction lands followed the "core-periphery" pattern, respectively showing shapely infilling, reasonable agglomeration, barycenter shift, and outlying growth from 1990 to 2018 as the stages of concentrating on the core.(2) The higher land-use intensity of tourism construction drove the changes of landscape fragmentation, diversity, stability, primitive, and nature degree in the protected area. The coupling coordination between tourism and the environment in the Bogda area decreased at first, and then slowly increased. Meanwhile, tourism did not cause irreversible damage to the natural environment, and the coupling coordination degree between tourism and the environment was still in the state of balanced development. It expressed the states of original balanced, development exceeds environment and barely balanced, and superiorly balanced. The historical evolution of tourism-environment interaction in Bogda reflects the pattern of periodic changes in China’s protected areas to a certain extent.     

CHENGTU-A STUDY IN URBAN GEOGRAPHY

1. Location and Historical Development Chengtu, the capital city of western Szechwan, is located on the lower part of the Min and Tu alluvial fan (Fig.1) which has an area of about 6,000 sq.km., and is the most fertile irrigated fields of the western China. The autbor discusses the location and site of the city to compare with other cities on the alluvial fan, and finds that the selection and development of Chengtu as a capital city is due chiefly to the reason that it is situated at the terminus point o...