针对剖面平面图的MapGIS应用与开发

从应用角度出发,结合MapGIS软件的地理信息属性优势,以如何将老资料的纸质图(如剖面平面图或平面等值线图)转换为离散点异常和磁异常数据如何直接在MapGIS软件中绘制剖面平面图为例,重点讨论了剖面平面图在MapGIS软件中的再利用和绘制的方法,并开发了相应的补充辅助模块,说明了MapGIS软件在地球物理勘查中的应用与开发潜力.     

遗传算法在起伏地形下磁异常反演的应用

实际的地面磁法勘探往往是在山区进行,所测得的磁测结果也是沿地形起伏分布,这样往往会对磁异常曲线形态产生畸变,因此在起伏地形条件下,对磁测结果进行必要的反演,将会更明确地下目标地质体的位置与形态。本文首先模拟在水平条件下板状体的磁异常剖面曲线,检验算法的正确性,然后模拟在起伏地形下板状体的磁异常剖面曲线,并应用遗传算法对所得异常曲线进行反演并讨论其可行性,加入噪声并对其反演,讨论算法的抗干扰性,最后将其应用至实际找矿项目中。反演的结果表明,该方法在实际应用中具有一定参考作用。     

一种在等值线图上任意截取剖面的Matlab语言算法

这里给出了一种在等值线图上任意截取剖面的Matlab语言算法。通过在等值线图上直接用鼠标拾取剖面的端点，基于该算法的程序会搜索出符合所想要截取的剖面的坐标位置和等值线变量，并绘出所截剖面图：剖面的方向是任意的，其条数也没有限制。     

与磁性体走向不垂直的剖面磁异常的解释方法

众所周知,在现有的教科书和文献中,对三度体以外的剖面磁异常正、反演问题的讨论,都是假定剖面方向和磁性体走向垂直的前提下进行的。实际中,由于磁性体走向的变化、测区中有多个走向不同的磁性体或测线方向设计等的原因,会造成剖面方向与磁性体走向非正交。     

南方红土的磁性矿物组成及其区域性差异

位于我国热带、亚热带地区的南方红土是我国分布最广的第四纪土状沉积,其经历了较强的化学风化作用,具有典型的磁性矿物组成.磁性矿物是沉积物的重要组成成分.磁性矿物的种类、粒度和含量等信息可以反映沉积物形成时的温度、降水等气候条件.因此,了解红土沉积物磁性矿物组成对于研究南方红土区的环境演化具有重要意义.本文综合分析了安徽室城、浙江长兴、江西九江及广西百色4个剖面不同层位红±样品的x-T曲线、三轴等温剩磁热退磁曲线等岩石磁学结果,发现南方红土的磁性矿物组成主要为磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿、赤铁矿及针铁矿,这些磁性矿物的相对含量不仅具有地带性差异,而且在不同风化阶段也存在差异.其中百色剖面顶部棕色土中磁赤铁矿含量相对其他剖面较高,与百色地区现今较强的风化作用相符.同一剖面内网纹红土中赤铁矿的含量较高,磁赤铁矿的含量相对较低,指示网纹化时期较强的成土作用引起磁赤铁矿向赤铁矿的转化.此外,岩石磁学结果显示百色剖面网纹红土及均质红土中含有一种特殊性质的磁性矿物,即粒度较细、解阻温度较低的成土成因赤铁矿,该矿物为后期强烈风化作用的产物.该次生矿物携带了较强的化学剩磁,引起了百色剖面初始碎屑剩磁的重磁化.该研究表明磁性矿物组成的差异还可以用来解释南方红土剩磁记录的多样性.     

基于井中磁测的磁性体空间位置和产状的判断方法研究

地下磁性体空间分布的精确探测是地质工程领域具有挑战性的科学技术难题之一.传统的地面磁测方法由于纵向分辨率不够,往往探测精度达不到要求.文章主要分析了厚板状体模型在不同磁化方向、不同方位以及钻孔穿过磁性体时的磁场特征,研究了井中磁测判断磁性体空间位置和产状的方法.该方法在南京某矿区ZK01孔进行应用,提高了反演的准确性,为下一步地质工作提供参考.     

最小结构磁化率成像反演方法在水下目标探测中的应用

磁测技术对发现和确定水下目标十分有效,已被广泛用于探测水下沉船、水下掩埋管线、电缆和其他(电)磁性物体.然而,水下目标往往具有较强的剩磁与退磁特点,影响了定性解释结果和定量计算精度.为了更精准地确定和刻画水下目标的位置与形状,以磁异常模量数据为基础,采用最小结构模型进行磁化率成像反演;在模型试验中采用了L₁范数和L₂范数分别进行反演,并且对两者结果进行了对比分析,结果显示L₁范数反演结果具有更为规则与清晰的边界,而L₂范数反演结果则相对更为平滑.因此,对于常见水下目标磁测,L₁范数反演更适合.以港珠澳大桥沉管隧道磁测数据为例,基于磁异常模量的最小结构模型反演了水下沉管的埋设状态,其平面位置、宽度和埋深具有较好的精准度.因此,本方法能够基于磁测数据更加精细地计算水下掩埋目标的位置和规模,具有较强的实际应用价值.      

蚁群算法在磁测资料反演解释中的应用

蚁群算法是模拟蚂蚁群体觅食行为的仿真优化算法,在旅行商等组合优化问题中展现出优异的性能,其在磁测资料反演解释中的应用却很少.基于磁测资料反演解释的特点,本文改善了目标函数值与信息素的映射机制,总结出节点划分策略的连续域多变量目标函数优化蚁群算法.并对磁测资料的模型参数反演进行理论模拟,最后应用于澳大利亚南部Iron Mount矿区低空航磁资料的条带状铁矿构建勘查,取得良好应用效果.     

Z_a-H_a参量图在求解接触面参数中的应用

利用复变函数论方法,阐述了二维磁异常Z_a—H_a参量图的数学意义。作为参量图在磁测资料解释推断中的应用,在讨论二维接触面Z_a—H_a参量图各个特征点与观测剖面相应点之间的对应关系的基础上,给出了求解二维磁性接触面磁参数和几何参数的方法。     

综合物探在新疆恰勒什海地区的应用

介绍综合物探方法在布尔津-吉木乃县寻找隐伏矿体的应用。开展地面高精度磁测、激电中梯剖面和激电测深等物探工作方法,在地质勘查基础上,利用大面积地面高精度磁测扫面了解区内主要地质体磁性特征、断裂构造和岩性分界等;利用激电中梯剖面查证磁测异常和地表矿化的较好部位;利用激电测深法研究异常区控矿构造和异常体在深部的延伸情况,指导槽探、钻探等工程工作,达到寻找矿体目的。勘查成果表明,高精度磁测与激电方法的结合利用,能快速有效地圈定多金属矿化异常体,为同类地质条件地区提供参考。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.