GGA试剂的COD_(Mn)测定研究

介绍了盐度对碱性高锰酸钾法CODMn测定值影响的研究。以BOD的标准物质——GGA试剂(葡萄糖+谷氨酸)作为海水COD的标准物质,目的是探寻BOD与COD的关系。用人工海水和标准物质配制成系列标准溶液。系列标准溶液实验结果表明:海水COD测定值与BOD是线性关系。实验结果还表明盐度对碱性高锰酸钾法CODMn测定值有很大影响,并且此影响与盐度不是线性关系,盐度影响的是测量灵敏度而不是本底。此外,还进行了碱性高锰酸钾法测定值零点的研究。结果表明,任何不含有机物的样品都可以作为CODMn零点。文中提出了绝对COD的概念,指出绝对COD小于0.2 mg/L的样品都可以认为是不含有机物的样品,都可以作为CODMn零点。     

碱性高锰酸钾法测量海水化学耗氧量(COD)不确定度的研究

以葡萄糖 谷氨酸为海水COD的标准物质。用人工海水和标准物质配制成系列标准溶液。根据对系列标准溶液的测量结果,获得了碱性高锰酸钾法海水COD测量不确定度的分布规律。     

碘化钾碱性高锰酸钾法测量海水化学需氧量不确定度的研究

葡萄糖与谷氨酸以1:1的比例配制成标准物质,用人工海水和标准物质配制成系列标准溶液,根据碘化钾碱性高锰酸钾法对系列标准溶液的测量结果,获得了海水COD测量不确定度在全量程范围内的分布规律,即测量不确定度在高端大不恒定,在低端小恒定。     

大气压下磁力浮沉子法测量中国标准海水的密度

用自行设计安装的磁力浮沉子法密度装置测量溶液密度具有±3×10~(-3)kgm~(-3)的灵敏度,±3.5×10~(-3)kgm~(-3)的精密度。25℃时测定Nacl溶液的密度与Millero测量值平均偏差为2.6×10~(-3)kgm~(-3),求得NaCl的φ_v~0值为16.61(cm)~3mol~(-1)。 对12批中国标准海水及24个稀释中国标准海水的密度测量值(温度在15～25℃之间)与1980年国际海水状态方程计算值之间平均偏差为3.4×10~(-3)kgm~(-3)。实验结果表明中国标准海水及其稀释海水的密度与盐度及温度的关系遵从1980年国际海水状态方程。为中国标准海水作为溶液密度测量标准提供实验依据。     

低盐度海水中重金属标准物质研制

本文介绍了低盐度海水中5种重金属元素混合溶液标准物质的研究和制备过程。以稀释的大洋海水为基体,用容量法以加标方式制备了低盐度海水中重金属标准物质。各元素统计结果表明样品的均匀性和稳定性良好。经9家具有中国计量认定(CMA)资质的实验室分别采用原子吸收分光光度法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法和阳极溶出伏安法对标准溶液进行分析定值,并用国家标准物质作量值溯源,以分析结果的总平均值作为标准值,标准值及不确定度的结果分别为铜15.2±0.7 μg/L、铅15.3±0.7 μg/L、锌98.9±4.7 μg/L、镉2.02±0.10 μg/L以及铬15.3±0.6 μg/L。该标准物质可用于近岸、河口区低盐度海水重金属分析过程的量值传递和质量控制。     

标准物质的作用及其应用

标准物质是高度均匀、良好稳定和量值准确的测量标准 ,也是中华人民共和国计量法中依法管理的计量标准。它具有复现、保存和传递量值的基本作用。在物理、化学、生物与工程测量等领域中用于校准测量仪器和测量过程、评价测量方法的准确度和检测实验室的测试能力、确定材料或产品的特性量值、进行量值仲裁等[1 ] 。国家海洋局第二海洋研究所从 1 976年起开始研制标准物质 ,至今已研制并批量生产了多项国家级标准物质 ,其中获国家一级标准物质证书和制造计量器具许可证的共 9项 :盐酸溶液标准物质 ( GBW0 862 2 )、碘酸钾溶液标准物质 ( GB…     

15℃和无限大频率时具有与盐度为35.0000‰,(氯度19.37394‰)的标准海水相同电导率的氯化钾溶液浓度的测定

以高精度测量了几批标准海水15℃时的绝对电导率与氯度的函数关系,同时测量了浓度已知并几乎相同的电导率的KCl溶液,发现与15℃下35.0000‰盐(19.37394‰氯度)标准海水电导半相同的浓度为32.4352g/kg。     

臭氧法海水化学需氧量测量仪

海水化学需氧量(COD)是海水中有机污染物的综合指标,是海洋环境监测最重要的项目之一,目前我国海洋环境污染日趋严重,现有的COD测量方法远远不能满足形势的需要,研制开发现场、快速、自动、连续运行的“COD测量仪”势在必行,也是海水COD分析技术发展方向和发展趋势。在国家863计划的支持下,我们研制成功了可用于现场的“臭氧法海水化学需氧量测量仪”。文中介绍了臭氧法海水化学需氧量测量仪的原理、实验室现场试验结果和海试现场情况。大量实验数据表明,该测量仪具有测量快速、结果准确、长时间不需维护等特点。     

测定稀释或浓缩标准海水和KCl溶液之间的电导率比,建立1978实用新盐标

序言我们实验室测定电导率时使用的基本原理是利用惠斯登交流电桥测量溶液的电阻。技术程序包括测量一定体积海水的电阻R和温度t。用仲斯型电桥(Γeeds和Northrup公司,4666型)测量电阻,用A.C电桥(A.S.L公司,H7型)和铂电阻(Tinsley公司,5187SA型)测量温度,用Jones型电导池(Beckman公司,6J型)确定海水的体积。用KCl标准溶液(Jones和Bradshaw,1933)确定该电导池的尺寸(或由电导池所限定的海水体积)。KCl溶液的电导率已事先准确知道,物理化学家们用它们作为电导率标准溶液。     

碱性高锰酸钾法海水化学耗氧量(COD)在线测量仪的研制

一种新型的海水COD在线测量仪已经研制出来,其采用了碱性高锰酸钾法和流动注射分析技术,仪器的测量结果与标准方法有很好的一致性,它们的相关系数超过0.98。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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