细颗粒浆体、泥石流浆体对泥石流运动的作用

通过泥石流野外观测资料分析,得出稀性泥石流及粘性泥石流存在颗粒不分选的浆体,并讨论了一般形式的泥石流流速公式,它适用于类似蒋家沟各种类型的泥石流。     

粘性泥石流残留层的形成及减阻作用--以云南蒋家沟泥石流为例

通过对云南蒋家沟粘性泥石流的野外观测 ,讨论了粘性泥石流残留层的定义特征 ,在大量实测数据基础上 ,分析了残留层易形成时段的特性 ;分别对一次泥石流过程、若干阵泥石流和一阵泥石流残留层的变化进行了相关分析 ;最后用观测数据分析了泥石流残留层的减阻作用     

新书介绍

唐邦兴主编的《中国泥石流》由商务印书馆 2 0 0 0年 1 1月出版 ,书中系统的论述了中国泥石流的区域特征、泥石流力学、中国泥石流防治、泥石流研究方法与技术系统。该书总结反映了 50年来我国在泥石流研究领域取得的主要成果。陈效逑编著的《自然地理学》由北京大学出版社 2 0 0 1年 4月出版 ,书中包括自然地理学的科学体系、系统方法、太阳辐射、地球大气、辐射平衡、大气温度、大气环流、大洋环流、水分循环、全球气候系统、地质循环、生物地球化学循环和等方面的内容。王伟中主编的《国际可持续发展战略比较研究》由商务印书馆 2 0 0 0…     

云南蒋家沟古泥石流特征

蒋家沟流域在小江大断裂东侧的隆起地段,这一区域构造活动强烈。自第四纪以来,受到内、外动力地质作用的共同影响,蒋家沟在河流沉积及泥石流堆积作用下形成了阶梯状台地。实地考察蒋家沟各支沟残留台地的沉积构造、新鲜坡面的古泥石流活动记录,根据泥石流堆积物的沉积特征,初步划分泥石流类型。再结合现有的泥石流容重计算方法和各泥石流台地泥石流堆积物的颗粒分析实验结果,可计算出蒋家沟不同泥石流活跃期泥石流的天然容重,还原了蒋家沟第四纪以来不同时期泥石流活动特征。最后讨论了泥石流在不同时期发生变化的原因。     

新疆境内的泥石流

本文在概述泥石流学基本问题的基础上,讨论了新疆境内泥石流的发生与制约因素,由于新疆泥石流受水源的制约,主要形成了冰川泥石流和暴雨泥石流两大类。其分布由北而南,依次是阿尔泰山及其山麓和塔城盆地;天山及其南北麓;阿尔金山与昆仑山及其北麓三大区域。并针对新疆泥石流灾害提出了防治的原则和方法。     

昆明市东川区泥石流信息系统的建立及其应用

根据东川区泥石流的成因、泥石流灾害信息源、各类数据的表达方式及泥石流信息系统的应用等，对东川区泥石流信息系统进行了系统分析，在此基础上利用3S技术，在ARCVIEW的AVENUE开发语言支持下，集成各类数据，建立东川区泥石流信息系统，最后讨论了该系统在泥石流危险度区划及灾害趋势分析中的应用。     

登山揽月伏蛟龙——施雅风先生对我国泥石流科学研究事业的贡献

2011年2月13日18时35分,我国杰出的地理学家、中国科学院院士、中国现代冰川、冻土、泥石流科学的开拓者和奠基人施雅风先生离开了我们。施雅风院士是我国泥石流研究的奠基人,对我国泥石流科学研究事业的开创、发展倾注了大量心血,培养了大批研究人才,为我国成为世界泥石流研究强国作出了卓越的贡献。从1963年9—10月他率队开始考察西藏波密古乡冰川泥石流,至2011年1月发表庐山泥石流和第四纪冰川的讨论文章,施先生研究泥石流近半个世纪。施先生去世后,作为泥石流研究者,作为施雅风先生当年的同事和晚辈,我们搜集和查阅了大量有关泥石流研     

县级泥石流信息系统的建立及其应用──以四川省丹巴县为例

本文根据软件工程的原理和方法阐述了县级泥石流信息系统的建立过程，并讨论了其应用，主要包括数据库管理系统的应用，用图形库的应用，系统支持下的泥石流危险度分区，泥石流两类分别判别模式的建立。     

粘性泥石流应力应变特征的初步试验研究

采用自己最新研制的泥石流流变仪，测试自然界活泥石流体的样品，发现粘性泥石流体在低速率受剪时具有应力过冲和剪切稀化等特征。这些特征的讨论和认识，为进一步深化泥石流模型理论研究奠定了基础。     

汶川震区北川县城魏家沟暴雨泥石流灾害调查分析

2008-09-24强降雨过程导致汶川震区北川县城魏家沟泥石流暴发,对老北川县城造成了严重的破坏.由于这场泥石流灾害发生在汶川地震高烈度区,是地震与降雨共同作用下的结果,研究其形成与成灾过程,对于进一步认识强震区泥石流发育特征具有萤要的意义.根据现场调查和高分辨率航空图像解译,分析了魏家沟泥石流流域特征,特别是地震条件下的泥石流物源特征,在此基础上讨论了泥石流起动过程和堆积过程.魏家沟泥石流典型实例表明了汶川震区泥石流已进入一个新的活跃期.因此,应该开展对汶川地震区的泥石流风险评估和监测、早期预警等研究,采取有效的工程措施控制泥石流的发生和危害.     

金沙江向家坝库区泥石流发育状况及其沟谷形态的非线性特征

通过对金沙江向家坝库区长约150km范围内的55条泥石流沟发育状况统计显示。自库首至库尾。泥石流沟的数目、发育密度及规模均呈逐渐增强趋势。同时泥石流沟的流域面积、主沟长度及纵坡平均坡降均存在明显的分形特征，它们与沟道数目之间有良好的非线性关系，并在一定程度上揭示了这些泥石流沟谷形态演变的非均匀性和自相似性。     

A morphometric analysis of gullies scoured by post-fire progressively bulked debris flows in southwest Montana, USA

In the fall of 2001, an intense thunderstorm in southwest Montana triggered many debris flows in the burned area of Sleeping Child Creek. In most instances, the debris flows cut deep gullies into previously unchannelized colluvial hollows and deposited large volumes of sediment onto the valley floor. The presence of rill networks above the gullies as well as the absence of landslide features indicate that the gullies were scoured by progressively bulked debris flows, a process in which dilute surface runoff becomes increasingly more laden with sediment until it transforms into a debris flow. In this contribution, we present a morphometric analysis of six of the gullies to better understand this relatively understudied process. We find that the locations of the rill heads and gully heads conform to slope-area thresholds that are characteristic of erosion by overland flow. Our data also suggest that the volumes of the debris flows increase exponentially with normalized drainage area, thus lending support to an assumption used in a recently proposed debris flow incision law. Finally, the debris flow fans have been relatively unaltered since deposition, suggesting that the valley may be currently aggrading while the hillslopes are being denuded.     

Contrasting rainfall generated debris flows from adjacent watersheds at Forest Falls, southern California, USA

Debris flows are widespread and common in many steeply sloping areas of southern California. The San Bernardino Mountains community of Forest Falls is probably subject to the most frequently documented debris flows in southern California. Debris flows at Forest Falls are generated during short-duration high-intensity rains that mobilize surface material. Except for debris flows on two consecutive days in November 1965, all the documented historic debris flows have occurred during high-intensity summer rainfall, locally referred to as ‘monsoon’ or ‘cloudburst’ rains. Velocities of the moving debris range from about 5 km/h to about 90 km/h. Velocity of a moving flow appears to be essentially a function of the water content of the flow. Low velocity debris flows are characterized by steep snouts that, when stopped, have only small amounts of water draining from the flow. In marked contrast are high-velocity debris flows whose deposits more resemble fluvial deposits. In the Forest Falls area two adjacent drainage basins, Snow Creek and Rattlesnake Creek, have considerably different histories of debris flows. Snow Creek basin, with an area about three times as large as Rattlesnake Creek basin, has a well developed debris flow channel with broad levees. Most of the debris flows in Snow Creek have greater water content and attain higher velocities than those of Rattlesnake Creek. Most debris flows are in relative equilibrium with the geometry of the channel morphology. Exceptionally high-velocity flows, however, overshoot the channel walls at particularly tight channel curves. After overshooting the channel, the flows degrade the adjacent levee surface and remove trees and structures in the immediate path, before spreading out with decreasing velocity. As the velocity decreases the clasts in the debris flows pulverize the up-slope side of the trees and often imbed clasts in them. Debris flows in Rattlesnake Creek are relatively slow moving and commonly stop in the channel. After the channel is blocked, subsequent debris flows cut a new channel upstream from the blockage that results in the deposition of new debris-flow deposits on the lower part of the fan. Shifting the location of debris flows on the Rattlesnake Creek fan tends to prevent trees from becoming mature. Dense growths of conifer seedlings sprout in the spring on the late summer debris flow deposits. This repeated process results in stands of even-aged trees whose age records the age of the debris flows.     

中国西南山区沟谷暴雨泥石流危险度判定的基本原理和方法

本研究提出了通用于沟谷暴雨泥石流危险度判定的三项基本原理:主次因子原理、因子权重原理和定量赋值原理。首次提出了泥石流危险度的多因子综合定量判定模式和计算公式,为我国西南(西北)山区沟谷暴雨泥石流灾害评估提供了较为先进的实用方法。在云南部分地区的判定检验和应用实践表明,本法具有60%以上的可靠度。可应用于我国西南(西北)山区一切有可能发生暴雨泥石流的自然沟谷和已确认的暴雨泥石流沟谷。     

四川省安县千佛山景区震后泥石流灾害及其判识

汶川地震对千佛山风景区造成严重的影响,直接诱发滑坡10处,崩塌数十处,形成大小堵塞坝4座,由此形成的松散物质总量大于1 700×104m3。2008年雨季有5条支沟暴发泥石流。在泥石流成因分析的基础上,选择流域形状、流域发育程度、沟床纵比降、山坡平均坡降、地层岩性和距发震断层距离6个指标,利用潜在泥石流判识模型,对流域内其余9条支沟进行了判断。结果显示,大部分沟道都具备形成泥石流的潜在条件。2009年雨季研究区全面暴发的大规模泥石流,验证判识的可靠性,表明该模型可以用于灾区潜在泥石流的判识。     

Sources of debris flow material in burned areas

The vulnerability of recently burned areas to debris flows has been well established. Likewise, it has been shown that many, if not most, post-fire debris flows are initiated by runoff and erosion and grow in size through erosion and scour by the moving debris flow, as opposed to landslide-initiated flows with little growth. To better understand the development and character of these flows, a study has been completed encompassing 46 debris flows in California, Utah, and Colorado, in nine different recently burned areas. For each debris flow, progressive debris production was measured at intervals along the length of the channel, and from these measurements graphs were developed showing cumulative volume of debris as a function of channel length. All 46 debris flows showed significant bulking by scour and erosion, with average yield rates for each channel ranging from 0.3 to 9.9 m³ of debris produced for every meter of channel length, with an overall average value of 2.5 m³/m. Significant increases in yield rate partway down the channel were identified in 87% of the channels, with an average of a three-fold increase in yield rate. Yield rates for short reaches of channels (up to several hundred meters) ranged as high as 22.3 m³/m. Debris was contributed from side channels into the main channels for 54% of the flows, with an average of 23% of the total debris coming from those side channels. Rill erosion was identified for 30% of the flows, with rills contributing between 0.1 and 10.5% of the total debris, with an average of 3%. Debris was deposited as levees in 87% of the flows, with most of the deposition occurring in the lower part of the basin. A median value of 10% of the total debris flow was deposited as levees for these cases, with a range from near zero to nearly 100%. These results show that channel erosion and scour are the dominant sources of debris in burned areas, with yield rates increasing significantly partway down the channel. Side channels are much more important sources of debris than rills. Levees are very common, but the size and effect on the amount of debris that reaches a canyon mouth is highly variable.     

雅砻江二滩水电站库区泥石流

雅砻江二滩水电站库区泥石流十分活跃，在库区内，沟谷型泥石流沟１００条．库首左岸的金龙沟，多次暴发过泥石流，用金龙沟泥石流活动特征与短历时雨强的资料，经计算分析后，得到了库区泥石流活动规律、流域环境条件与雨强之间的关系式，并给出了金龙沟暴发泥石流的降水指数３６００，有助于泥右流预报．     

北京山区泥石流的分类与类型

采用科学性、实用性和简明易行性的泥石流分类原则，制定出北京山区泥石流的分类指标，从7个方面对已判定出的705条泥石流进行分类。结果如下：1．按泥石流发育的地貌形态分类，有河谷型泥石流57条，沟谷型534条，山坡型114条(处)；2．按泥石流的暴发规模分类，有大规模泥石流51条，中等规模164条，小规模490条(处)；3．按泥石流的流体性质分类，有粘性泥石流136条，稀性泥石流30条，过渡性泥石流539条；4．按泥石流的发育阶段分类，有发展期泥石流296条，活跃期343条，衰退期66条；5．按泥石流的危害程度分类，有危害严重的泥石流117条，较严重的255条，中等的161条，轻微的172条；6．按泥石流的活动频率分类，有中频率的泥石流539条，低频率的166条；7．按泥石流形成与人类活动的关系分类，有人为泥石流36条，自然泥石流669条。     

The effects of vegetative ash on infiltration capacity, sediment transport, and the generation of progressively bulked debris flows

Through the alteration of the physical characteristics of a landscape, such as the destruction of vegetation and the formation of a hydrophobic layer, a fire can dramatically amplify erosion rates. On the basis of field observations, it has been proposed that the deposition of a layer of ash on the ground surface can enhance the erosion of mountainous terrain by surface runoff and might even be a necessary condition for the generation of progressively bulked debris flows. In this study, a flume was constructed to investigate the role of ash in increasing both the volume and the transport capacity of runoff. The experiments demonstrated that the presence of ash on the soil surface reduces the ability of flowing water to infiltrate; this effect is even greater when the ash has been pre-wetted. In addition, the ability of ash slurries to infiltrate decreases with increasing ash concentration. The results also indicate that the transport capacity of runoff is enhanced by the incorporation of ash into the flow because of the increased fluid density. However, the addition of ash reduces the boundary Reynolds number such that, at high ash concentrations and with fine-grained sediment, sediment transport declines as the flow becomes hydraulically smooth. The experimental results were also used to evaluate the ability of steep flow fronts, a common characteristic of debris flows and flash floods, to increase sediment transport rates. Finally, it is proposed that ash slurries may evolve into progressively bulked debris flows through a positive feedback between fluid density, transport capacity, and erosivity.     

泥石流灾害水文气象联合预报

由于降雨型泥石流是我国泥石流灾害的主要类型,所以以往对泥石流灾害的预测预报主要通过对雨量数据的分析来实现。但是由于雨量站记录雨量和灾害发生雨量并不一致,这就极大的影响了单纯依赖雨量数据预测预报的准确性。在分析环境因素影响的基础上,将水文和气象资料结合起来,用于泥石流灾害的预测预报。通过比较灾害发生前、发生时和发生后的河流洪峰流量、日降雨量和小时降雨量,发现洪峰流量和小时降雨量对灾害发生有很好的指示作用。经过在辽宁省岫岩满族自治县的试验,得到洪峰流量1 800 m3/s和小时降雨量50~60 mm这两个该县泥石流灾害发生临界值。结果表明水文和气象资料的联合应用,会大大改进泥石流灾害的预测预报效果。